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Background and aim: The urgency of having rapidly safe and efficient COVID-19 vaccines called for the need to shorten trial phases, reduce sample sizes, and speed-up the approval process by the regulatory Agencies. In light of this, monitoring adverse effects (AEFI) (both immediate and at medium-long term) become of great importance. Aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the associations between several factors and risk of immediate AEFI. Methods: Data come from the electronic dataset developed ad hoc to record demographic data, anamnesis and data related to immunization, set-up in the mass vaccination site in Novegro (Milan). Novegro mass vaccination site was one of the mass vaccinations sites with the highest flow in Lombardy Region, with a maximum capacity of 5,000 vaccinations/day. The center opened in April 2021 and closed the 1st of August 2021. A multivariable logistic regression model was used. Odds ratios adjusted (aOR) for age and sex are presented. Statistical significance was set at p

Aim: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is commonly used in clinical applications, including plaque control and gingivitis treatment. The im of this study was to evaluate the clinical properties, in terms of plaque control, bleeding and discoloration levels, of six CHX mouthwashes that differ in the following characteristics: CHX concentration, presence/absence of alcohol and presence/absence of an antidiscoloration system (ADS). Materials and methods: A single-center, prospective, double-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 78 consecutive patients. Six mouthwashes (CHX 0.12% alcohol free; CHX 0.20% alcohol free; CHX 0.12% alcohol free with ADS ; CHX 0.20% alcohol free with ADS ; CHX 0.12% with alcohol; CHX 0.20% with alcohol) were tested. Plaque Index (PI) and Bleedind Index (BI) were recorded, along with tooth staining (spectrophotometry) at T0 (beginning), at T1 (after 7 days), at T2 (after 14 days), and T3 (after 21 days). Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: All CHX mouthwashes significantly reduced PI (p

Background Transmigration of mandibular canine is an uncommon clinical condition in which impacted canine crosses the midline. The present study describes the case report of a transmigrated canine associated with a follicular cyst located near the inferior border of the mandible in a 15-year-old female patient. Case report Orthopantomography showed the presence of an included transmigrated canine, tooth 43, in a horizontal position, along the lower edge of the mandible, under the roots of the lower incisors, and, in addition, the presence of an attached cysts. CBCT showed type D2 bone quality, according to Misch’s classification, and that the medullary component was well represented, which allows a good healing of hard tissues thanks to an adequate vascularization. One week after the extraction of the transmigrated canine with the contemporary enucleation of the cyst, the removal of stitches was performed and excellent tissue healing was assessed. After six months the orthopantomography showed an optimal healing of the hard tissues. Conclusion Etiology of this phenomenon is unknown, but in some cases the presence of follicular cyst may be one of the causes. Canine transmigration is more prevalent in the mandible and women seem to be more affected than men. Mandibular canines play a crucial role in the oral cavity. Therefore, an early diagnosis is required, by the use of radiographs, especially orthopantomography or computed tomography. In case of transmigrated canine associated with follicular cyst, although several treatment options are described in literature, surgical extraction along with the enucleation of the cyst is the only treatment of choice.

Aim The present review was performed in order to assess the effect of topical photodynamic therapy with 5-ALA in pre-malignant lesions, using the Tsai's protocol.Material and methods Studies, using the Tsai's protocol with topical photodynamic therapy with 5-ALA, in oral potentially malignant disorders (oral leukoplakia, oral eryhtroplakia, oral verrucous leukoplakia, oral lichen planus) and with at least 5 months follow-up, were selected. The light source was: 635 nm laser light or LED red light at 635 nm. The main outcome measure was the healing of the potentially malignant disorders evaluated as Complete Response, Partial Response, No Response.Results Of the 12 eligible studies, five studies were included. Seven studies were excluded because they did not followe the Tsai's protocol, 2 because the lesions were analyzed in other studies. The outcomes were: Oral Leucoplakia 7.7% complete response, 50.8% partial response, 41.5% no response; Oral Erythroplakia: 91,7% complete response, 8.3% partial response; Oral Verrucous Hyperplasia 100% complete response.Conclusions Within the limitation of the present systematic review, the selected studies suggested that 5-ALA PDT, using the fractionated Tsai's protocol, had good results in the treatment of oral verrucous hyperplasia, less in erythroplakia and leukoplakia; this could be due to the different epithelial structure of the lesions. Further studies need to be conducted to confirm these data.

Aim To test if there is a difference in accuracy between fullarch scans performed as two separate halves and stitched together, or as one continuous scan from side to side. Materials and Methods A reference model with six implants was milled as a single titanium block. Six scan bodies were manufactured and screwed into the implants. A reference 3D model was created using an industrial optical scanner. The experiment was performed using the same intraoral scanning machine (3M True Definition Scanner). The 'Stitching' strategy had the scan started from #27 to #13; after saving this part, the same procedure was performed from #17 to #23 and the software stitched the two halves automatically. The 'No Stitching' strategy had the scan performed as a single procedure. Using engineering software, six copies of the scan body CAD file were substituted to the six scan bodies of the RM and the centre point of each one was determined. Linear measurements were made between the detected points; mean distance and standard deviation were calculated for each of the fifteen measurement sets created. Results Stitching and No Stitching did not show statistically significant differences (Stitching=0.0396 mm ±0.0409 mm, No Stitching=0.0452 mm ±0, 0481 mm, p=.338) but they differed significantly comparing absolute errors (Stitching=0.0442 mm ±0.0358 mm, No Stitching=0.0555 mm ±0, 036 mm, p=.015). Conclusions Stitching showed a better precision compared to No Stitching, exhibiting a smaller standard deviation and a higher error density closer to zero.

Aim Ectopic eruption of a tooth within the dental arch is often noticed in clinical practice and is well documented in the literature, while ectopic eruption outside the dental arch (as in the maxillary sinus) is rare. Due to its rarity and lack of consensus over management, its incidence needs to be further defined. Surgical approach, with cyst enucleation, has been considered the treatment of choice. In the present study, a case of an ectopic maxillary third molar with chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis is presented. The aim of this report is to describe the extraction of an ectopic third molar carried out through a nasal endoscopic procedure.

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare immediate versus delayed loading protocol of a new conical connection implant in the esthetic zone. Materials and methods: Patients requiring single-tooth extraction for root fractures or periodontal disease in the maxillary or mandibular anterior or premolar areas were selected for the present study. After extraction, implants were placed immediately in fresh sockets. After randomization process, in group A immediate loading was performed while in group B a delayed loading protocol was followed. In both groups mean marginal bone loss was measured through intraoral digital radiographs at 3, 6, 12 and 24-month follow-up. Results: At 24-month, a survival rate of 100% was reported. For group A a mean marginal bone loss of 0.10 ± 0.09 mm was found, while for group B a value of 0.11 ± 0.08 mm was measured. No statistically significant differences between groups were found at each time point (P>0.05). Conclusion: When used in postextraction immediate and delayed loading implant rehabilitation, the new conical connection implant showed a good clinical outcome at 24-month follow-up.

AIM: Retention is the phase of orthodontic treatment that attempts to hold teeth in their corrected positions after orthodontic therapy is completed. The aim of this study was to consider fiber-reinforced composites (FRC) as a possible alternative to conventional multistranded stainless steel wire for retention through SEM analysis. METHODS: Two different FRC orthodontic retainers were investigated, i.e. Everstick® (Stick Tech Ltd, Turku, Finland) (type A, 24 samples), with a diameter of 0.76 mm made of glass fibers and a Young's modulus of elasticity of 28 gpa, and Ribbond® (Ribbond, Inc., Seattle, Washington, WA, USA) (type B, 24 samples), with ultra high molecular weight and with an high Young's modulus of elasticity by polyethylene fibers cold treated with plasma gas. Six groups were created: control groups A1 and B1, composed by 8 type A and 8 type B samples without impregnation and only with fluid resin before curing; groups A2 and B2, composed respectively by 8 type A and 8 type B samples impregnated with fluid resin Heliobond for 6 seconds; groups A3 and B3, composed respectively by 8 type A and 8 type B samples impregnated with fluid resin Heliobond for 6 minutes before curing. RESULTS: Cross- and lengthwise SEM analysis of the sectioned samples made showed that fiber without impregnation with fluid resin, before curing, showed interwoven and straight directed cylindrical fibers. The SEM analysis denoted that the two types of fiber shows structural characteristics differing in dimension, number, diameter and orientation of FRC without a preliminary treatment through impregnation of the fibers with fluid resin. CONCLUSION: An impregnation time of 6 seconds could considerably reduced voids, crazes and microcracks of the fibers, making them more resistant to the other oral and bacterial agents. A larger time of impregnation (6 minutes), with fluid resin before hardening, further enhances the morphological characteristics of the FRC.

PURPOSE: The clinical trial aimed to evaluate the survival of implant-prosthetic rehabilitation in controlled HIV-positive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This mono-centric study included HIV patients with a stable disease, requiring implant rehabilitation, with good oral hygiene. Each patient received at least one dental implant. After 90 days in the upper jaw and 60 days in the lower jaw, the appropriate prosthesis was delivered.Primary outcome measures were prosthetic failures, implant failures, peri-implant marginal bone level changes (MBLCs), and biological complications (peri-implantitis, pus, pain, paresthesia). Data were recorded before the intervention (T0), and 6 (T1) and 12 months (T2) after. RESULTS: Implants were positioned in 68 patients (22 females and 46 males; 194 implants). Two dropouts occurred for exacerbation of the disease before the sixth month of follow-up, and 66 patients (with 190 implants) completed the study. Forty-eight patients (70.6%) received total removable dentures; 11 patients (16.2%) received partial prosthesis, and nine patients (13.2%) received single elements.Implant failure occurred in nine patients (15 fixtures out of 190). These were early implant failures due to primary infection (five fixtures out of 190: 2.6%) and to peri-implantitis (10 fixtures out of 190: 5.2%). Prosthetic failure was registered in two patients (3% of patients) due to the loss of all the fixtures. Pus and pain were observed in 4/7 and 3/7 patients with peri-implantitis, respectively. No fractures of fixtures or paresthesia were registered. At T2, the mean peri-implant MBLC was -1.19 ± 0.87 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Within its limitations, the study showed that in a well-controlled population of HIV patients implant rehabilitation can be a suitable options with results slightly worse to those obtained in normal population. A higher incidence of peri implant infections in the first six months was present pointing to the need of a proper protocol for infection control.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if the presence of granulation tissue in asymptomatic apical periodontitis compromised immediate implant placement. METHODS: Patients requiring extraction of one tooth (maxillary and mandibular incisive, canine or premolar) with asymptomatic apical periodontitis, were recruited for this prospective study. They were randomly scheduled into two groups: in first group (A) including 30 teeth, reactive soft tissue was debrided before implant placement, and in second group (B) including 30 teeth, reactive soft tissue was left in the apical lesion. Implants were positioned immediately after tooth extraction, and were loaded after 3 months in both groups. Cone beam computed tomography was performed before tooth extraction and at 1-year follow-up to evaluate the radiolucency around the root apex and the implant, bucco-lingual bone levels were also checked. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included in this study. Sixty implants were placed immediately after tooth extraction and, at 1-year follow-up, a survival rate of 100% was reported. After one year both groups showed absence of radiolucent zone at the apical region of implants. All fresh sockets presented a buccal-palatal bone reduction in both groups after one year, even if not statistically significant differences were found between baseline bone levels and within groups. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, the immediate placement of implants into the extraction sockets with asymptomatic apical periodontitis, in presence of primary stability, did not lead to an increased rate of complications and rendered an equally favorable type of tissue integration.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate fresh socket implant outcome leaving granulomatous tissue into the bone defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects requiring tooth extractions in periodontal infected sites were selected for this prospective study. Only patients with 4-wall defects and asymptomatic ones were included. The fresh sockets were randomly scheduled into two groups: In one group (Removal Group, RG) granulomatous tissue was removed and, in the other group (Left Group, LG) granulomatous tissue was left. Implants were positioned immediately after tooth extraction, and were loaded after 3 months in both groups. Intraoral digital radiographs were performed at temporary prosthesis placement; at 12, 24 and 36 months to evaluate marginal bone levels changes. Moreover, clinical parameters were acquired at the same time points. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included in this study. Three-hundred seventy-two implants were placed immediately after tooth extraction and, at 3-year follow-up, a survival rate of 98.66% was reported, 2 implants were lost in RG and 3 implants in LG. At 36-month follow-up, not statistically significant differences were found between RG and LG in marginal bone level changes and clinical parameters (p > 005). Moreover, not statistically significant differences were found in intragroup comparisons over time (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: With the limits of this study it was concluded that granulomatous tissue left in infected fresh sockets doesn't injury dental implant outcome.

Purpose: Reduction of alveolar height and width after tooth extraction may present problems for implant placement, since bone volume is important for biologic and esthetic reasons. The aim of this study was to assess bone healing of large bone defects grafted with collagen sheets and maintenance of reactive soft tissue, evaluating cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and histomorphometric results. Materials and Methods: Patients presented large bone defects after tooth extractions. Reactive soft tissue was left in the defects filled by collagen sheets. Vertical bone volume was assessed by CBCT examinations before tooth extractions and 3 months later. At 3 months, cylinder bone samples were obtained for histology and histomorphometry analysis. Results: Twenty-six patients were included in the clinical study. Examined defects reported mean bone gain of 12.13 ± 3.91 mm, and mean vertical bone levels showed a statistically significant increase (P < .05) at 3 months after extraction. Histologic examinations revealed bone formation; mean vital bone measurements were 41.59% ± 5.80%, and connective tissue percentages averaged 50.37% ± 7.73%. Conclusion: Reactive soft tissue left in large bone defects after tooth extraction and grafted collagen may support a significant vertical bone gain and vital bone formation.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics, the morphostructural and dysfunctional concerns of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Materials and methods The study was conducted on 45 subjects with JIA, aged between 7 and 19 years. All patients enrolled were subjected to clinical evaluation (medical history, laboratory parameters and type of therapy) and instrumental evaluation (magnetic resonance imaging of the TMJ). Results Of the 45 patients analysed in the sample, 37.8% presented involvement of TMJ. These patients (17 patients, 13 females and 4 males) presented with polyarticular arthritis 41.2% (7 patients), oligoarticular arthritis 35.3% (6 patients), systemic arthritis 11.8% (2 patients), psoriatic arthritis 5.9% (1 patient), Enthesitis Arthritis Syndrome (EAS) 5.9% (1 patient). The main symptoms reported were: TMJ unilateral and bilateral clicking, unilateral and bilateral functional limitation associated with pain, unilateral and bilateral clicking during chewing and mandibular lateral deviation associated with TMJ symptoms. Conclusions The results obtained in this study underline the importance of a careful gnathological evaluation at the onset of JIA. Moreover, periodic follow-ups associated with an early diagnosis are indeed capable of reducing and improving functional and aesthetic problems in these young patients. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics, the morphostructural and dysfunctional concerns of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Materials and methods The study was conducted on 45 subjects with JIA, aged between 7 and 19 years. All patients enrolled were subjected to clinical evaluation (medical history, laboratory parameters and type of therapy) and instrumental evaluation (magnetic resonance imaging of the TMJ). Results Of the 45 patients analysed in the sample, 37.8% presented involvement of TMJ. These patients (17 patients, 13 females and 4 males) presented with polyarticular arthritis 41.2% (7 patients), oligoarticular arthritis 35.3% (6 patients), systemic arthritis 11.8% (2 patients), psoriatic arthritis 5.9% (1 patient), Enthesitis Arthritis Syndrome (EAS) 5.9% (1 patient). The main symptoms reported were: TMJ unilateral and bilateral clicking, unilateral and bilateral functional limitation associated with pain, unilateral and bilateral clicking during chewing and mandibular lateral deviation associated with TMJ symptoms. Conclusions The results obtained in this study underline the importance of a careful gnathological evaluation at the onset of JIA. Moreover, periodic follow-ups associated with an early diagnosis are indeed capable of reducing and improving functional and aesthetic problems in these young patients.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess bone volume changes in maxillary molar regions after delayed implants placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients presented large bone defects after tooth extractions. Reactive soft tissue was left into the defects. No grafts were used. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were performed before tooth extractions, at implant placement (at 3 months from extraction) and 3 years after implant placement, bone volume measurements were assessed. RESULTS: Bucco-lingual width showed a statistically significant decrease (p = .013) at implant placement, 3 months after extraction. Moreover, a statistically significant increase (p .05) were found between baseline values (before extraction) and at 3 years from implant placement. Vertical dimension showed no statistically significant differences (p > .05) at implant placement, 3 months after extraction. Statistically significant differences (p

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Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the precision of an intraoral impression device based on microscopy confocal laser scanning technology. Methods. One plaster abutment of a natural teeth was selected as a test object. In order to achieve an adequate statistical power, 40 scans has to be obtained with a standardized procedure. Scanner was placed in a fixed position and the abutment was fixed on a holder: each scan started from the same position and angulation; the abutment completed four turns at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°. Every four scans the scanner was cooled down for 5 minutes, shut down and restarted. Scans were imported in an engineering software and superimposed with a best-fit algorithm first and then with a global registration function. They were trimmed with planes intersected on the models, in order to obtain the same surface extension. The same 3-dimensional grid was created and loaded on each 3D scan. The software created control points defined by x, y, z coordinates were the grid intersected 3D-models. Coordinates were exported, converted in their absolute values and summed together for comparison. Results. 44 scans were needed in order to obtain 40 good scans. Four scans were discarded before saving the file because of macroscopical flaws. During model analysis, one scan has to be discarded because one hole, undetected during the scanning process, was found: 39 scans were then analyzed. The 3-dimensional grid intersected the models in 69 locations (L1-L69). The mean range and the mean SD measured for each location were 0,078 mm (min 0,008 mm, max 0,253 mm; SD 0,056mm) and 0,017 mm (min 0,002 mm, max 0,050 mm). Conclusion. To our knowledge this is the first study that evaluated defined locations between scans instead of an overall 3D comparison of the volumes; furthermore it is the first study that has good statistical power. Within the limits of this pilot study, the tested device was considered accurate for a clinical practice.

BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to assess survival rate of immediate loading implants placed after split-crest technique.METHODS:Thirty-six patients were enrolled in the study. They underwent placement of 93 dental implants in edentulous region after split-crest ridge expansion procedure. Implants followed an immediate loading procedure. Crestal bone levels were measured at baseline, at temporary prosthesis placement, at 1 year, and at 2 years from implant placement.RESULTS:For dental implants, a survival rate of 98.92% was reported at 2-year follow-up, with a mean value bone loss of -1.02 ± 0.48.CONCLUSION:This study assessed immediate loading implant placement after split-crest procedure at 2-year follow-up.

Adequate blood supply is essential for prosthesis osteointegration and bone healing as it supplies oxygen, nutrition and progenitor cells. The bone healing process and vascularization depend upon the endothelial cells, which speed up implant osteointegration. Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) are a population of stem cells that can reproduce, migrate and acquire mature endothelial phenotype. Their recruitment occurs in the tissue lesion to enhance neovascularization. Trabecular TitaniumTM (TTTM) is a new biomaterial with very interesting biomechanical characteristics and fast osteointegration. This study has investigated adhesion, proliferation and characteristics of EPC on three types of biomaterial: unmodified trabecular titanium, trabecular titanium coated with the ECM deposited by human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue and decellularized and trabecular titanium coated with type I collagen (control scaffold). MTT assay showed similar percentages of EPCs seeded on the different kinds of scaffold: 67% on TT, 70% on decellularized scaffolds and 82% on collagen-coated scaffolds. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups. We therefore conclude that TTTM allows EPC adhesion and proliferation and, consequently, by permitting vascularization, it favours prosthesis osteointegration.