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Tomando el conjunto de datos de la encuesta a turistas y Excursionistas que visitan Salta, llevada a cabo por el IIE-UNSa en las temporadas estacionales (Verano, Semana Santa e Invierno) de los años 2018 a 2021, se realizó una exploración de la composición y distribución del Gasto Monetario de los Turistas que visitan la provincia de Salta... Fil: Carrazán Mena, Gastón Javier. Universidad Católica de Salta; Argentina.

Pseudokatha rungsi (Toulgoët, 1960) comb. nov. Original combination: Eilema rungsi Toulgoët, 1960. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 65: 48. T. L.: Merdja Bokka, Morocco. Material examined. SPAIN: ALMERÍA: 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Punta Entinas-El Sabinar, Roquetas de Mar, 10 m, 13.vi.2018, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 5 ♀, Camino de Murguis, Las Entinas, Almerimar, El Ejido, 4 m 30SWF, 5.x.2013, 12.vi.2014, R. Macià leg. BARCELONA: 11 ♂ and 7 ♀, La Ricarda, El Prat de Llobregat, 10 m, 23.v.2003, 22.v.2004, 30.vi.2010, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Delta del Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, 1 m, 31TDF27, 21.vi.2011, 29.ix.2011, D. Fernández leg.; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, El Remolar-Filipines, Viladecans, 3 m, 25.vi.2006, 24.iv.2007, 21.v.2008, R. Macià leg.; CASTELLÓN: 11 ♂ and 9 ♀, Platja del Cuartel Vell, Torre la Sal, 3 m, 31TBE54, 29.vi.2008, 27.v.2009, 5.v.2011, R. Macià leg. GRANADA: 1 ♂ and 11 ♀, La Bernardilla, 100 m, 2.viii.2014, J. Gastón leg. Diagnosis. Easily confused with females of Pelosia obtusa Witt, 1984, from which it differs in forewings, which are wide, with a rounded apex in rungsi and slender and elongated, with a pointed apex in Pelosia obtusa. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 45–46). Average wingspan males 18.2 mm (n=10; 16–20 mm); average wingspan females 20.1 mm (n=10; 17–23 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 71) Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, short, robust, with a small hook at the tip; valvae oval with very convex costa, and pointed cucullus; saccular process slender, slightly curved at tip and not reaching the end of the valvae; clasper absent; juxta without apical processes; vinculum narrow, elongated, as long as the valvae. Aedeagus with a single spine-like cornutus accompanied by many small, needle shaped cornuti. Female genitalia: Anal papillae very large in proportion to the remainder of the genitalia, slightly sclerotised, with very small posterior processes; lamella postvaginalis and antevaginalis absent or not very visible; ductus bursae long, narrow and membranous; corpus bursa ovoid with two small signa and with a large appendix or globular and membranous process in the upper part, of great size, almost as large as that of the corpus bursae, whence the ductus seminalis arises at its end; slightly sclerotised area on the opposite wall of the corpus bursae. Immature stages (Fig. 92). The final instar larva is 15 mm long. Cephalic capsule flattened, dark brown with lighter spots; a light brown prothoracic shield with a dark spot on each side, and a continuous line of verrucae anteriorly. Body with long setae and light brown to dark brown verrucae; dorsal line narrow, dark brown and on each side, between D1 and D2 verrucae, a dark band; sides light brown with dark brown spots. Pupa light brown, smooth and stylized, clypeus short; very small circular depressions, barely perceptible, on the back of the metathorax and segments 1 to 8. Tip of abdomen rounded. In the pupa of the male, the antennae and proboscis extend close to the end of the wings, but much shorter in the female pupa. Cocoon under any lichens, bark, roks with the silk attached to the body. Molecular data. The Pseudokatha rungsi samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP=1). RESL clustering algorithm returned a single group that coincides with an existing BIN (BOLD: ACD0671) containing a single specimen collected and identified as Eilema rungsi by one of the authors of the present work (RMV) and previously published in Ortiz et al. (2017). The distance from other species under study (average TN-dist = 8.76%) is considered sufficient to justify the placement of this taxon in a new genus, Pseudokatha gen. nov. along with its external and internal morphology and those of the larval stages. Biology. A species that occurs in salty marshland areas following the sea coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Bivoltine or trivoltine, flying continuously from April to October. Both sexes come to artificial light at night. Typical of marsh biotopes in which their likely foodplants flourish: Typha, Phragmites, Carex, Arundo and halophilous plants (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity, the larvae accept artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 117). Circum-mediterranean. Known only from northwestern Morocco, central Greece, southern Italy and the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in the Llobregat and Ebro deltas, in the humid coastal areas of Castellón (Torreblanca-Cabanes), Valencia (Albufera) and Alicante (Elx), as well as in some coastal localities of Granada. Also present in Portugal (Laguna de Santo André (Baixo Alentejo) and Baixo Montego (Beira Litoral)) (Corley, 2004; Pires & Corley, 2007). It is very likely that it is in all marshland areas of the Mediterranean coast. Also reported from Mallorca and, recently from Corsica (Mothiron, 2019) and Maltese Islands (Catania, 2021). Observations. Dubatolov & Zolothuin (2011) include r ungsi in the genus Khata, opinion not shared by the authors of this paper, being the aedeagus one of the reasons: there is one single strong cornutus in Khata, whereas in Pseudokhata the strong cornutus is accompanied by small, needle shaped cornuti. For similar reasons, the inclusion of rungsi in the genus Takira Moore, 1878 it not be valid: Takira, until now, is a monoespecific genus, being Tarika varana Moore, 1865, known from India, China and Thailand, the only one species, which, unlike rungsi, has a short, triangular clasper in the male genitalia and the imagos exhibit sexual dimorfism. All these characters justify the exclusion of rungsi from the genus Khata or Tarika and validates the new genus Pseudokhata.

Indalia albicosta (Rogenhofer, 1894) comb. nov. Original combination: Lithosia albicosta Rogenhofer, 1894. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 9: 10. T. L.: La Palma, Paso de la Lavanda, Canary Isles, Spain. = Eilema albicosta witti Kobes, 1993 syn. nov. Material examined. SPAIN: EL HIERRO: 1 ♂, Casa Rural El Valle, San Andrés, 998 m, 26.vi.2018, T. Fariño leg.; LA GOMERA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Hormiguera, 86 m, 14.vii.2018, T. Fariño leg.; LA PALMA: 6 ♂ and 3 ♀, Los Canarios, 800 m, 8.iv.1973, C. Zehentner leg., 28.vii.1986, 21.xii.2003, W. Bogi leg.; MÁLAGA: 4 ♂, Mijas, 455 m, 30 SUF55, 19.v.2014, 24.ix.2015, JM. Moreno leg.; HUELVA: 1 ♂, El Rompido, La Punta, 3 m, 14.iii.1992, R. Citores leg.; TENERIFE: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Guía de Isora, 12.iv.1985, A. Legrain leg.; 12 ♂ and 10 ♀, Tejina, 150 m, 6.xii.2013, 9.ii.2014, 15.xi.2014, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Barranco del Infierno, Adeje, 20.i.2015, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Montaña de la Horca, Puerto de la Cruz, 239 m, 4.xii.2013, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Chirche, 1200 m, 25.ii.1990, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Parque Rural de Anaga, 8.xii.2010, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂, Fuente del Joco, Aguamansa, 1952 m, 16.vii.2018, T. Fariño leg. Diagnosis. Indalia albicosta is a small-sized species with dark silver grey wings and a bright white costal stripe on the forewings; it is difficult to confuse with any other species. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 19–20). Average wingspan males 26.5 mm (n=10; 21–31 mm); average wingspan females 24.3 mm (n=10; 20–27 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 58). Male genitalia: uncus long, cylindrical, slender, not flattened, with a pointed tip; valvae short and wide, apical sacculus very short, sharp and slightly recurved towards the cucullus; juxta rectangular, weakly sclerotised and slightly pointed in its upper part; vinculum short. Aedeagus short, thick with three medium-sized cornuti. Female genitalia: anal papillae and the abdominal segment A8 large; lamella postvaginalis absent; ostium bursae wide and membranous; ductus bursae broad short and slightly membranous; corpus bursa membranous with a signum in its lower part; upper part of the bursa with a large rounded wart and a sclerotised plaque inside; short and wide membranous process leading to ductus seminalis. Immature stages (Fig. 83). The final instar larva is 15 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, 1.50 mm wide, pale grey, with a dark brown spot covering the epicranium, with a smooth vertex. Body with yellowish verrucae (the L1 wart has not been observed), all with translucent and black setae; dorsal line between D1 verruca, very sinuous and dark, bordered by a yellowish-white sinuous band. From D2 to SD 1 a dark brown band with light areas, and from SD 1 to L3 yellowish white with various dark brown spots. Pupa slender, with light brown spots on the back, clypeus not appreciable. Tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. Pupae of both sexes very similar. The cocoon concealed under lichens, bark and roks with little silk. Molecular data. All specimens analysed were captured in the Canary Archipelago and showed identical COI sequences regardless of the island of origin (Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster and all sequences coincided with a published BIN (BOLD: ACD0672). Indalia albicosta is closely related to Indalia interposita (PP=1), both grouping into a moderately supported clade with Indalia uniola (PP=0.77), with equally short TN-distances among them (between 5.52% and 5.73%). Biology. Multivoltine, with continuous generations throughout the year. Favours xerothermic biotopes from sea level to 1000 m. Adults are attracted to artificial light and the larvae feed on lichens on trees and in the soil (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity accepts artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 104). This species was thought to be endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is very abundant on all the islands except Fuerteventura. In 1958 it was found in the Iberian Peninsula, Punta Umbría, Huelva (Agenjo, 1963). At first, the finding was considered an accidental arrival, but it has been recorded several times since in Huelva and Málaga (Citores et al. 2013; Moreno-Benítez et al. 2014). In Portugal, a sighting in the Algarve region is a distinct possibility. Observations. The lack of citations on Fuerteventura is surprising; it is present on nearby Lanzarote, and is perhaps overlooked. We were unable to find sufficient evidence from morphological and genetic studies to justify subspecific separation of the taxon witti Kobes. The Iberian specimens deserve a more detailed study, but hitherto only sporadic individuals have been observed., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 27-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Rogenhofer, A. (1894) Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 9, 10.","Kobes, L. W. R. (1993) Zur Kenntnis von Eilema albicosta (ROGENHOFER 1894) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) von den Kanarischen Inseln. Nachritchen entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Frankfurt am Main, N. F., 14 (3), 221 - 230.","Schawerda, K. (1927) Neue Lepidopteren aus Aragonien. Zeitschrift des Osterreichischen Entomologen-Vereins 12, 35 - 37.","Rothschild, L. W. (1914) A preliminary account of the Lepidopterous fauna of Guelt-es-Stel central Algeria. Novitates Zoologicae, 21, 354. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16331","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp.","Agenjo, R. (1963) Algunos lepidopteros de Punta Humbria, provincial de Huelva. La canaria Eilema albicosta (Rghfr., 1894), nueva para Espana y Europa (Lepidoptera). Graellsia, 20, 3 - 20.","Citores, R., Macia, R. & Ylla, J. (2013) Una nueva cita de Eilema albicosta (Rogenhofer, 1894) para la Peninsula Iberica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Arctiinae). SHILAP Revista de lepidopterologia, 41 (161), 153 - 155.","Moreno-Benitez, J. M., Ylla, J. & Macia, R. (2014) Nueva cita iberica de Eilema albicosta (Rogenhofer, 1894) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae). Arquivos Entomoloxicos, 12, 173 - 174."]}

Indalia marcida (Mann, 1859) comb. nov. Original combination: Lithosia marcida Mann, 1859. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift 3: 94. T. L.: Palla-gutta, Palermo, Sicily, Italy. Material examined. SPAIN: CÁDIZ: 9 ♂ and 2 ♀, Benalup, 90 m, 14.ix.2015; 25.vi.2016; 17.ix.2015; 8.ix.2012; 22.vi.2012; 20.vi.2014, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Facinas, 100 m, 30.viii.1991, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Puerto de Ojén, 200 m, 28.viii.1991, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♀, Granja escuela bilingüe Monte de la Torre, Los Barrios, 10 m, 30 STF70, 19.vi.2020, JM. Gaona leg.; HUELVA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Parque Nacional de Doñana, Palacio de Doñana, 10 m, 19.v.2009, R. Laffite leg.; MALLORCA: 8 ♂ and 3 ♀, Porto Cristo, Manacor, 30 m, 30 SDE27, 7.vi.2006, 27.vi.2007, G. Zsolt leg.; ZAMORA: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Villalazán, 680 m, 14.viii.2009, J.A. Jambrina leg. Diagnosis. Indalia marcida can be easily confused with the pale forms of Indalia pygmaeola pallifrons, especially the smaller forms found in southern Europe; the costa of the forewing is straighter and less arched, and the same width throughout its length, the ground colour is more uniformly greyish-brownish. For a secure identification a study of the genitalia is necessary. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 15–16). Average wingspan males 24.6 mm (n=10; 21–27 mm); average wingspan females 22.0 mm (n=6; 20–24 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 56) Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, long and robust, strongly sclerotised; valvae ovoid, saccular process not touching the pointed cucullus; vinculum slightly sclerotised with a doubly curved apical process at its end reaching the same length as the valve; juxta small and triangular. Aedeagus with three mediumsized cornuti. Female genitalia: Anal papillae and 8th segment large compared to the rest of the genital structure; membranous ostium bursae; ductus elongate, narrow and slightly sclerotised below; corpus bursae small, located on the vertical axis, with a single signum in the anterior part; cervix bursae present membranous warts, in this case with low-density microspines inside. The membranous process that extends to the ductus seminalis is of little significance. Immature stages (Fig. 81). The last instar larva is 15 to 17 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, the upper area with black and grey spots. Both sides of body with dark lines touching the D2 and SD 1 verrucae; very short setae, with yellow verrucae. Pupa 8.50 mm, slender, light brown, with small areas of roughness, without spots on dorsum, short clypeus; tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster, very similar in both sexes. The flimsy cocoon is woven among lichens. Molecular data. The samples of Indalia marcida form a single cluster of sequences matching a published BIN (BOLD: AAK9891) and appear closely related to Indalia predotae (COI TN-dist=2.93%; ArgK K2-dist=2.25), forming with this species a consistent clade (PP=1). Despite the morphological resemblance of this species with Indalia pygmaeola, molecular data do not suggest an especially close genetic proximity (COI TN-dist=7.69%; ArgK K2-dist=3.55%). Except for this close neighbour, Indalia marcida shows similar COI pairwise distances with all other species of the genus Indalia (TN-dist between 6.44% and 7.97%; average 7.31%). Biology. Bivoltine, on the wing in a first generation in late spring-early summer and in a second generation in late summer-early autumn. Although in Sicily (Italy) it has been found at an elevation of 1100 m, in the Iberian Peninsula Indalia marcida occurs at a low elevation, below 500–600 m, usually in locations near the coast. Adults are attracted to artificial light. The larvae probably feed on lichens, in captivity they accept artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 102). A central-western Mediterranean species. It has been reported with certainty from Morocco and Algeria in northwest Africa, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, and from central and southern Italy. Recently on the island of Malta. In the Iberian Peninsula, there are scattered colonies along a more or less narrow coastal stripe that extends along the east and south of Spain to Portuguese localities in Algarve and Baixo Alentejo (Corley et al. 2009). In Spain, located in the Provinces of Cáceres, Murcia and Zamora although there are very few confirmed records. Also cited from Mallorca. Observations. The North African taxon diluta is usually considered as synonym or the southern subspecies of lutarella, although it is a subspecies of marcida (Witt & Ronkay, 2011).

Genus Manulea Wallengren, 1863 Manulea Wallengren, 1863, Wiener entomologische Monatschrift, 7: 145, 146. Type species: Lithosia gilveola Ochsenheimer, 1810 (a junior synonym of Phalaena palliatella Scopoli, 1763), by subsequent designation of Moore (1878). Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow with nearly straight costal margin and a pale line along it; externally resembles many other groups of Eilema sensu lato. In some species, androconial scales are present on the costal margin of the forewing underside. Male genitalia. Uncus cylindrical, moderate in width, with a small hooked end; valvae oval or contracted apically, sacculus process ending with and inwardly curved hook, not fused with the valve ending (cucullus); clasper absent; juxta with poorly developed lateral apical processes; vinculum trapezoidal, membranous with a horizontal base, with sharply sclerotised edges; aedeagus thick, globular and large with an apical sclerotised fascia in the form of a spine turned backwards and two cornuti, spike like, of different size. Female genitalia. In the female genitalia, the main characteristic is the large appendix bursae in comparison to the corpus bursae. Remarks. Manulea was treated as different from Eilema by Edwards (1996) but was based on Australian species that are significantly different from the type species of both genera. The genus was characterized and compared with Eilema in detail by Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011). No autapomorphies can be recognized, but in the male genitalia, the combination of the following features is characteristic for the genus: (1) the vinculum is trapezoidal and membranous, with thin and weakly sclerotised arms. (2) the valvae has a long and wide dorsal part with thin costa lacking processes; (3) the sacculus is relatively narrow and has an elongate saccular process, well separated from the dorsal part of the valve (cucullus), (4) the aedeagus vesica broad and bearing few robust cornuti. A similar structure of the vinculum is also known in several other genera, namely the Eurasian Eilema, Tarika, Collita, and the African Lepidilema, Dimorphilema, Syntemnilema and Lophilema, but all these genera differ from each other by their valvae structures. Molecular data. Within the Eilema / Manulea group, the genus Manulea constitutes a clade with moderate Bayesian support (PP=0.61), with Manulea complana and Manulea pseudocomplana forming an internal wellsupported clade (PP=0.93). Genetic TN distances between Manulea species are, in all cases, below 5% (1.21– 4.99%) while showing higher distances with Eilema caniola (5.43–5.98%). RESL Cluster Sequences Analysis (Ratnasingham & Herbert, 2013) returned 5 clusters corresponding to the four existing Manulea species plus an additional cluster including the samples belonging to Manulea iberica. Most of the COI sequences were assigned with high confidence (>98% match) to a pre-existing BIN for the corresponding species. Only the clusters coinciding with the samples of Manulea costalis (Zeller, 1847) and Manulea iberica (Mentzer, 1980), with no previously published records, did not match any existing BINs. It is also worth to mention that Maximum Likelihood tests performed independently for each genetic marker (data not shown) returned highly compatible tree topologies between markers and compared with the Bayesian Inference tree. The analysis of published sequences attributed to Manulea bicolor (Grote, 1864), Manulea dorsalis (Walker, 1866), Manulea replana (Lewin, 1805), Manulea ussurica (Daniel, 1954), Manulea japonica (Leech,1889) and Manulea sp. shows that they are all more closely related to other genera (Setema, Katha or others) than to Manulea, with no specimens falling within the Manulea clade (Fig. 120). This can be interpreted as a clear example of the current lack of consistency of this genus in the sense that the type species is not representative of all the species that have been and continue to be placed in it. There is no doubt that the assemblage of species referred to Manulea needs a major revision. Taxa included Manulea complana (Linnaeus, 1758) Manulea iberica (Mentzer, 1980) Manulea pseudocomplana (Daniel, 1939) Manulea palliatella (Scopoli, 1763) Manulea costalis (Zeller, 1847), Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Wallengren, H. D. J. (1863) Lepidopterologische Mittheilungen 3. Wiener entomologische Monatschrift, 7, 137 - 151.","Ochsenheimer, F. (1810) Die Schmetterlinge von Europa vol. 3. Fleischer, Leipzig, 360 pp, 8 plates.","Scopoli, J. (1763) Entomologica Carniolica Exhibens Insecta Carlioliae Indigena et Distributa in Ordines, Genera, Species, Varietates Methodo Linnaeana, 248, fig. 636. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119976","Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain Genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 - 37 pl. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x","Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Eurasian Entomological Journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379.","Mentzer, E. (1980) Eilema torstenii n. sp. and E. iberica n. sp. from Spain, with notes on E. pseudocomplana (Daniel) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 11, 9 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631280 X 00284","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymus, Locis. Tomis I. 10 th Edition. Systema Naturae (edn. 10) 1, 512 - 535. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Daniel, F. (1939) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattung Lithosia F. (Lep. Arct.) I. Mitteilungen der Muchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 29, 44 - 54."]}

Nyea lurideola (Zincken, 1817) Original combination: Lithosia lurideola Zincken, 1817 Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung 1817 (217): 68. T. L.: Not stated. Material examined. SPAIN: ARABA: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Pto. de Herrera, 1000 m, 15.vii.1981, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Apellániz, 800 m, 21.viii.1980, J. Gastón leg. BARCELONA: 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sant Julià de Cabrera, 1012 m, 2.vii.2003, 1.vii.2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Taradell, 650 m, 23.viii.1990, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Pla del Om, Gurb, 680 m, 31TDG34, 15.vii.2013, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. BURGOS: 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, San Martín de Don, 850 m, 6.viii.1987, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Pradoluengo, 950 m, 31.viii.1984, J. Gastón leg. CANTABRIA: 1 ♂, Camaleño, 600 m, 13.viii.1980, J. Gastón leg. GIRONA: 15 ♂ and 10 ♀, Font Home Mort, Queralbs, 1750 m, 9.vii.1999, 23.vi.2003, 6.viii.2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Molina, 1780 m, 3.viii.1997, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Setcases, 1230 m, 8.viii.2019, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; LEÓN: 14 ♂ and 9 ♀, Puerto de Piedrafita, Piedrafita la Mediana, 30TTN86, 6.vii.2017, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Peñalba de Cilleros, 1300 m, 28.vii.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Caldas de Luna, 1480 m, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Puerto de la Cubilla, Pinos, 1650 m, 23.vii.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torres de Abajo, 915 m, 30TVN35, 12.vii.2012, R. Macià & J.Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, Minas de Ventana, Roguera, 1420 m, 30TTN57, 8.vii.2013, R. Macià leg.; LLEIDA: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Banhs de Tredós, Val d´Aran, 1780 m, 31TCK32, 8.vi.2009, 26.vii.2015, 20.vii.2017, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Valarties, Val d´Aran, 1250 m, 31TCH22, 17.vii.2012, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Bresca, Riu Major, Gerri de la Sal, 638 m, 31TCG48, 25.vi.2009, R. Macià leg.; 11 ♂ and 5 ♀, Salardú, Val d´Aran), 1268 m, 24.viii.1922, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; LA RIOJA: 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Sierra Cebollera, Villoslada de Cameros, 1080 m, 27.vii.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; TARRAGONA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, El Tillar, Conca de Barberà, 891 m, 31TCF37, 5.viii.2013, R. Macià leg. BIZKAIA: 1 ♂, Mendiondo, Urdúliz, 70 m, 25.viii.1982, J. Gastón leg. ZAMORA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Puerto de Sanabria, 1200 m, 11.vii.1991, A. Blázquez leg. ANDORRA: 3 ♂, Les Escaldes, 1751 m, 18.vii.1020, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB. FRANCE: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Mont Ventoux, Provença, 1200 m, 29.vii.1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Cormet de Roselend, Savoie, 1360 m, 29.vii.1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Col du, Savoie, 1507 m, 8.vii.2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 4 ♀, Saint Martin Bellevue, 700 m, 6.vii.2018, J. Gastón leg. ITALY: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Pera di Fassa, Trentino, 1250 m, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Vallicelli de Monzuno, Bologna, 1250 m, 23.vii.1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. ROMANIA: 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torda, Torockó, 1150 m, 10.vii.2013, A. Szabó leg. TURKEY: 2 ♂, Kackar Dagi Mts., Altiparmak, Artvin, 1850 m, 10.vii.1999, M. Hfuchy leg. Diagnosis. Nyea lurideola can be confused with Manulea complana, Manulea iberica, Manulea pseudocomplana and Manulea costalis, but is distinguished by the yellowish costal stripe which ends in a point just before the apex, while in Manulea complana, Manulea pseudocomplana and Manulea costalis it extends to the very tip of the wing. In Nyea lurideola, the wings are relatively shorter, but distally more dilated and apically more rounded than in Manulea complana, Manulea iberica, Manulea pseudocomplana and Manulea costalis. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 35–36). Average wingspan males 33.7 mm (n=10; 29–37 mm); average wingspan females 31.4 mm (n=10; 27–35 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 66). Male and female genitalia: See the description that has been given for the genus Nyea. Immature stages (Fig. 88). The final instar larva is 20 to 22 mm long. Cephalic capsule totally black. On the body, the verrucae D1, D2 and SD 1 are black, the verrucae L2 and L3 are grey (the L1 wart has not been observed); all these verrucae have black and translucent setae; body dark dorsally, with mixed black and blue spots and with one orange broad line between segments 1 to 8. Pupa stylized, glossy brown, smooth, with well-marked circular depressions on the back of the metathorax and abdominal segments 1 to 8; tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. Pupa very similar in both sexes. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. With a low within-species TN-dist of 0.26% ± 0.12SE, RESL cluster analysis for Nyea lurideola sequences reveals a cluster that matches the single BIN defined for Nyea lurideola (BOLD: AAB6833). Biology. Univoltine, with a long flight period from July to September–October. Frequent in humid mountain biotopes, mainly coniferous forests and meadows, at elevations between 500 and 2000–2500 m. Adults visit flowers in late afternoon, and both sexes come to artificial light at night. The larvae feed mainly on algae and lichens, although they also feed on plant species belonging to the genera Sarothamnus, Rumex, Rubus and Vaccinium. In captivity they accept leaves of Salix, Rubus and Taraxacum (Ylla et al. 2010) and artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 112). Eurasian. Present throughout Europe except the northernmost parts of the Scandinavian countries. In the Iberian Peninsula, it is present in northern localities and more dispersed in the central part, although there are few reports from Portugal., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Zincken, J. L. T. E. (1817) Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung (267), 68.","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp."]}

Genus Setema Freina & Witt, 1984 Setema de Freina et Witt, 1984. Nota lepidopterologica. 7 (4): 331–332. Type species: Bombyx cereola Hübner, [1803]. Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge 3: 24 f. 99, by original designation. Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings broad, with nearly straight costal margin and a pale subcostal line; scaling often sparse making wings to look semitransparent. Females often have brachypterous wings (Dubatolov, 2015). Male genitalia. Uncus moderate in width; valvae contracted apically, with distinct ventral process curved upwards, exceeding the limit of the valves and turning towards them until contacting the cucullus; clasper absent; juxta rectangular without apical processes; vinculum triangular of a moderate size; aedeagus cylindrical, short, without an apical sclerotised fascia or apical spur; two cornuti spike-like, equal in size; vesica bag-shaped with several cone-like cornuti. Female genitalia. Anal papillae very robust and sclerotised; lamella postvaginalis heart-shaped slightly sclerotised; ostium bursae wide, V-shaped and strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae wide, trapezoidal, also strongly sclerotised and a well-developed posteriors enlargement of the corpus bursae located opposite the asppendix bursae. Molecular data. The three species belonging to the Setema genus included in the extended analysis, Setema cereola, Setema debilis (Staudinger, 1887) and Setema bicolor (Grote, 1864), cluster together in close proximity to Indalia lutarella (Fig. 119 and 120). It is worth mentioning that mitochondrial and nuclear markers from a single specimen of Setema debilis from Russia have been sequenced for the first time and included in the BOLD Dataset (EILE Eilema – Lepidoptera). The species Setema debilis and Setema bicolor, even though they have been sequenced, are not part of the studied area. Taxa included. Setema cereola (Hübner, [1803]), Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Freina, J. J. & Witt, T. (1984) Taxonomische Veranderungen bei den Bombyces und Sphinges Europas und Nordwestafrikas (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea: Arctiidae VI). Nota lepidopterologica, 7 (4), 330 - 336.","Dubatolov, V. V. (2015) Taxonomic review of Manulea subgenus Setema (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Entomological Society of Canada, 147, 541 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / tce. 2014.73"]}

Muscula muscula (Staudinger, 1899) Original combination: Lithosia muscula Staudinger, 1899. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 12: 156. T. L.: [Turkey, Lebanon] Taurus Mts., Gjaur Dagh; Adalia; Syria (Beirut and Lebanon). Material examined. CYPRUS: 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, M. Fibiger leg.; 1 ♀, Fasouri, 15 km. W. Limassol, 15.x.1996; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Livadhi, Paphos forest, 400 m, 23.ix.2002, Hentscholek leg.; 1 ♀, Agyia Fors., Paphos Forest, 400 m, 28.viii.2003, Hentscholek leg.; 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Nikokleia, 80 m, 12.vi.2002, Hentscholek leg.; 13 ♂, 3 ♀, 1 Km. S. of Kidasi, Paphos, 23.viii.2020, A. Szabó leg. GREECE: 2 ♂ Hellas, Préveza, Milikas, 10 m, 27.vi.2001, J. Skyva leg. TURKEY: 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Kemer, Antalya Reg., 700 m, 19.x.2011, A. Saldaitis leg. Diagnosis. This species differs externally from the rather similar species Wittia sororcula, in the smaller size, wider, convex and paler forewings, more greyish-ochreous ground colour with paler costal and interior margins and grey-shaded hindwings. In the dark forms of Wittia sororcula, the hindwings darken in a similar way to the forewings, but those of Muscula muscula are always pale ochreous-grey. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 37–38). Average wingspan males 23.5 mm (n=10; 19–27 mm); average wingspan females 21.9 mm (n=10; 17–27 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 67). Male genitalia:Uncus elongated,slender, cylindrical and with a rounded tip; valvae triangular, quite short and with a membranous pointed cucullus, with a large, sharp and sclerotised costal process; saccular process short and sharp, not exceeding the cucullus; juxta large, V-shaped with sclerotised arms, the edges covered with a band of dark hair-like setae; vinculum of median size with sclerotised lateral arms. Aedeagus cylindrical, rather short, without cornuti, but with a small, slightly sclerotised plaque. Female genitalia: Lamella postvaginalis heart-shaped, strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae very short and membranous; bursa copulatrix pumpkin-shaped, with an elongated bean-shaped signum, sclerotised and positioned vertically. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. Three specimens from Cyprus have been analysed for the COI marker, one of them providing also a successful sequencing of the ArgK marker. The RESL analysis of COI data returned a single cluster that coincided with an existing BIN (BOLD: ACI1211), composed of two sequences identified as Eilema sp. from Turkey. Interestingly, the results reveal a certain degree of mitonuclear discordance, with the mitochondrial sequence showing a closer relationship to Indalia species (average TN-dist = 5.72%) than the nuclear marker (average K-dist = 7.16%), which suggests a more distant relation. The combined mitonuclear tree places this species as a sidebranch of the Eilema-Manulea group, with strong BI support (PP=1). In the view of these results, and especially in regard to the strong morphological differences from Indalia sp., we conclude that an integrative analysis of this species supports its placement in a distinct genus (Muscula muscula). Biology. Muscula muscula has two or three overlapping generations, with adults in flight from late spring to early autumn. A xerophilous species that inhabits xerothermic sunny forest from lowlands to mid-high elevations, prefering rocky biotopes, rocky walls, bushy gorges and scattered oak groves. Adults attracted to artificial light. It is assumed that the larvae feed on lichens, but their biology is little known. Distribution (Fig. 113). Ponto-Mediterranean. In Europe known only from the islands of Rhodos and Samos and the Strymon delta in Greece, and from Cyprus. Outside Europe, it occurs in the northern part of Lebanon, southern Turkey, northern Syria and Iraq., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Staudinger, O. (1899) Neue Lepidopteren des palaearktischen Faunengebiets. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 12, 156. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9446"]}

Indalia lutarella lutarella (Linnaeus, 1758) comb. nov. Original combination: Phalena Tinea lutarella Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Nature (ed. 10) 1: 535. T. L.: Europe. Material examined. SWEDEN: 2 ♂, Hallstahammar, Vastmanland, 27.vii.1978, E. Neutsen leg.; 1 ♀, Västeräs, Vastmanland, 2.viii.2009, J. Ylla leg. DENMARK: 1 ♂, Svaneke, Nordskov, 10.viii.2019, A. Madsen leg.; 1 ♂, Arnager, 26.vii.2018, A. Madsen leg. Diagnosis. Sexual dimorphism slight, the females somewhat smaller and brighter.The species is easily distinguished by the ochreous or yellow colour, dark grey to greyish-brown in the costal area of the hindwing. The dark frons, together with the large and dark eyes, make the whole head very dark when viewed from the front. Wing colour is usually more vivid, the ochreous-yellow colour deeper and the dark infusion more intense than in Indalia pygmaeola and Indalia marcida. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 25–26). Wingspan of males around 25–30 mm, females 20–26 mm. Genitalia (Fig. 61). Male genitalia: Uncus thick and short; valvae ovoid, pointed, with rounded cucullus; saccular process short and broad, weakly sclerotised, not reaching the end of the valva; juxta, rectangular, small and weakly sclerotised; vinculum short. Aedeagus cylindrical, thick and with two large and very sharp cornuti. Female genitalia: Anal papillae small, although well sclerotised; ostium bursae membranous; ductus bursam broad, membranous and quite short; corpus bursa rounded with central signum. The membranous process leading to the ductus seminalis is short and extremely wide. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. No samples belonging Indalia lutarella lutarella subspecies have been analysed for DNA. The published data from BOLD includes 27 specimens of Indalia lutarella from 7 countries (Austria, Germany, Finland, Norway, France, Spain and Russia), but only one example is specified as subsp. Indalia lutarella lutarella (NOCJB076-08) from Rhone-Alpes, France and another one as subsp. Indalia lutarella luqueti (NOCJB077-08) from Alpes-Maritimes, France. However, the sequences from these two records differ only in one nucleotide. The 27 records from BOLD form a single BIN cluster (BOLD: ABZ2872) and a specific analysis of their within-group p-distance (average 0.28%; max. 2.68%, var. 0.15%) is relatively low and does not clearly split the data in groups that could coincide with subspecific forms. Biology. Univoltine, flying between June and August, favouring mountainous, sunny biotopes on calcareous soils, located at low elevations in the Scandinavian region, but extending up to 2400 m, above the tree line in many locations and reaching up to the alpine meadows. Adults active by day and at night, when the males, occasionally females, are attracted to artificial light. Larvae feed on lichens from logs, stones and rocks, as well as dry or decomposing plant material (Ylla et al. 2010). Distribution (Fig. 107). Transpalaearctic.Throughout Europe, except the British Isles, northern Scandinavia and southern Balkans, extending east to Siberia and central and northern Asia. The actual distribution of nominotypical Indalia lutarella should be correctly defined taking into account the distribution of subsp. Indalia lutarella luqueti. Observations. The taxon originally described as Ilema lutarella var diluta Rothschild, 1917 from Algeria, characterized by not having the yellow hue, is conspecific with marcida and not with lutarella. The taxonomic identity of the southern Scandinavian populations remains to be clarified due to the presence of certain differences between the genitalia of the typical populations from Sweden and Denmark. Several individual forms have been described.

Indalia uniola (Rambur, [1866]) comb. nov. Original combination: Lithosia uniola Rambur, [1866]. Catalogue Systématique des Lépidoptères d´Andalousie 2: 209. T. L.: Granada (Andalucía), Spain. Material examined. SPAIN: ÁVILA: 3 ♂, Sierra de Ávila, Amavida, 1400 m, 1.ix.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; BARCELONA: 6 ♂ and 3 ♀, Coll d´Heures, Collsuspina, 984 m, 11.ix.2010, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ Ermita de Puiglagulla, Vilalleons, 650 m, 19.vii.2003, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Parc Natural Castell de Montesquiu, Montesquiu, 637 m, 12.x.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Els Munts, Sant Agustí de Lluçanès, 958 m, 31 TDG25, 15.viii.2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Riera del Surreig, Sant Bartomeu del Grau, 850 m, 1.ix.2010, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Serrat de Sant Roc, Gurb, 644 m, 31 TDG34, 10.viii.2012, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, La Roca, Taradell, 604 m, 5.viii.1992, R. Macià leg. BURGOS: 1 ♀, Oña, 650 m, 27.viii.1999, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂ and 6 ♀, La Vid, 850 m, 24.ix.1983; 6.ix.1985, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, San Martín de Don, 890 m, 8.ix.1984, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Vid, 910 m, 30.viii.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. CÁCERES: 2 ♂, Valle del Jerte, El Tormo, 780 m, 31.viii.1992, A. Blázquez leg.; CÁDIZ: 3 ♂, Pto. de Ojén, 200 m, 28.viii.1991. J. Gastón leg. CASTELLÓN: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2.viii.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. GIRONA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Calella de Palafrugell, 10 m, 10.ix.2001, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂, Llorà, 210 m, 23.viii.1986, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB.; 1 ♂, Mieras, 286 m, 6.ix.1986, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB.; 10 ♂, Susqueda, 800 m, 24.viii.1986, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB. GRANADA: 2 ♀, La Sagra, Huéscar, 1350 m, 13.viii.1999, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Bco. Tejos de Castro, Padúl, 1115 m, 30.viii.2011, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂, Rbla. de Ovel, Fonelas, 860 m, 14.viii.2009, J. Gastón leg. HUESCA: 1 ♀, Llano de Lizara, 1470 m, 31.viii.1985, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Barranco de Valcuerna, Candasnos, 450 m, 21.ix.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Villanueva de Sigena, 238 m, 10.ix.2005, 20.vi.2015, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; HUELVA: 6 ♂ and 1 ♀, San Cristóbal, Almonte, 108 m, 20.ix.2003, M. Huertas leg. LA RIOJA: 2 ♂, Villanueva de Cameros, 1150 m, 1.ix.1984, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Ortigosa de Cameros, La Rioja, 1069 m, 27.vii.2018, R. Macià leg. SORIA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Sabinar de Calatañazor, 1080 m, 12.ix.2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. TERUEL: 10 ♂ and 6 ♀, Pozo del Correo, Moscardón, 1484 m, 30 TXK25, 5.ix.2012, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 5 ♀, Valle de Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1150 m, 28.vii.2009, 3.ix.2013, 11.viii.2018, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Losilla, Albarracín, 1050 m, 27.viii.1995, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Paridera del Carmen, Albarracín, 1277 m, 30 TXK37, 9.viii.2016, R. Macià leg. VALENCIA: 2 ♂, Sierra de Javalambre, Alcublas, Sacañet, 1000 m, 16.ix.1996, R. Macià leg. ZAMORA: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Monte la Reina, 1050 m, 31.viii.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. ZARAGOZA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, El Cerro, la Retuerta, 3 ♂, 377 m, 24.viii.2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♀, Torralba de los Frailes, 1050 m, 22.viii.1997, J. Gastón leg. FRANCE: 3♂, Mont Ventoux, Provenza, 1050 m, 29.vii.1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. Diagnosis. Sexes alike, but females slightly smaller and the abdomen more bulky. Similar to Indalia interposita, from which it is distinguished mainly by the smaller size, brighter wings and the yellow-ochre shading on the head, absent in Indalia interposita. The absence of tymbal organ in males is another difference from that species. Re-description: Imago. (Figs. 23–24). Average wingspan males 26.6 mm (n=10; 18–29 mm); average wingspan females 22.5 mm (n=10; 17–26 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 60). Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, elongated, more than in Indalia interposita, slender, thin, sclerotised, with a pointed tip; valvae ovoid with rounded cucullus, longer than in Indalia interposita; saccular process short and robust, slightly curved at the tip, not reaching the tip of the valva; juxta with an inverted U shape, weakly sclerotised; vinvulum short. Aedeagus cylindrical, short and with a large cornutus, smaller than that in Indalia interposita. Female genitalia: Anal papillae relatively small; lamella postvaginalis well-defined with inverted and fairly sclerotised trapezoidal shape; ductus bursae trapezoidal and sclerotised; bursa copulatrix elongated peanut-shaped with a signum in its lower part; small wart present in the upper part of the bursa with few micro-spines inside. Immature stages (Fig. 85). The last instar larva is 16 mm long. The cephalic capsule is well developed with a black upper area. Body with yellowish verrucae, all with yellow and black setae; dorsal line dark, sinuous and broken; area between verrucae D1 and D2 light yellowish grey, with several dark spots; from verruca D2 to SD 1 a dark brown band, and from the latter to L3, light grey with elongated dark brown spots surrounding L2 and L3. Pupa thick, with spots on the back and clypeus insignificant. Tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. In males, the antennae reach the tips of the wings, those of the females are shorter. The cocoon is made under lichens or moss, with the silk very close to the body. Molecular data. The five Indalia uniola specimens from different locations included in the analysis show a high sequence similarity (TN-dist = 0.25% ± 0.12SE) grouping into a strongly supported clade (PP=1) and a single RESL cluster coinciding with an existing BIN (BOLD: ABW9299). Besides the relationship with Indalia albicosta and Indalia interposita, this species is also genetically closest to Indalia lutarella luqueti. Biology. Univoltine, flying in a single late generation from August to October. Although some authors indicate a first generation in May–June, it does not occur in the Iberian Peninsula. The species is found in a great diversity of biotopes, especially those of Mediterranean influence; occurs from sea level to 1000–1200 m. Adults are active at night, and are attracted to both bait and artificial light. Larvae, as in most species of this genus, feed on lichens and algae, and possibly also grasses, sedges and Ericaceae, In captivity they accept dry lettuce leaves (Ylla et al. 2010) and artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 106). Atlanto-Mediterranean. It is present only in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), the southeast of France and in scattered localities almost throughout Spain and Portugal. It is also present in the Balearic Islands. The lutarella group Indalia lutarella lutarella (Linnaeus, 1758) comb. nov. Indalia lutarella luqueti (Leraut, 2006) comb. nov. Indalia pygmaeola pygmaeola (Doubleday, 1847) comb. nov. Indalia pygmaeola pallifrons (Zeller, 1847) comb. nov. It comprises two species and four subspecies, morphologically quite similar so they can be confused. Its populations extend from North Africa, through Europe to Siberia and Central and South Asia. Each species constitutes a welldefined clade with strong Bayesian supp (BI= 1 in both cases). Indalia lutarella prefers high elevations, being active during day time, whereas Indalia pygmaeola is found in much lower elevations and is more active by night. According the results of the molecular study, this group is related with the Setema genus which remains valid due to its distinc morphological characteristics., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymus, Locis. Tomis I. 10 th Edition. Systema Naturae (edn. 10) 1, 512 - 535. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Leraut. P. (2006) Papillons de Nuit d'Europe, Bombyx, Sphinx et Ecailles, Vol. I. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres - le - Buisson, France, 396 pp.","Doubleday, H. (1847) Description of new British Lepidoptera. Zoologist, 5, 1914 - 1915."]}

Indalia pygmaeola pygmaeola (Doubleday, 1847) comb. nov. Original combination: Lithosia pygmaeola Doubleday, 1847 Zoologist 5: 1914. L. T.: East coast of Kent, England. Material examined. BELGIUM: 2 ♂ y 1 ♀, Bredene Le Litoral, Flyes 30.vi.1987, F. Bolly leg. ENGLAND: 3 ♂, East coast of Kent, Norfolk, 11.vii.2005, R. Macià col.; 1 ♀, East coast of Kent, 24.vi.1967, B. Goater leg. Diagnosis. The specimens from British Isles, where Indalia pygmaeola was initially described, are readily distinguished from externally similar species such as Indalia marcida or Indalia lutarella. The forewings are a lighter straw-yellow colour and the hindwings are ivory coloured. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 29–30). Wingspan of males between 26–32 mm, that of females 24–28 mm. Genitalia (Fig. 63). Male genitalia: Uncus of medium size, thick, sclerotised, with a pointed tip; valvae ovoid, cucullus very pointed; saccular process clearly curved uniformly towards the cucullusx of the valva; sacculus well defined and sclerotised, with a widening in its central part; vinculum short. Aedeagus cylindrical and not very thick, with three cornuti, one of them smaller than the other two; apical fascia slightly sclerotised with a small, inconspicuous spur at the tip. Female genitalia: Anal papillae and 8th segment large compared to the rest of the genital structure, similar to Indalia marcida; lamella postvaginalis not very conspicuous; ostium bursae slightly sclerotised, cup-shaped; ductus bursae broad, trapezoidal, short and slightly sclerotised; corpus bursa with the shape of a pumpkin or a violin, with a membranous wart covered internally with micro-spines in the upper part and a circular signum in the inner wall of its lower part. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. No samples for this subspecies have been analysed for DNA. A total of 25 records for Indalia pygmaeola from 7 countries, not including UK, (Austria, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Finland, Croatia and Spain) are published in BOLD All these samples form a single BIN cluster. All these samples form a single BIN cluster (BOLD: AAE8202), so the available genetic data does not convey additional information on the subspecific differentiation of Indalia pygmaeola pygmaeola. Biology. Univoltine, flying in a single generation through July, August and mid-September. Adults are active by day and at dusk, ans are attracted to bait and artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens. Distribution (Fig. 109). East coast and Atlantic coast of England; Netherlands, coastal areas of the North Sea and its islands. Observations. Nominotypical pygmaeola is locally common on the east coast; subsp. pallifrons is confined to Dungeness, round the corner on the south coast of Kent., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Doubleday, H. (1847) Description of new British Lepidoptera. Zoologist, 5, 1914 - 1915."]}

The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato, present in Europe and North Africa, are studied on the basis of morphological characteristics and molecular genetics. Images of adults, genitalia of both sexes, immature stages, as well as phylogenetic trees obtained from the combined analysis of three different genetic markers are presented. Data on life cycles, food plants, and geographic distribution are also included. The morphological differences observed within Eilema sensu lato have led the authors to create the genera Indalia gen. nov. and Pseudokatha gen. nov. New combinations are stablished: Manulea iberica (Mentzer, 1980) st. rest., comb. nov.; Indalia marcida (Mann, 1859) comb. nov.; Indalia predotae (Schawerda, 1927) comb. nov.; Indalia albicosta (Rogenhofer, 1894) comb. nov.; Indalia interposita (Rothschild, 1914) comb. nov.; Indalia uniola (Rambur, [1866]) comb. nov.; Indalia lutarella (Linnaeus, 1758) comb. nov.; Indalia pygmaeola (Doubleday, 1847) comb. nov.; Pseudokatha rungsi (Toulgoët, 1960) comb. nov., and Eilema albicosta witti Kobes, 1993 syn. nov.

Indalia predotae (Schawerda, 1927) comb. nov. Original combination: Lithosia predotae Schawerda, 1927. Zeitschrift des Österreichischen Entomologen-Vereines Wien 12: 37. T. L.: Albarracín, (Aragón), Spain. Material examined. SPAIN: HUESCA: 19 ♂ and 15 ♀, Tozal de la Mora, Villanueva de Sigena, 8.viii.1997, 3.viii.2002, 26.iv.2003, 31.v.2004, 10.ix.2005, 27.v.2006, 20.vi.2015, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Barranco de Valcuerna, Candasnos, 295 m, 10.v.1993, 11.ix.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Ontiñena, 220 m, 30.viii.2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Ontiñena, 215 m, 13.v.2015, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Serreta Negra, Candasnos, 270 m, 3.x.2016, J. Gastón leg.; TERUEL: 15 ♂ and 12 ♀, Camino rural de Moscardón a Royuela, Moscardón, 1446 m, 30TXK26, 4.ix.2013, R. Macià leg.; 16 ♂ and 9 ♀ Valle de Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1125 m, 30TXK37, 15.v.1993, 27.viii.1995, 1.viii.1999, 3.ix.2013, 3.viii.2017, 11.viii.2018, R. Macià leg.; 14 ♂ and 11 ♀, Camino Rural, Calomarde, 1550 m, 30TXK26, 2.viii.2017, R. Macià leg.; ZARAGOZA: 6 ♂, Torralba de los Frailes, 1050 m, 27.vii.1999, J. Gastón leg.; 15 ♂ and 8 ♀, Montes de la Retuerta, El Ciervo, 310 m, 30TYL39, 21.ix.2003, 24.ix.2005, 17.ix.2006, 19.ix.2014, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 18 ♂ and 14 ♀, Val de Boquero el Ciego, La Retuerta, 362 m, 30TYL29, 11.vi.2013, R. Macià leg. Diagnosis. The grey-brownish wing tonality and the fringe between light yellow and ochre yellow make this species unmistakable. Indalia predotae is notably sexually dimorphic: the females are smaller, much lighter yellowbrown, and the wings are proportionally smaller in relation to the rest of the body. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 17–18). Average wingspan males 23.4 mm (n=10; 20–27 mm); average wingspan females 19.1 mm (n=10; 17–21 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 57). Male genitalia: uncus cylindrical, slender, elongated, not flattened, sclerotised, with a pointed tip; valvae ovoid with rounded cucullus, sacculus wide and sclerotised, saccular process weakly sclerotised and slightly curved towards the cucullus. Aedeagus with three small, almost equal cornuti, two thick and coarse and the third smaller and sharper. Female genitalia: anal papillae small, posterior apophysis long, ostium and ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursa ovoid with one signum in its lower part and a weakly sclerotised plaque with diffuse edges in the place where the wart is located in other species. The appendix bursae prior to the ductus seminalis is thin and not very prominent. Immature stages (Fig. 82). The last instar larva is 17 mm long. Cephalic capsule completely black. Verrucae light brown (the L1 wart is missing or barely noticeable), all with translucent and black setae. Dorsal line broad at first and then narrow, broken, dark brown; broad light brown band in the area of D1 and D2 and then until SD 1 dark brown. Lateral sites to L3 light brown with various brown sinusoid spots. Pupa stylized, brown and smooth, with dark spots on the dorsal area; back of metanotum and segments 1 to 8, very small circular depressions; tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. In pupa of male, the antennae and proboscis reach the end of the wings, in the females they are shorter. The cocoon under lichens, bark and roks, with the silk very close to the body. Molecular data. This species forms a clade with strong BI support (PP=1) and moderate within-group distance (0.47% ± 0.18SE). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster and all sequences coincided with a published BIN (BOLD: ACD0670). Like its close neighbour Indalia marcida, COI distances with other members of the genus are quite similar, albeit with lower values (TN-dist between 5.13% and 6.54%, average 5.42%) than those found for the latter (6.44% –7.97%; average 7.31%). Biology. Bivoltine, with a first generation in May, June and July, followed by a second one in August, September and October. Xerothermic biotopes are favoured, with abundant steppe vegetation, and clearings in dry and sunny wooded areas among junipers and pine forests. Colonies are found up to 1200–1500 m above sea level. Adults are active both by day and at night, and are attracted by artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens, accepting dry lettuce leaves in captivity (Ylla et al. 2010), and also prepared artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 103). Iberian endemic. Known mostly from different localities in northeastern Spain, but absent from the entire Pyrenean area. The following are some examples of classic biotopes: Monegros and areas bordering the Ebro Valley, Iberian System (Albarracín and neighbouring areas) and La Vid (Burgos). Isolated colonies are known in Araba, Valladolid and Badajoz. Also known from southern and central Portugal (Teodoro Monteiro, 1975; Corley et al., 2000; Pires & Corley, 2007). Recently reported in Catalonia, Erms d´Aitona (Lleida), Guzmán (2015). Not known from the Balearic Islands. The uniola group Indalia uniola (Rambur, [1866]) comb. nov. Indalia albicosta (Rogenhofer, 1894) comb. nov. Indalia interposita (Rothschild, 1914) comb. nov. It comprises three South European species: Indalia albicosta, endemic from the Canary Isles and also known from a few western Andalusian localities; Indalia uniola and Indalia interposita, which are spread along the North of Africa and reach southern Europe at different extent: Indalia uniola colonizes the Iberian Peninsula and south-east France, whereas Indalia interposita is restricted to the arid and desertic biotopes of south-east Spain. Genetically, the three species form a clade with moderately high Bayesian support (BI=0.77, Fig. 119) which is confirmed and strengthened in the extended analysis (BI=0.88, Fig. 120), and presents similarly low distances for both mitochondrial (aver. TN-dist=5.65%) and nuclear (2.08%) markers. Despite their genetic similarity, they show some phenotypic features that allow a fast and reliable morphological identification., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Schawerda, K. (1927) Neue Lepidopteren aus Aragonien. Zeitschrift des Osterreichischen Entomologen-Vereins 12, 35 - 37.","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp.","Monteiro, T. (1975) Quelques Lepidopteres Nouveaux pour le Portugal. Publicacoes do Instituto de Zoologia ' Dr. Augusto Nobre', Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto nº, 129, 9 - 23.","Corley, M. F. V., Gardiner, A. J., Cleere, N. & Wallis, P. D. (2000) Further additions tp the Lepidoptera of Algarve, Portugal (Insecta: Lepidoptera). SHILAP Revista de lepidopterologia, 28 (111), 245 - 319.","Pires, P. & Corley, M. F. V. (2007) The Lepidoptera of Baixo Mondego (Beira Litoral. Portugal) (Insecta: Lepidoptera). SHILAP Revista de lepidopterologia, 35 (138), 187 - 230.","Guzman, E. (2015) Eilema predotae (Schawerda, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae), especie nova per a Catalunya, i altres citacions de les comarques de ponent. Butlleti de la Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia 106, 127 - 131.","Rogenhofer, A. (1894) Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 9, 10.","Rothschild, L. W. (1914) A preliminary account of the Lepidopterous fauna of Guelt-es-Stel central Algeria. Novitates Zoologicae, 21, 354. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16331"]}

Genus Katha Moore, 1878 Katha Moore, 1878 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1878:3–37 pls.1–3. Type species: Bombyx helvola Hübner, [1803]; Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge, Bombyces: 125 [“Ziefer”-text] pl. 23, fig. 95, by subsequent designation Hampson, 1900; Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum London 2: 130–145, but cited as Noctua depressa Esper, [1787] nominal species, originally not included in Katha (Watson et al., 1980) and considered as a minor synonomy of Noctua deplana Esper, 1787; Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. 4 (1): 97–98, pl. 93, fig. 1–2. Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow, with almost straight costal margin in males, slightly convex in females; pale costal stripe often imperceptible, light earthy colour. Most species of the Katha group are relatively large. Male genitalia. Uncus short, robust and cylindrical; valvae short and very wide; sacculus of uniform width, widening at the tip in the shape of a hook, strongly sclerotised; clasper absent; vinculum of medium size, slightly rectangular. Aedeagus with a large sclerotised cornutus, several times longer than the diameter of the aedeagus. Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae short and sclerotised; bursa copulatrix biglobular, with an elongated signum. Observations. Katha was treated as a junior synonym of Eilema until Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011) elevated it as a valid genus, opinion shared by the authors of this work. Its main characteristic feature is the short and robust valvae of the male genitalia. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Katha depressa) has been analysed, so we cannot be certain if the results presented for this species would also apply to the whole genus. According to Dubatolov (2011), there are many more species included in Katha, for example Katha conformis (Walker, 1854); Katha laevis (Butler, 1877); Katha magnata (Matsumura, 1927); Katha moorei Leech, 1890; Katha nankunshanica Dubatolov, Kishida & Wang, 2012; Katha nigropoda (Bremer & Grey, 1852); Katha prabana (Moore, 1859); Katha suffusa (Leech, 1899). None of them has been available to the authors and so it has not been possible to include their study in the present work. Future molecular studies including species placed in the genus Katha will provide additional insight into this genus. Taxa included. Katha depressa (Esper, [1787]), Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain Genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 - 37 pl. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x","Hampson, G. F. (1900) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum London 2,130 - 145.","Watson, A., Fletcher, D. S. & Nye, I. W. B. (1980) The Generic Names of Moths of the World. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) vol. 2, 228 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119421","Esper, E. J. C. [1787] Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen 4, 1 (35), 98 figs.","Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Eurasian Entomological Journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379."]}

Genus Zobida Birket-Smith, 1965 Zobida Birket-Smith, 1965. Type species Eilema trinitas Strand, 1912 Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A) 7: 181, by original designation. Diagnosis. Imago. Medium-sized species with almost no sexual dimorphism, although females tend to be slightly larger and with a more rounded forewing apex; the two black dots of the forewings preclude confusion with any other of the Eilema sensu lato group. Zobida is distinctly different from Eilema in morphology, larval chaetoetotaxy and DNA. Zobida bipuncta is the only European representative of the genus; it is also present in Morocco among some African congeners. It was erroneously included in Eilema by Toulgoët (1972) and Leraut (2006). Male genitalia. Uncus moderate in width; oval valvae apex, distinct ventral process curved upwards; harpe on inner surface of valva at its base of complex shape and consists of two different processes: the hind one is bump like covered with small spines, the fore one is bifurcated hook-like; juxta without apical processes; sacculus wde and short; aedeagus wide, without an apical sclerotised fascia and cornuti. Female genitalia. Antrum large and goblet-shaped, with sclerotised margins and a short membranous ductus bursae, corpus bursa without signum. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Zobida bipuncta) has been analysed, so we cannot be certain if the results presented for this species would also apply to the whole genus. There are other species of Zobida, for example Zobida avifex Kühne, 2010, Zobida colon (Möschler, 1872) and Zobida trinitas (Strand, 1912). None of them has been available to the authors and so it has not been possible to include their study in the present work. Taxa included. Zobida bipuncta (Hübner, [1824]), Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Birket-Smith, J. (1965) A revision of the West African eilemic moths, based on the male genitalia (Lep, Arctidae, Lithosinae; incl. Gena. Crocosia, Eilema, Lithosia, Pelosia, Phyganopsis a. o.). Papers from the Faculty of Science, Haile Selassie I University, Series C: Zoology, 1, 1 - 161. [31]","Strand, E. (1912) Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 78 (A) 7, 181. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 27906","Toulgoet, H. (1972) Eilema bipuncta, espece europeenne peu connue (Lep. Arctiidae, Lithosiinae). LEntomologiste. T. XXVIII, 3, 61 - 65.","Leraut. P. (2006) Papillons de Nuit d'Europe, Bombyx, Sphinx et Ecailles, Vol. I. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres - le - Buisson, France, 396 pp."]}

Manulea costalis (Zeller, 1847) Original combination: Lithosia costalis Zeller, 1847, Isis von Oken, 1847:16. T. L.: Bursa (“Brussa”), Turkey. = Lithosia morosina Herrich-Schäffer, 1847. Material examined. CYPRUS: 3 ♂, Kapoura, Adelfoi-Forest, 1200 m, 3.ix.2003, Hentscholek leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Agyia, Pafos Forest, 400 m, 28.viii.2003, Hemtscholek leg. GREECE: 5 ♂, Assites, Creta, 800 m, 27.ix.1959, H. Reisser leg.; 4 ♀, Omalos, Creta, 1200 m, 5.viii.2011, Hentscholek leg. TURKEY: 6 ♂ and 10 ♀, Cirali, Antalya, 15 m, 6.viii.2014, S. Schelhorn leg.; 5 ♂ and 7 ♀, Antalya, Kemer, 700 m, 19.x.2011, A. Saldaitis leg. Diagnosis. Compared to Eilema caniola, it is a large, narrow-winged species, and differs externally by the narrower, dark greyish earth-coloured wings, with a fine short ochre line on the inner margin. Hindwing pale ivory with a fine yellow costal stripe and faint grey diffusion towards anal area. The forewings are narrower and the costal stripe is thinner, distally more tapered than in Manulea complana and androconia are absent on the underside. It is more contrasting in colour than Manulea pseudocomplana and Manulea palliatella, with a better-defined costal stripe. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 11–12). Average wingspan males 30.3 mm (n=10; 26–34 mm); average wingspan females 33.0 mm (n=10; 29–36 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 55). Male genitalia: Structure similar to that of Manulea complana and Manulea pseudocomplana from which it differs mainly in the slightly more pointed valva and the sternite of the 7th segment, which is very pointed in its upper part and less marked. Female genitalia: Bursa copulatrix displaced to the right, as in the previous species, with two small signum; cervix bursa of a great size, with many membraneous warts internally covered with very dense areas of spinules; ductus seminalis begins with a big membraneus process also covered with spinumes. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. We sequenced a topotypical specimen of M. costalis that happened to cluster together with an unidentified sample from Greece (LEASW1169-20). These two samples were found to contribute to a wellsupported Manulea costalis node (PP=1) with a considerable within-group distance (0.93% ± 0.37SE), which may be partially due to geographic isolation of the Cyprus population. In agreement with the morphological data, the Bayesian Inference analysis (Figures 119, 120) places this species within Manulea, closer to the Manulea complana group (average TN-dist=4.14%) than to Eilema caniola (TN-dist=5.80%). RESL algorithm produced a distinct cluster with a Nearest Neighbour distance of 3.52%, matching no registered BIN. Biology. Univoltine, with a flight period from July to September. Hygrophilous, frequent in mixed and open deciduous forests of valleys and streams, extending to slightly above timberline. Sometimes locally abundant. Adults of both sexes are attracted to artificial light and can be seen during the day feeding at flowers. The larvae feed on lichens (Witt & Ronkay, 2011). Distribution (Fig. 101). Ponto-mediterranean. Widespread but localized and infrequent in the southern half of the Balkans (Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania and Greece). It is also known from some Aegean islands including Thasos and Samotracia, and also from Crete, Rhodos, and Samos. Outside Europe present in Asia Minor and the Middle East., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Witt, T. J. & Ronkay, L. (2011) Lymantrinae and Arctiinae including Phylogeny and Check List of the Quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. Noctuidae Europaeae 13. Entomological Press, Soro, 448 pp."]}

Indalia lutarella luqueti (Leraut, 2006) comb. nov. Eilema lutarella luqueti Leraut, 2006. Papillons de nuit dÉurope 1: 347, pl. 62, figs. 3–6. T. L.: Pralognan, Savoie, France. Material examined. SPAIN. ASTURIAS: 2 ♂, Sotres, Carreña, 1050 m, 27.vii.1993, R. Macià leg.; BURGOS: 6 ♂, Páramo de Masa, 1050 m, 24.vii.2001, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Valle del Sol, Pineda de la Sª, 1350 m, 14.viii.1993, J. Gastón leg. GIRONA: 5 ♂ and 1 ♀, Font del home Mort, Queralbs, 1500 m, 29.vii.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, La Molina, 1695 m, 3.viii.1997, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Ctera. de Espinavell, Setcases, 1500 m, 15.viii.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Vilamanya, Queralbs, 1048 m, 31TDG38, 5.viii.2010, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LEÓN: 3 ♂, Peñalba de Cilleros, 1320 m, 28.vii.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LLEIDA: 1 ♂, Pto. del Portillón, Val d’Arán, 1300 m, 30.vii.2010, J. Gastón leg.; 11 ♂ and 1 ♀, Banhs de Tredós, Val d´Aran, 1758 m, 31TCH32, 3.viii.2008, 3.viii.2009, R. Macià leg.; TERUEL: 3 ♂, Pino gordo, Moscardón, 1450 m, 21.vii.2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Torrecilla del Rebollar, 1200 m, 25.vii.1998, J. Gastón leg. FRANCE: 2 ♂, Saint Crépin, Alpes-Côte d´Azur, 1025 m, 5.viii.2007, R. Macià leg. Diagnosis. Indalia lutarella luqueti was described from the French Department of Savoie. It is characterized by the reduction of the grey-blackish area of the anterior half of the hindwing, the black shading limited to the costal area and neighbouring veins, on both upperside and underside. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 27–28). Average wingspan males 26.9 mm (n=10; 24–30 mm); average wingspan females 21.2 mm (n=10; 19–24 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 62). No significant differences in relation to the nominotypical subspecies. Immature stages (Fig. 86). The last instar larva is 11–14 mm long. Cephalic capsule totally black. Body with grey verrucae (wart L1 has not been observed) and a black, narrow and sinuous dorsal line; there is also an irregular black spot surrounding SD 1 and touching wart D2, another smaller next to L2 and another below wart L3. Pupa light brown, tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. Pupa of female has a characteristic depression dorsally on the metathorax, causing the abdomen to bulge; in males, this depression is very smooth. Cocoon woven between lichens. Molecular data. All specimens analysed in the present work have been identified as Indalia lutarella luqueti and cluster together in a strongly supported species clade (PP=1, n=9) and an extremely low within-group distance (TN-dist = 0.07% ±0.05SE). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster and all sequences matched the only BIN defined for Indalia lutarella (BOLD: ABZ2872). Biology. The biology does not differ from that of nominotypical Indalia lutarella.The larvae feed on lichens, in captivity they accept artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 108). This subspecies is known from northwest of the French Alps (Savoie), the eastern and western Pyrenees and from other northern Spanish localities on the Cantabrian coast and Galicia. Also known in isolated and scattered colonies throughout Spain. The citation from in Portugal is very doubtful., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Leraut. P. (2006) Papillons de Nuit d'Europe, Bombyx, Sphinx et Ecailles, Vol. I. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres - le - Buisson, France, 396 pp."]}

Manulea iberica (Mentzer, 1980) st. rest. comb. nov. Original combination: Eilema iberica Mentzer, 1980 Entomologica Scandinavica 11: 11. T.L.: Albarracín, (Aragón), Spain. Material examined. SPAIN: CASTELLÓN: 11 ♂ and 9 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2.viii.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CUENCA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Las Majadas, Tejadillos, 1350 m, 4.viii.2001, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Huélamo, 1250 m, 14.vii.2001, J. Gastón leg.; 12 ♂ and 7 ♀, Sierra de Valdemeca, Collado Bajo, 1500 m, 31.vii.1999, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; TERUEL: 2 ♂, Tramacastilla, 1265 m, 3.ix.1994, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Torrecilla del Rebollar, 1200 m, 6.ix.1997, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♀, Colomarde, 4.ix.1994, J. Gastón leg.; 12 ♂ and 10 ♀, Puntal del Ahorcado, Moscardón, 1446 m, 30TXK26, 21.vii.2001, 26.vii.2016, 4.ix.2013, R. Macià leg.; 10 ♂ and 6 ♀, Pozo del Correo, Moscardón, 1523 m, 30TXK25, 5. ix.2012, 25.vii.2016, 10.viii.2018, R. Macià leg.; 19 ♂ and 17 ♂, Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1100 m, 30TXK37, 8.ix.1987, 10.viii.1999, 12.ix.2012, 11.viii.2018, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, La Losilla, Albarracín, 1150 m, 27.viii.1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. Diagnosis. The main differential character of this taxon is the absence of androconial scales on the underside of the costal margin of the forewings of the males; a yellower area is visible in the space that should be occupied by these scales. The lack of these scales, means that the courtship behaviour of iberica must be different from that of complana s. str., This information directly reupgrade iberica to species level. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 7–8). Average wingspan males 29.0 mm (n=10; 26–31 mm); average wingspan females 31.0 mm (n=10; 29–32 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 52). Male genitalia: There are two main differences from Manulea complana: juxta topped horizontally, without the two small pointed processes, and the two cornuti are larger and with the same proportions. The sternum A7 is dome-shaped with a flattened upper part, as in complana. In Manulea pseudocomplana, the domed shape is pointed at the top. Female genitalia: The only difference from complana is the membranous wart on the upper part of the bursa, which is larger and with less density of tiny spines inside. Molecular data. The group of three specimens belonging to Manulea iberica received a high BI support (PP=1, n=3) within the Manulea clade, showing a substantial between-group distance from Manulea complana (1.21%). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a specific cluster for Manulea iberica matching no previously published BIN. Immature stages (Fig. 78). The last instar larva is 17 to 20 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, black, with a smooth vertex. Verrucae D1, D2 and SD 1 black, and L2 and L3 dark grey, all with translucent and black setae. In general, the body is very dark in colour. Dorsal line black with a narrow light grey line on each side; area from D1 to SD 1 black, with an orange spot in front of the D2 wart and attached to D1, smaller than that of complana, and two white spots behind D2. Pupa brown, smooth, less slender than in Manulea complana, with circular depressions on the posterior part of the metathorax; abdomen rounded at tip, without cremaster. The antennal case of the male pupa reaches the end of the wings, those of the female are shorter. Cocoons under lichens, and with the silk glued to the body. Biology. Univoltine, flying in a single generation between the end of June and the beginning of September. Present in a great variety of biotopes, from lowland plains to mountains at elevations between 350 m and 1800 m. Both sexes are nocturnal and are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on different species of lichens (Parmelia spp.) (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity they accept artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 98). Iberian endemic, thriving in some southern localities in Spain and Portugal., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Mentzer, E. (1980) Eilema torstenii n. sp. and E. iberica n. sp. from Spain, with notes on E. pseudocomplana (Daniel) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 11, 9 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631280 X 00284","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp."]}

Collita griseola (Hübner, [1803]) Original combination: Bombyx griseola Hübner, [1803]. Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge Bomb.: 126 [`Ziefer´-text]. pl. 23, fig. 97. T. L.: [Germany]. Mterial examined. SPAIN: BARCELONA: 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 620 m, 31TDG34, 25.viii.2011, 29 viii.2014, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 10 ♂ and 7 ♀, Riera del Surreig, St. Bartomeu del Grau, 823 m, 2.viii.1997, 21.iii.2008, 22.vii.2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Parc Natural Castell de Montesquiu, Montesquiu, 637 m, 31TDG36, 11.viii.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, Santuari dels Munts, St. Agustí de Lluçanès, 1060 m, 17.vii.2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. BIZKAIA: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Lanbreabe, Ceánuri, 250 m, 9.vii.1999, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Gallartu, Orozko, 300 m, 17.vii.2010, J. Gastón leg. CANTABRIA: 1 ♀, Rucyio, 2.viii.2016, J. Gastón leg. GIRONA: 4 ♂ and 5 ♀ Font del Home Mort, Queralps, 1780 m, 6.viii.2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 11 ♂ and 6 ♀, Vilamanya, Queralbs, 1050 m, 31TDG38, 5.viii.2010, 27.viii.2011, 8.viii.2012, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Ribes de Fresser, 912 m, 22.vii.2019, A. Weiss leg. in coll. MCNB.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Susqueda, 800 m, 25.vii.1985, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Sant Privat d´en Bas, 541 m, 3.viii.1985, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB.; LLEIDA: Les, Val d´Aran, 631 m, 30.vii.1993, R. Macià leg. FRANCE: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Albertville, Savoie, 980 m, 1.vii.2018, J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♀, Saint Martin Bellevue, 700 m, 6.vii.2018, J. Gastón leg. CZECH REPUBLIC: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Cernǐs, Bohemia, 17.vii.1999, E. Lehečka leg. Diagnosis. Typical specimens of Collita griseola are easily distinguished from other Eilema sensu lato species by their broad wings and a more convex costa, bright straw-grey and fine ochreous in colour; short and ochreous costal stripe. Hindwings wide, pale grey with or without a marginal diffusion. The yellowish form flava differs from the ochreous female Katha depressa in the glossy, wider wings, apex of forewings more rounded. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 39–40). Average wingspan males 32.10 mm (n=10; 26–36 mm); average wingspan females 32.80 mm (n=10; 29–34 mm). There are small differences between the sexes. Genitalia (Fig. 68). Male genitalia: Uncus elongated, cylindrical, with slightly bulging apex; valvae with a very pointed cucullus; saccular process very robust, strongly sclerotised, with a straight, pointed tip; juxta strongly sclerotised, with a long upper process; vinculum long, wide and trapezoid. Aedeagus cylindrical and thick; vesica with a mass of small spines, and at the distal end, a series of medium-sized cornuti grouped together and topped by another large cornutus, very robust, short and hook-shaped. Female genitalia:Anal papillae sclerotised with mediumsized processes; lamella postvaginalis broad and strongly sclerotised; ostium bursae wide and membranous; ductus bursae broad, short and strongly sclerotised; corpus bursa spherical, with two small and strongly sclerotised ovoid signa; in the upper part, in contact with the ductus, there is a thick membranous process covered internally with numerous micro-spines, whence the ductus seminalis begins. Immature stages (Fig. 89). The final instar larva is 15 to 20 mm long. Cephalic capsule flat, black, with angular vertex and short epicranial suture. Body with long setae and dark brown verrucae; dorsal line broad, dark grey to black, bordered by a yellowish or light orange band, and between D2 and SD 1 verrucae a black band. Pupa robust, with two rough excrecences on each side of the anal scar; clypeus indistinct. In the male pupa, the antennae and proboscis reach the apex of the wings; in the females, the antennae are shorter. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. The Collita griseola samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP=1). The RESL clusterisation algorithm places the analysed sequences in a single group that coincides with an existing BIN (BOLD: AAC1074), which contains 30 sequences attrituted to Eilema griseola and 4 sequences apparently misidentified as Eilema ussuricum. The extended analysis including all published sequences shows closer relation of this species with samples identified as Eilema japonica and Eilema ussuricum, both appearing distantly related to the nominotypical Eilema species. At the same time, the distance of this species from the other species studied is significantly large (average TN-dist = 9.54%) compared to the distances among species within Indalia (average TN-dist = 5.80%) or Manulea (average TN-dist = 4.14%) genera, thus adding evidence to the morphological differences which justify its placement in a separate genus (Collita). Biology. Univoltine, with a long generation which extends from the end of May to September. Typical of relatively humid and warm biotopes in mixed and deciduous forests at elevations between 300 and 1500 m or more. The imagos are attracted both to bait and to artificial light, and they are sometimes seen visiting flowers in shady areas at nightfall. The larvae develop on Peltigera canina (L.) and other species of lichen typical of the trunks of trees, and may even consume the leaves of these trees. In captivity they accept willow (Salix), dandelion (Taraxacum) and lettuce (Lactuca) leaves (Ylla et al. 2010) and also artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 114). Eurasiatic. Throughout most of Europe, and widespread in the southern half of England. Absent from much of Italy, the Balkans and Scandinavia, and north Britain. In the Iberian Peninsula, it is restricted to a narrow northern strip. Observations. Outside Europe, there are several subspecies of Collita griseola in Asia Minor, central and western Siberia, Mongolia and Transbaikalia, Russia (Amur region), northern China, Korea and Japan., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 41-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Zincken, J. L. T. E. (1817) Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung (267), 68.","Staudinger, O. (1899) Neue Lepidopteren des palaearktischen Faunengebiets. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 12, 156. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9446","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp."]}

Genus Eilema Hübner, [1819] Eilema Hübner, [1819], Verzichnis bekannter Schmettlinge [sic!]: 165. Type species: Bombyx caniola Hübner, [1808], by subsequent designation of Moore (1878), Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1878: 17. Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow, with an almost straight costa and termen and pale subcostal stripe. Superficially, resembling many other groups of Eilema sensu lato. Male genitalia. Uncus wide, flattened laterally in the terminal part, the apex with a thin tip, usually curved in the shape of a beak or hook; valvae generally oval without costal process and with membranous midapical field; extreme of the valvae with saccular process (or saccular extensions) well developed, sclerotised and fused with the valvae giving the whole a rounded appearance; clasper of a triangular shape; juxta with lateral apical processes; vinculum broad, trapezoidal, elongated, membranous, with sclerotised edges, apex bilobed. Aedeagus stubby, not very slender, and always with a short sclerotised apical spur, with one or two cornuti of unequal size, which may be disproportionate; vesica bag-shaped with irregular lobes. Female genitalia. Anal papillae well developed and slightly sclerotised; anterior and posterior apophyses short and thin; 8th segment very short, narrow and weakly sclerotised; lamella postvaginalis cup-shaped, more or less sclerotised; ductus bursae short, broad and sclerotised; corpus bursae spherical, membranous, with the presence of a small, inconspicuous circular signum; cervix bursae provided with a thick membranous wart on its back lined internally by countless small spinules giving the appearance of a discontinuous sclerotised plaque. Molecular data. The Eilema genus clade is strongly supported by Bayesian Inference tree (PP=1), the cluster analysis returned a single group and all sequences matched a published BIN (BOLD: AAF6264). This genus is closely related to Manulea species, being the Eilema-Manulea group also a well-supported group (PP=1) (Fig. 119). The extended phylogenetic analysis including all sequences available in BOLD published under Eilema or Manulea genera reinforces the consistency of this group, as no additional species end up positioned within the group or in close relation (Fig. 120). Despite the fact that this species clade does not split in more than one RESL cluster, the intraspecific p-distance of COI-5P marker (Table 2) for Eilema caniola was 0.75% ± 0.24 SE, which almost doubles the average for all species under study (0.42% ± 1.8SE). Taxa included Eilema caniola caniola (Hübner, [1808]) Eilema caniola torstenii Mentzer, 1980, Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain Genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 - 37 pl. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x","Mentzer, E. (1980) Eilema torstenii n. sp. and E. iberica n. sp. from Spain, with notes on E. pseudocomplana (Daniel) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 11, 9 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631280 X 00284"]}

Genus Indalia gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5807A68B-935C-4226-AFC3-9F547C93FC1A Type species: Lithosia uniola Rambur, [1866]. Catalogue Systématique des Lépidoptères d´Andalousie (2): 209, by present designation. Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow, with a pale costal stripe. Superficially, like many other groups of Eilema sensu lato. Male genitalia: Uncus of medium size, slender, cylindrical, not flattened, of moderate width, with a pointed tip; valvae oval or apically restricted; cucullus clearly separated from apex of sacculus, clasper absent; superior part of the juxta basically flat, without lateral apical processes (present in Manulea and Eilema); vinculum of medium size, rectangular (trapezoidal in Manulea), membranous with finely sclerotised margins. Aedeagus generally short and stubby, with one to three spike-shaped cornuti usually the same size; no apical spur. Female genitalia: Anal papillae well developed, weakly sclerotised with short anterior and posterior apophyses; A8 wide, short and slightly sclerotised; lamella postvaginalis absent or obsolescent; ostium bursae bell shaped, membranous and broad; ductus bursae short, wide and slightly sclerotised; corpus bursa spherical, membranous, with one small rounded signum; cervix bursa inconspicuous and almost without warts or spinules inside. Molecular data. The clade encompassing the seven species included in the genus Indalia received a strong BI tree support (PP=0.99) and, as mentioned earlier, shows considerably low between-group distances (TN-dist from 2.93% to 7.90%; average = 5.80%). This clade also includes the genus Setema and the genus Nyea, which appear closely related but with distinct morphological characteristics. Pairwise distances are higher and variable within Indalia than in Manulea (TN-dist from 3.93% to 4.86%; average = 4.49%). The extended phylogenetic analysis -including our sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear markers plus additional COI data from BOLD- maintains the consistency of this group (Fig. 120), as only sequences attributed to the American Setema bicolor appear in close proximity of the other two analysed species of this genus (Setema debilis and Setema cereola). Derivatio nominis. Relative to Indalo, almerian figure of ancestral origin found in a Neolithic cave painting that has become the symbol of the Province of Almería (Spain). Taxa included The predotae group Indalia marcida (Mann, 1859) comb. nov. Indalia predotae (Schawerda, 1927) comb. nov. It comprises two species with a very similar genitalic structure (cucullus separated from sacculus apex, aedeagus with three small cornuti of equal size, vinculum wide, elongated with parallel margins and with no clasper). Indalia predotae is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it can be found in xerothermic biotopes at lower elevation than 1200–1300 m, whereas Indalia marcida is a central-western mediterranean species, with colonies near the coast and not higher than 500– 600 m. Although in Italy, Indalia marcida is mainly linked to central and southern coastal areas. In southern Italy it is not found below an elevation of 600 m while in Sicily it is clearly restricted to mountainous areas reaching elevations above 1100 m (Grassi & Zilli, 2005).

Manulea palliatella (Scopoli, 1763) Original combination: Phalena palliatella Scopoli, 1763, Entomologica Carniolica: 248, fig. 636. T. L.: Carniolia [Slovenia / Italy]. Material examined. SPAIN: ÁVILA: 1 ♂, Solana de Ávila, 1350 m, 24.viii.2017, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sierra de Ávila, Amavida, 1454 m, 1.ix.2003, 9.IX.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; BARCELONA: 4 ♂, Vespella, Gurb, 650 m, 2.ix.2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Pla del Om, Gurb, 680 m, 31TDG34, 15.vii.2013, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Manso El Vicenç, Manlleu, 460 m, 15.vii.2019, A. Weiss leg. in coll. MCNB.; BURGOS: 2 ♀, San Martín de Don, 800 m, 9.ix.2000, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂, La Vid, 954 m, 30.viii.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CÁCERES: 2 ♂, Jerte, 604 m, 3.viii.1994, R. Macià leg.; CASTELLÓN: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2.viii.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CUENCA: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Sierra de Valdemaca, Collado Bajo, 1500 m, 31.vii.1999, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Herreria de los Chorros, Tragacete, 1510 m, 30.vii.2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; GIRONA: 3 ♂, Font del Home Mort, Quealbs, 1750 m, 6.viii.2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; HUESCA: 3 ♂, Ontiñena, 137 m, 30.viii.2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LA RIOJA: 1 ♀, Jubera, 650 m, 5.ix.1986, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 6 ♀, Ortigosa de Cameros, 1069 m, 27.vii.2018, R. Macià leg.; SEGOVIA: 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, Casla, Sª de Arcones, 1165 m, 7.ix.2007, J. Gastón leg.; SORIA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Ciria, 1100 m, 5.viii.2005, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Puerto del Temeroso, Calatañazor, 1080 m, 10.ix.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; TARRAGONA: 1 ♂, Monte Caro, 1100 m, 17.viii.1981, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂, El Tillar, Vimbodí i Poblet, 891 m, 5.viii.2013, R. Macià leg.; TERUEL: 1 ♂, Moscardón, 1350 m, 10.viii.1996, J. Gastón leg.; 8 ♂ and 6 ♀, Valle de Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1100 m, 23.viii.1997, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, La Losilla, Albarracín, 1150 m, 27.viii.1995, R. Macià leg; 11 ♂ and 9 ♀, Camino Forestal, Calomarde, 1550 m, 30TXK26, 2.viii.2017, 12.ix.2018, R. Macià leg.; ZAMORA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Monte la Reina, 1050 m, 13.ix.2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; ZARAGOZA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torralba de los Frailes, 1050 m, 6.viii.1999, J. Gastón leg.; 17 ♂ and 15 ♀, El Ciervo, Retuerta de Pina, 350 m, 24.ix.2000, 21.ix.2001, 24.ix.2005, 17.ix.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. Diagnosis. Manulea palliatella is distinguished from Manulea complana, Manulea pseudocomplana, Manulea costalis and Eilema caniola caniola by the narrower and more elongated wings and uniform yellowish grey coloration, without the pale costal stripe. However, some specimens are difficult to identify on external morphology. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 13–14). Average wingspan males 32.6 mm (n=10; 30–36 mm); average wingspan females 32.0 mm (n=10; 28–36 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 54). Male genitalia: Uncus of medium length, thick and sclerotised; the rest of the genital structure does not differ from that of Manulea pseudocomplana, apart from the aedeagus, in which the central cornutus is larger. Female genitalia: The bursa copulatrix does not turn to the right, as in the preceding species, it is ovoid and with a single signum, as in Manulea pseudocomplana. Manulea complana has two signa. The membranous process that leads to the ductus seminalis has a great density of thorns inside. Immature stages (Fig. 80). The last instar larva is 20–25 mm long. The cephalic capsule is clear brown with the upper zone dark. It has very short setae, with clear grey verrucae; the body is yellowish white, with an orange spot under D1 and another behind L2. Prothoracic shield with 4 verrucae. Pupa thick and rugged, very similar in both sexes. Cocoon between lichens. Molecular data. Manulea palliatella constitutes a well-supported clade (PP=1, n=4) with a low within-group distance (0.31%). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster matching a published BIN (BOLD: AAZ9153). Biology. Univoltine, in flight from June–July to September–October. It prefers calcareous soils with markedly xerothermic conditions, at elevations from the sea level to 1500 m. Adults are mainly nocturnal, and are attracted to artificial light, but are also active by day feeding at Scabiosa flowers. The larvae feed on lichens (Cladonia). In captivity, they accept withered leaves and flowers of some angiosperms such as Genista (Ylla et al. 2010) and also artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 100). Eurasian. Present in most parts of Europe apart from an extensive northern area. In the Iberian Peninsula, there are scattered populations in a wide area over practically the entire northern third. In Portugal, it is is likely to occur in the most northeastern zone. Unknown from the Balearic Islands., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Scopoli, J. (1763) Entomologica Carniolica Exhibens Insecta Carlioliae Indigena et Distributa in Ordines, Genera, Species, Varietates Methodo Linnaeana, 248, fig. 636. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119976","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp."]}

Setema cereola (Hübner, [1803]) Original combination: Bombyx cereola Hübner, [1803]; Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge Bomb.: 126, pl. 24, fig. 99. T. L.: Germany. Material examined. AUSTRIA: 3 ♂, Altausee, Estiria, 1800 m, 26.vii.1996, R. Macià coll.; 1 ♂, Karwendelgeb, Garberlalm, Tirolia, 960 m, 16.vii.1993, Cerny leg.; 1 ♂, Steiermark, Graz, 1900 m, 10.viii.1998, Loser leg. ESTONIA: 2 ♀, Esthly (Estonian), 1920, Cl.Hörhammer Sammlung. FINLAND: 2 ♂, Kerimäki, Savonia, 9.vii.1982, K. Helomaa leg. FRANCE: 6 ♂, Pralognan, Alpes (Savoie), 1500 m, 2.vii.2000, J.P. Herzet leg.; 7 ♂ and 1 ♀, Ailefroide, Hautes-Alpes, 1800 m, 15.vii.1991, 20.vii.1994, 18.vii.2003, 11.vii.2008, JP. Herzet leg., 18.vii.1998, ex larva 1 ♀, J. Ronik leg. ITALY: 2 ♂, Passo di Stelvio, Ortler, 2200 m, 26.vii.1998, J. Skyva leg. Diagnosis. Setema cereola is characterized by its thin body and broad forewings with a straight costal margin, yellow colouring without patterns on both fore- and hindwings, dark frons and also by certain features of the male genitalia. The external appearance of Setema cereola is quite similar to that of members of the genus Setina, but lacks the dark dotted markings that are typical of that genus. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 33–34). Average wingspan males 29.5 mm (n=10; 27–32 mm); average wingspan females 22. 3 mm (n=3; 22–23 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 65). Male genitalia: Uncus short and wide, acute pointed and hooked; juxta rectangular without apical processes; valvae long and narrow with straight edge; pointed cucullus; clasper absent; sacculus long and evenly wide; saccular process thick and strongly recurved towards the interior of the valvae, surpassing the limit of the same and turning towards them until contacting the cucullus; vinculum short; sacculus triangular and moderately small; aedeagus cylindrical, short, without sclerotised apical fascia, with two median and strongly sclerotised coneshaped cornuti; vesica with a series of small micro-spines.Female genitalia:Anal papillae very robust and sclerotised; lamella postvaginalis slightly sclerotised and heart-shaped; ostium bursae wide, V-shaped and strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae wide, trapezoidal, also strongly sclerotised; ovoid corpus bursae with a small inconspicuous signum in its central part. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. Because we were not successful in amplifying DNA from individuals of this species, three representative sequences were selected from BOLD (access codes:GWOSA797-10; LEATB557-13; LEATB558-13). It was deemed unnecessary to use a larger number considering that the 19 available sequences published as Setema cereola or Eilema cereola showed little intraspecific variation (dist = 0.27%) and were all clustered in a single BIN (BOLD: AAJ7543) that received strong Bayesian support also when the extended dataset including 14 sequences from 4 countries was analysed (BI=1, Fig. 120). Despite the strong morphological differences, the molecular results point at a close proximity of the Setema genus with Indalia lutarella luqueti, with which forms a well-supported node (PP=0.98). The genetic analysis of other species of this genus (Setema debilis and Setema bicolor) is consistent with the Setema cereola results, showing similar short distances from Indalia luttarella luqueti. Biology. Univoltine. The flight period extends from late June to the middle of September, depending on the local weather conditions. Hygrophilous boreo-montane species living in fresh and humid biotopes. Nocturnal, although it can be found in daytime visiting flowers. Males are attracted to artificial light, but females, which have a smaller wingspan and a heavier abdomen, only rarely. The larvae feed on lichens, especially Parmelia species that thrive on rocky soil and on tree trunks. Distribution (Fig. 111). Western Palaeartic. Present in alpine countries and in the northern and northeastern parts of the Baltic area, as well in the southern and central parts of Scandinavia and adjacent areas of Russia to the east and the Kazan área. It lives at higher elevations, from the coniferous belt to the subalpine region; also present in lower and mountainous areas. Observations. In the original description of the genus Setema, Freina & Witt (1984) placed this genus as transitional between Eilema and Setina, based mainly on the shape of the wing. However, the male genitalic structure of Setema shows no affinity with Setina species., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Freina, J. J. & Witt, T. (1984) Taxonomische Veranderungen bei den Bombyces und Sphinges Europas und Nordwestafrikas (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea: Arctiidae VI). Nota lepidopterologica, 7 (4), 330 - 336."]}

Indalia interposita (Rothschild, 1914) comb. nov. Original combination: Ilema interposita Rothschild, 1914. Novitates Zoologicae 21: 354. T. L.: Algeria. = Eilema interpositella Strand, 1920 Material examined. SPAIN: ALMERÍA: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Rambla Granatilla, Sopalmo, 15 m, 20.iv.2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 10 ♂ and 6 ♀, Rambla de la Sierra, Tabernas, 452 m, 30SWF59, 3.v.2011, 16.v.2013, 15.v.2015, R. Macià leg. CÁDIZ: 1 ♀, Arcos de la Frontera, 13.ix.1992, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Puerto de Ojén, 200 m, 28.viii.1991, J. Gastón leg. GRANADA: 8 ♂ and 3 ♀, Barranco de Mazarra, Baza, 727 m, 30SWG25, 14.iv.2015, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♀, La Bernardilla, 100 m, 15.ix.2011, J. Gastón leg.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Bco. Tejos de Castro, Padúl, 1115 m, 30.viii.2011, J. Gastón leg.; MÁLAGA: 2 ♂, Barranco del Pedregal, Mijas, 590 m, 30 SUF5052, 7.v.2019, R. Macià leg. MOROCCO: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, 2 Km est de Midar, Driouch (Marroc) 450 m, 30SVD46, 26.v.2017, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. Diagnosis. Indalia interposita is easily confused with Indalia uniola, which is very similar externally, especially in old or worn specimens. Indalia interposita is usually slightly larger than Indalia uniola with rather longer, narrow and whitish wings, less ochreous shading and no gloss, which is a characteristic feature of Indalia uniola. For a correct determination of the worn specimens, the genitalia must be examined, but males of Indalia interposita can be easily distinguished by the sound-producing tymbal organ, visible to the naked eye, but absent in the other European species of Eilema sensu lato. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 21–22). Average wingspan males 25.0 mm (n=10; 18– 3 mm); average wingspan females 23.3 mm (n=10; 16–28 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 59). Male genitalia: Uncus slender, of medium size, with a pointed and sclerotised tip; valvae ovoid with pointed cucullus; saccular process short and thick with a pointed end slightly curved towards the valva but not reaching the cucullus; clasper absent; juxta triangular, pointed slightly to the top; vinculum short; sacculus right; aedeagus short, cylindrical and voluminous, with a large cornutus. Female genitalia: Size of the anal papillae and the 8th segment, compared with the rest of the genital structure, as in previous species; postvaginal lamella absent and ostium bursae wide and membranous; ductus bursae short and wide, weakly sclerotised; corpus bursa ovoid, signum absent. Immature stages (Fig. 84). The last instar larva is 15 mm long. Cephalic capsule 1,50 mm wide, with a smooth, light grey vertex with a brown spot on each epicranium. Body with light grey verrucae, with translucent and black setae and a black dorsal line, edged on each side with a broad orange or dark yellow band, touching the D1 and D2 verrucae; a black band between D2 and SD 1 and sides, light grey, with sundry black spots of varying shape. Pupa stylized, with light brown spots, a short clypeus and an abdomen without cremaster. In pupae of males the tip of the wings is open, highlighting the end of the metathoracic legs, but in those of females the tip of the wings is closed. The cocoon under lichens. Molecular data. The nine specimens successfully sequenced show a high sequence similarity (TN-dist = 0.22% ± 0.12), constituting a strongly supported species clade (PP=1) and a single RESL cluster matching a published BIN (BOLD: ABW9300). As mentioned earlier, this species appears to be closely related to Indalia albicosta and Indalia uniola, with which it shares strong morphological similarities. Biology. Bivoltine or even trivoltine. Adults in flight from March to October in two or three overlapping generations. Restricted to arid steppe or almost desert biotopes, or pine forests with little understory, at elevations between sea level and 850 m. Both sexes are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens that grow on the ground or in bushes, also probably on grasses. In captivity, they accept dry leaves of lettuce (Ylla et al. 2010) and artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 105). Species typical of arid and semi-desert areas of Morocco and Algeria. In the Iberian Peninsula, it occurs in characteristic biotopes in the extreme southeast. We are not aware of its presence in Portugal., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 29-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Rothschild, L. W. (1914) A preliminary account of the Lepidopterous fauna of Guelt-es-Stel central Algeria. Novitates Zoologicae, 21, 354. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 16331","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp."]}

Wittia sororcula (Hufnagel, 1766) Original combination: Phalaena Noctua sororcula Hufnagel, 1766 Berlinisches Magazin 3: 398–399. T. L.: Berlín, Germany. Material examined. SPAIN: ARABA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Berganzo, 500 m, 16.v.1998, J. Gastón leg.: 1 ♂, Zárate, 700 m, 29.v.1983, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Markínez, 790 m, 18.v.2018, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 5 ♀, Pto. de Herrera, 1000 m, 13.vi.1981, J. Gastón leg. BARCELONA: 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Els Munts, Sant Agustí de Lluçanès, 958 m, 31 TDG25, 5.v.2000, 12.v.2001, 15.viii.2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 15 ♂ and 10 ♀, El Surreig, St. Bartomeu del Grau, 650 m, 3.v.1997, 30.iv.2007, 24.iv.2009, 1.v.2011, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 4 ♀, Ermita de Sant Jaume, St. Bartomeu del Grau, 750 m, 1.vii.2014, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Molí del Llopart, Sta. Eugènia de Berga, 538 m, 14.vi.2003, 18.vi.2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 7 ♂ and 4 ♀, St. Julià de Cabrera, 1008 m, 2.vii.2003, 1.vii.2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Urb. La Roca, Taradell, 650 m, 25.v.1991, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂, 4 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 650 m, 5.v.2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 9 ♂ and 6 ♀, Coll d´Hueres, Collsuspina, 980 m, 31 TDG36, 15.vi.2013, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Mas El Bruguer, Sau, 650 m, 20.v.2006, 5.v.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♂, Urb. Urbisol, Calders, 650 m, 15.v.1994, T. Mira leg.; 14 ♂ and 10 ♀, Vallvidrera, 362 m, 31.vii.1921, 15.v.1922, I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB.; 1 ♂, Santa Susanna, Montseny, 630 m, 9.v.1914, I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Sant Pere de Vilamajor, 305 m, 10.viii.2014, 4.ix.2014, I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB. BIZKAIA: 1 ♀, Lendoño Goikoa, 460 m, 14.vi.1991, J. Gastón leg. ZAMORA: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Sierra de la Culebra, Ferreras, 890 m, 23.vi.2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. BURGOS: 5 ♂ and 6 ♀, San Martín de Don, 850 m, 16.vi.1984, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂ and 6 ♀, Loma del Rey, Quintanilla Sobresierra, 1050 m, 30 TVN41, 28.v.2008, R. Macià leg. CASTELLÓN: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2.viii.2007, R. Macià & J.Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Corral de Gracià, Barracas, 1029 m, 16.vi.2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; GIRONA: 3 ♂, Tamariu, 63 m, 19.viii.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 4 ♀, Urb. Vall Repós, Romanyà de la Selva, 325 m, 29.iv.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, Coll de Jou, Ogassa, 1650 m, 24.v.1996, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sant Pere Pescador, 15 m, 9.viii.1996, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Fontclara, Palau-Sator, 70 m, 30.iv.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Montgrony, Gombren, 1350 m, 29.v.1993, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. FRANCE: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Nohèdes, Prades, Pirineus Orientals, 1080 m, 18.v.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 7 ♂ and 9 ♀, Mont Ventoux, Provenza, 1020 m, 29.vii.1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. HUNGARY: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Örsèg, Kétvölgy, 1020 m, 31.vii.2005, A. Azabó leg. ITALY: 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, Sovicille, Siena, Toscana, 265 m, 23.vii.1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. Diagnosis. The bright orange yellow colour and the shape of the forewing, very wide and rounded, make it easily distinguishable from any other Eilema sensu lato. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 43–44). Average wingspan males 28.0 mm (n=10; 25–30 mm); average wingspan females 28.7 mm (n=10; 25–31 mm). Small morphological differences between males and females. Genitalia (Fig. 70). Male genitalia: Uncus very long, thin, tubular, and curved, topped with a small hook; narrow and poorly sclerotised tegumen; valvae oval, elongated with rounded cucullus; the distal process of the sacculus very powerful, large, strongly sclerotised and curved towards the cucullus, ending with a small spine; the rest of the sacculus is strongly sclerotised; juxta trapezoidal, weakly sclerotised and topped on its upper part by two very sclerotised finger-like processes covered with small spines; vinculum short, triangular and bilobed; short cylindrical aedeagus with one apical spine and four cornuti comparable in size. Female genitalia: Anal papillae slightly sclerotised with fine, medium-sized posterior processes; 8th segment narrow with medium-sized, thin anterior processes; bell-shaped ostium with raised edge and strongly sclerotised; lamella antevaginalis large, elliptical with the long axis in a horizontal position, narrow and elongated, provided (generally) with two strongly sclerotised hooks next to the ostium; ductus bursae short, thin arched with a sclerotised base; an elongated pear-shaped corpus bursae with sclerotised plates (signum) inside. In its upper part it has a membranous wart of appreciable proportions from where the ductus seminalis arises. Immature stages (Fig. 91). The last instar larva is 20 to 25 mm long. Cephalic capsule dark, well-developed, rounded, prothoracic and anal shield with undefined verrucae. Body with dark grey verrucae, all with long, translucent setae mixed with black ones; numerous black spots mixed with grey give it a dark appearance; broad black dorsal line touching D1, then a light grey one between D1 and D2, and then a dark one below D2, with an orange or reddish spot attached to D1 and D2 on the lateral border; sides greywith black spots. The pupa with 2 spines curved to the sides at tip of the abdomen. Pupae of both sexes very similar. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. The Wittia sororcula samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP=1). The distance from other species under study (average TN-dist = 8.59) is also large enough to justify its inclusion in a separate genus (Wittia). The published samples available in BOLD form two different BIN clusters (BOLD: AAC1077, n=40; BOLD: AAL5773; n=6). The samples we analysed coincide with the main cluster BOLD: AAC1077 which includes samples from 10 different countries including Austria and Italy, being the second one BOLD: AAL5773 comprised of six samples from Austria and Italy. Because of the inclusion of these two BIN clusters, the internal distance for the Wittia sororcula BOLD dataset is considerably large (dist=0.85%) but does not relate to any groups of specimens with morphological, or geographical differences. Biology. Univoltine in the northern European regions and bivoltine in the south, where it is on the wing from April to June, and then from August to October. Frequent and abundant, it is found in very diverse biotopes, but always with a moderate level of humidity, showing a preference for mixed and deciduous forests at elevations between sea level and 1000–1200 m. Adults are active by day and both sexes are attracted to bait and artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens on trunks of conifers and Quercus, as well as on beech leaves, conifer needles and certain species of algae (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity it accepts artificial diet. W. sororcula is the only species of Eilema sensu lato that overwinters as a pupa, unlike the other species in which the larva is the overwintering stage (Ylla et al. 2010). Distribution (Fig. 116). Mediterranean-Asiatic. Its range extends throughout southern and central Europe to the Near East, northern and central Asia. In the Iberian Peninsula it is found in a northern strip of variable width, which extends from Catalonia to Galicia and northern of Portugal, south to mountainous areas of Castellón and Teruel; present in Mallorca., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Hufnagel, J. S. (1766) Zwote Fortsetzung der vierten Tabelle von den Insecten, besonders von denen so genannten Nachteulen als der zwoten Klasse der Nachtvogel hiesiger Gegend. Berlinisches Magazin, 3 (4), 398 - 399.","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp."]}

Zobida bipuncta (Hübner, [1824]) Original combination Bombyx bipuncta Hübner [1824]. Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge Bomb.: 68. T. L.: not stated [Europe]. Material examined. SPAIN: HUELVA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Coto Doñana, Matalascañas, 10 m, 28.ix.2018 J. Pérez leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Palacio de Doñana, Parque Nacional, Almonte, 12 m, 6.ii.2008, 30.ix.2011, R. Laffite leg.; 6 ♂ and 3 ♀, Estación Biológica, Palacio de Doñana, Almonte, 10 m, 29SQA2397, 4.x.2019, R. Macià leg. MOROCCO: 12 ♂ and 10 ♀, Korkeichenwald, Kenitra, 50 m, 5.x.2013, F. Gründwald leg.; 6 ♂ and 3 ♀, Lac de Sidi, Boughaba, Kenitra, 25 m, 14.x.2004, L. Lehmann leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Aït-ou-Mribete, Agadir, 25 m, 14.ix.1999, Seibald leg. Diagnosis. Unmistakable species, due to the forewings of a greyish brown to pale sandy colour with two welldefined large black spots, one on the costa and the other in submedian área, hindwings, coloured, pale greyishochre or greyish-white. Pelosia muscerda (Hüfnagel, 1766), is the only externally somewhat similar species of the European fauna. It can be confused with its African counterparts such as Zobida similipuncta (Hampson, 1914) or Zobida colon (Möschler, 1872), which have a very similar pattern. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 47–48). Average wingspan males 27.9 mm (n=10; 26–31 mm); average wingspan females 29.8 mm (n=10; 27–34 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 72). Male genitalia: Uncus triangular, straight, ending with an acute tip; valvae oval, elongated, narrow and with the cucullus rounded, slightly deviated downwards, not reaching the end of the valvae; sacculus very wide and strongly sclerotised with the terminal process in the form of a thick hook; clasper falciform, with a complex hook-like structure; vinculum short, wide, robust and triangular; juxta V-shaped with thick finger-like arms; aedeagus cylindrical without fascia and cornuti except for a series of tiny spicules covering the vesica. Female genitalia: anal papillae strongly sclerotised with prolongations towards the 8 th segment and long posterior processes; 8 th segment with very short anterior processes and with strongly sclerotised pincer-shaped pieces that extend into the ostium and part of the ductus bursae; ostium bursa small, membranous; lamella postvaginalis symmetrical, cupshaped strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae trapezoid, extremely short and membranous; bursa copulatrix elongated and pointed in its lower part, without signum, with a very large globular process or membranous wart, hence the ductus seminalis begin. Immature stages (Fig. 93). The last instar larva is 15 to 16 mm long. Cephalic capsule reddish; prothoracic shield with 4 well-defined verrucae. Body with very short setae and dark grey verrucae; dorsal line black, narrow and sinuous, bordered by two clear lines; sides with light grey ground colour, with widespread black spots surrounding the verrucae, mixed with white spots; a single orange sub-triangular spot (M) behind the L2 wart. Spiracles black. Anal shield with indistinct black verrucae. Pupa glossy brown, with dark brown spots on the back of the thorax and abdomen, and with barely perceptible circular depressions on the abdomen. Tip of abdomen rounded, smooth, without cremaster. In pupae of females, the antennae are shorter. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. The Zobida bipuncta samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP=1). The RESL clustering algorithm identifies a single distinct group that does not match any previously published BIN, as no public records for this species had been released before. The distance from other species under study is very large (average TN-dist = 9.81%), justifying the placement in a distinct genus, Zobida. Biology. Bivoltine, or even trivoltine in favourable environments. Flight period from mid-February to mid-March and again from September to November. Zobida bipuncta occurs in humid and warm biotopes near the coast and marshes; in Morocco it is also found in mountainous areas at middle elevation. Both sexes are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens that grow on the ground and tree trunks. In captivity, they accept lichens of family Parmeliaceae as well as artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 118). Northwestern coast and central Atlas of Morocco and in a narrow coastal strip in the extreme southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Hubner, J. [1824] Sammlung Europaischer Schmetterlinge Bombyces., pl. 68, figs. 286 - 287.","Hufnagel, J. S. (1766) Zwote Fortsetzung der vierten Tabelle von den Insecten, besonders von denen so genannten Nachteulen als der zwoten Klasse der Nachtvogel hiesiger Gegend. Berlinisches Magazin, 3 (4), 398 - 399."]}

Genus Muscula Koçak, 1991 stat. rev. Muscula Koçak, 1991 Priamus 5 (4): 126. Type species: Lithosia muscula Staudinger, 1899. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 12: 156, by original designation. Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings wide, with convex costal margin; pale subcostal line absent. Generally small size. Male genitalia. Uncus very long, slender, cylindrical and curved; valvae triangular fully sclerotised, with strongly developed saccular field; cucullus lobe reduced to a hook-like basal appendage; clasper absent; juxta Vshaped enlarged, bifid with two sclerotised arms; vinculum medially membranous with sclerotised lateral arms. Aedeagus short, without cornuti and without sclerotised fascia and apical spur. Female genitalia. Lamella postvaginalis heart-shaped strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae short and membranous. These characteristics are unique within the European species of Eilema sensu lato. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Muscula muscula) has been analysed. It has not been possible the study of Muscula brevifurca (Wiltshire, 1957). Taxa included. Muscula muscula (Staudinger, 1899), Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Kocak, A. J. (1991) On the Arctiidae of Turkey on the collection of CES with some taxonomical and ecological notes (Lepidoptera). Priamus, 5 (4), 122 - 149.","Staudinger, O. (1899) Neue Lepidopteren des palaearktischen Faunengebiets. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 12, 156. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9446"]}

Genus Nyea Agenjo, 1982 Nyea Agenjo, 1982, Eos 18:7–8. Type species: Lithosia lurideola [Zincken], 1817; Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung (217): 68, by monotypy. = Colinia Agenjo, 1977 = Agenjoa Dubatolov & Zolotuhin, 2011 Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow with nearly straight costal margin and a pale subcostal line; externally resembles many other groups of Eilema sensu lato. Male genitalia. Uncus of medium size, robust, sclerotised and with the apical end in the form of a small hook; tegumen triangular, relatively short compared to uncus; valvae very wide and rounded, with the costa strongly convex; slightly sclerotised sacculus with a long saccular process in the form of a long hook covered with bristles contacting the valvae; clasper absent; juxta without apical processes; vinculum very small, semicircular; aedeagus wide and extremely short, without apical sclerotised fascia with two large highly sclerotised cornuti; short vesica in the form of a bag. Female genitalia. A nal papillae moderately sclerotised with short processes; 8th segment wide with anterior processes shorter than posterior ones; lamella postvaginalis cup-shaped, large and strongly sclerotised; ostium bursae small and slightly sclerotised; ductus bursae very small and arched; bursa copulatrix ovoid, almost spherical, membranous, with a signum near the base. At the top of the bursa, there is a rectangular process on the left side with the base covered with small spines; on the opposite side, the bursa has a large globular process or membranous wart that could be confused with a second bursa, from which the ductus seminalis arises. Molecular data. The Nyea genus constitutes a strongly supported clade (BI=1). Despite the strong morphological differences, this species consistently groups with Indalia marcida and Indalia predotate from the genus Indalia. However, Nyea also presents similar genetic distances to the lutarella Group (Table 2 and Table 3). In any case, this genus shows a considerable COI distance from the Eilema (TN-dist=8.96%) and Manulea (average TN-dist=7.63) genera. Taxa included. Nyea lurideola (Zincken, 1817), Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Eurasian Entomological Journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379.","Zincken, J. L. T. E. (1817) Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung (267), 68."]}

Subtribe Lithosiina Billberg, 1820 The Arctiinae Leach, [1815], constitutes a very extensive subfamily of Lepidoptera belonging to the family Erebidae (Leach, [1815]). Globally, the number of the tribe Lithosiini Billberg, 1820 described is approximately 3150, with an estimated total around 6000 species (Wagner et al., 2008), the most of them belonging to the subtribe Lithosiina Billberg, 1820, sensu Birket-Smith (1965). This extensive group is named as the “lichen moths”, although lichens are not always their only trophic substrate. The subfamily Arctiinae was previously placed in the family Arctiidae, and subsequently reclassified as a subfamily within the Erebidae (Zahiri et al. 2012). The original subfamily Lithosiinae was downgraded to tribe status as Lithosiini. Certain specialists do not fully agree with all these changes, and an exhaustive review of Lithosiini systematics is required. Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011) refer to this in their attempt to separate the Eilema species into monophyletic groups that could be treated as good genera or subgenera, focusing only on Palaeartic species. We must also mention the eastern, Afrotropical or Australian species. Birket-Smith (1965), in a detailed analysis, dealt with some Palaeartic and African genera in a generic revision of the Lithosiini and Holloway (2001) transferred several eastern species to the genus Brunia Moore, 1878. These authors relied only on the structure of male genitalia, although similar characters are often also well developed in the female genitalia (eg, presence of bulla or additional vaginal sclerites), but for some groups special research on female attributes is needed. Later, Witt & Ronkay (2011) disregarded some of these changes affecting Palaeartic specimens. It cannot be forgotten the paper of Krüger (2015). It deals with the 333 species of Lithosiini of the Afrotropical fauna, revising the generic concepts based on the tribal and subtribal classification proposed by Birket-Smith (1965) and describes a total of 60 new genera. However, it must be pointed out that their huge effort has been based solely on the study and comparison of the genitalic structure. The combination of DNA barcode sequence analysis and morphological characteristics, a very common procedure in many of today studies, has not been done, so they do not present any phylogenetic results. It is worth to mention that there are no coincidences between the genera and species of the Afrotropical fauna and the European ones. If we compare the genera proposed by Krüger (2015) with the genera present in Europe and North Africa based on their genital structure, we observe that some of these genera may be related to Eilema sensu lato close to Eilema / Manulea but closer to Manulea than Eilema. The similar structure of the vinculum is also known in several other genera such as those proposed by Krüger, the African Lepidilema Aurivillius, 1910, Dimorphilema Krüger, 2015, Syntemnilema Krüger, 2015 and Lophilema Aurivillius, 1910, but all these genera differ in their valvae structures. If we could include any of these Afrotropical taxa in a phylogenetic analysis with European and North African taxa, we would surely obtain some similar taxonomics overlap. The present work addresses the study of 21 species previously assigned to Eilema, combining the study of genetic markers with morphological characters, and concludes with the need to separate them into the 11 distinct genera discussed below. In all cases, molecular study has provided a very strong BI support at species level (PP = 1), a clear result reinforced by the RESL clusterisation algorithm that grouped almost all of them in a single Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) that were consistent, when available, with already published Barcoding Index Numbers (BINs). Genera included. Eilema Hübner, [1819] Manulea Wallengren, 1863 Collita Moore, 1878 Katha Moore, 1878 Zobida Birket-Smith, 1965 Wittia de Freina, 1980 Nyea Agenjo, 1983 Setema Freina & Witt, 1984 Muscula Koçak, 1991 Indalia gen. nov. Pseudokatha gen. nov., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Billberg, G. J. (1820) Enumeratio insectorum in museo G. J. Billberg. Typis Gadelianis, Holmiae, II + 138 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49763","Wagner, D. L., Rota, J. & Mc Cabe, T. L. (2008). Larva of Abablemma (Noctuidae) with notes on algivory and lichenovory in macrolepidoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 40 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2008) 101 [40: LOANWN] 2.0. CO; 2","Birket-Smith, J. (1965) A revision of the West African eilemic moths, based on the male genitalia (Lep, Arctidae, Lithosinae; incl. Gena. Crocosia, Eilema, Lithosia, Pelosia, Phyganopsis a. o.). Papers from the Faculty of Science, Haile Selassie I University, Series C: Zoology, 1, 1 - 161. [31]","Zahiri, R., Holloway, J. D., Kitching, I. J., Lafontaine, J. D., Mutanen, M. & Wahlberg, N. (2012). Molecular phylogeneticsof Erebidae. Systematic Entomology 37, 102 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2011.00607. x","Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Eurasian Entomological Journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379.","Holloway, J. D. (2001) The Moths of Borneo: family Arctiidae, subfamily Lithosiinae. Malayan Natature Journal 55, 279 - 458.","Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain Genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 - 37 pl. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x","Witt, T. J. & Ronkay, L. (2011) Lymantrinae and Arctiinae including Phylogeny and Check List of the Quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. Noctuidae Europaeae 13. Entomological Press, Soro, 448 pp.","Kruger M. (2015) Generic classification of Afrotropical footman moths sensu stricto (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini (partim )). Transvaal Museum Memoir, 15, 1 - 176.","Wallengren, H. D. J. (1863) Lepidopterologische Mittheilungen 3. Wiener entomologische Monatschrift, 7, 137 - 151.","Freina, J. J. (1980) Wittia nom. nov. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen Bd. 29. S. 80.","Freina, J. J. & Witt, T. (1984) Taxonomische Veranderungen bei den Bombyces und Sphinges Europas und Nordwestafrikas (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea: Arctiidae VI). Nota lepidopterologica, 7 (4), 330 - 336.","Kocak, A. J. (1991) On the Arctiidae of Turkey on the collection of CES with some taxonomical and ecological notes (Lepidoptera). Priamus, 5 (4), 122 - 149."]}

Genus Pseudokatha gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 68AA6DDF-B9C1-44B0-85E1-6EB3CCDFADF5 Type species: Eilema rungsi Toulgoët, 1960 Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 65: 48. Diagnosis. Imago. Small species. Forewings relatively broad and short, uniformly pale sandy brown to greyish brown; females somewhat paler, with ochre-white hindwings. The species of the genus Pseudokatha gen. nov. differs from those of the genus Katha in that they are larger in size, have a different wing pattern, and are sexually dimorphic. They distinguished from the genus Tarika, also by the sexual dimorphism of the species of this genus (Singh & Joshi, 2013). Pseudokataha rungsi (Toulgöet, 1960) bears a certain resemblance to species of the genus Pelosia (Hübner, [1819]), especially Pelosia obtusa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852), with which it shares habitat and flight season. In fact, the rungsi specimens captured for the first time in Greece were described as Pelosia hellenica Derra & Hacker, 1983. Male genitalia. Uncus cylindrical, short and robust; valvae ovoid; saccular process slender and slightly curved at the end; clasper absent; sacculus narrow and elongated. Aedeagus very large in comparison with the rest of the genitalia, with a large and sharp end sclerotised cornutus, which is several times longer than the diameter of the aedeagus; vesica tubular, with a large number of small cornuti. Female genitalia. Anal papillae prominent, sclerotised; lamellae postvaginalis and antevaginales absent or inconspicuous; ductus bursae long, narrow and membranous; corpus bursa ovoid, with two small signum and a large appendix or process in the upper part, globular, membranous and somewhat smaller than the corpus bursa, whence the ductus seminalis emerges; a slightly sclerotised area on the reverse of the upper part of the corpus bursa. Derivatio nominis. false Katha. Molecular data. A single species of this genus has been analysed (Pseudokatha rungsi). Molecular results presented below for this species also apply to the genus. Taxa included. Pseudokatha rungsi (Toulgoët, 1960) comb. nov., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Toulgoet, H. (1960) Description d´une nouvelle Arctiide marocaine: Eilema rungsi n. sp. (Lep. Lithosiidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 65, 48 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1960.20513","Singh, J. & Joshi, R. (2013) Taxonomic Studies on Type Species of Genus Tarika Moore (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) from India Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences, 3 (3), 2032 - 2035."]}

Eilema caniola torstenii Mentzer, 1980 Original combination: Eilema torstenii Mentzer, 1980, Entomologica Scandinavica 11: 9. T. L.: Capdella, Mallorca, Spain. Material examined. SPAIN: EIVISSA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torrent de Fornàs, Can Cosme, Balears, 120 m, 31SCD61, 7.viii.2012, J. Dantart leg.; FORMENTERA: 11 ♂ and 8 ♀, Es Caló, Formentera, Balears, 15 m, 31SCC78, 13.ix.2017, R. Macià leg.; 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Es Caló, Formentera, Balears, 15 m, 31SCC78, 10.ix.2018, R. Macià leg.; MALLORCA: 12 ♂ and 6 ♀, Porto Cristo, Manacor, Balears, 50 m, 30SED27, 10.vi.2008, G. Zsolt leg.; 9 ♂ and 6 ♀, Puig de s´Aritjar, Serra d’Alfàbia, Bunyola, Balears, 1025 m, 31SDD79, 3.x.2015, R. Macià leg.; 9 ♂ and 8 ♀ Nus de sa Corbata, Coll de Reis, Escorca, 674 m, 31SDE83, 27.v.2019, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♂, Parc Natural de s´Albufera, Muro, 5 m, 31SEE00, 29.v.2019, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 9 ♂ and 6 ♀, Sa Bassa, Fornalutx, 560 m, 31TDE70, 28.v.2019, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. Diagnosis. The specimens of this subspecies are smaller than most continental specimens of Eilema caniola caniola; they differ externally from the nominotypical caniola in the shaded ochreous head, and the thorax and costal stripe less distinct, thinner and paler; forewings ochre-grey, upperside uniform pale grey, underside faded pale grey. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 3–4). Average wingspan males 27.4 mm (n=10; 25–30 mm); average wingspan females 26.0 mm (n=10; 25–30 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 50). Male genitalia: Structure as in nominotypical Eilema caniola but valvae slightly narrower and uncus slightly thinner and less curved. A significant difference occurs in the aedeagus, as in that of Eilema caniola torstenii only the large central cornutus is present, and the second smaller apical cornutus is absent. Female genitalia: Similar to those of nominotypical caniola, but smaller. Lamella postvaginalis also trapezoidal, but conspicuously less sclerotised; bursa with a single signum and a membranous process like in nominotypical caniola, but much less sclerotised and with very few micro-spines inside. Immature stages (Fig. 76). The last instar larva is about 17 mm long. Cephalic capsule dark brown, with soft vertex. Dorsal line black, bordered on each side by white lines followed, and close to D2 wart, by a pinkish white band, and a black line attached to it. Behind L2 an elongated light grey to light orange spot (M). Pupa brown, both sexes with brown spots on the back of the thorax and abdomen, and very small, barely perceptible circular depressions on the metathorax and abdomen. Tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. The cocoon is woven under lichens, with very little silk. Molecular data. The samples from Mallorca island form a very tight group (within-group TN-dist=0.08%, n=3) with strong Bayesian support (PP=1), while the two specimens collected in Formentera island cluster together (PP= 0.71) and stay loosely associated with the other Eilema caniola torstenii, though they still maintain a significant distance from the peninsular samples of Eilema caniola caniola. Biology. Several continuous generations, from May until the beginning of November. Nocturnal, both males and females come to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens on the rocks and on tree trunks (Ylla et al. 2010); in captivity the larvae accept lettuce and can thrive with artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 96). Balearic endemic. Described from Capdella (Mallorca). Present in Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera. Observations. Rezbanyai (1981) discussed the taxon torstenii in his detailed diagnosis against nominotypical caniola. He left the question open whether it should be regarded as a separate species or a subspecies of Eilema caniola. The molecular data do not suggest otherwise. Witt & Ronkay (2011) state that Eilema caniola torstenii is distributed in southern and central Europe, part of the British Isles and Belgium. We do not share this opinion which we consider is a confusion, since it is a Balearic endemic. Specimens from Corsica should be studied in more detail: they could either belong to Eilema caniola torstenii or to a new subspecies of Eilema caniola., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Mentzer, E. (1980) Eilema torstenii n. sp. and E. iberica n. sp. from Spain, with notes on E. pseudocomplana (Daniel) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 11, 9 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631280 X 00284","Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp.","Rezbanyai, L. (1981) Neue Erkenntnisse uber die vor kurzem erkannte endemische Flechtenbar-Art von Mallorca, Eilema torstenii v. Mentzer 1980 (Lep.: Arctiidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift mit Insektenborse. 91 (12), 129 - 138.","Witt, T. J. & Ronkay, L. (2011) Lymantrinae and Arctiinae including Phylogeny and Check List of the Quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. Noctuidae Europaeae 13. Entomological Press, Soro, 448 pp."]}

Genus Wittia de Freina, 1980 Wittia de Freina, 1980. Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen 29 (4):80. Type species: Bombyx aureola Hübner, [1803] 1796; Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge 3: pl. 24, fig. 98, subsequent designation by Moore, 1878; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1878: 18. Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings moderately wide with a curvature of the costal margin, yellow, without pattern. Male genitalia. Uncus very long and narrow; valvae ovoid and weakly sclerotised; saccular process apically sclerotised, long, curved upwards; juxta without apical process; vinculum short, bilobed. Aedeagus with an apical process; vesica short pouch-shaped with indistinct short lobes and several rather similar cornuti. Female genitalia. Very short and narrow ductus bursae, moderately sclerotised and the anterior partially sclerotised appendix, in part helical. The corpus bursae is relatively small, discoidal-globular. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Wittia sororcula) has been analysed, so we cannot be certain if the results presented for this species would also apply to the whole genus. According Dubatolov (2011), there are many more species included in Wittia, for example Wittia klapperichi (Daniel, 1954) and Wittia yazakii Dubatolov, Kishida & Wang, 2012. None of them have been available to the authors and so it has not been possible to include their study in the present work. Future molecular studies including species placed in the genus Wittia will provide additional insight into this genus. Taxa included. Wittia sororcula (Hufnagel, 1766), Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Freina, J. J. (1980) Wittia nom. nov. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen Bd. 29. S. 80.","Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain Genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 - 37 pl. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x","Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Eurasian Entomological Journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379.","Hufnagel, J. S. (1766) Zwote Fortsetzung der vierten Tabelle von den Insecten, besonders von denen so genannten Nachteulen als der zwoten Klasse der Nachtvogel hiesiger Gegend. Berlinisches Magazin, 3 (4), 398 - 399."]}

Katha depressa (Esper, [1787]) Original combination Noctua depressa Esper, [1787] Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen 4 (1): 98. pl. 93, fig. 3. T. L.: Europe. Material examined. SPAIN: ARABA: 3 ♂, Pto. de Herrera, 1000 m, 21.vii.1982, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Berganzo, 500 m, 9.viii.1997, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Apellániz, 800 m, 16.vii.1983, J. Gastón leg.; BARCELONA: 12 ♂ and 9 ♀, Riera del Surreig, Osona, 26.vi.2002, 13.vi.2007, 1.ix.2010, 25.vi.2011, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂, 3 ♀ Santuari de Puiglagulla, Vilalleons, Osona, 31TDG, 12.vii.2001, 7.viii.2006, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, El Munts, Sant Agustí de Lluçanès, 1057 m, 5.v.2000, 11.viii.2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 7 ♀, Molí del Llopart, Sta. Eugenia de Berga, 539 m, 14.vi.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, St. Julià de Cabrera, 1020 m, 3.vii.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Mas El Bruguer, Sau, 610 m, 20.v.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. BIZKAIA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Algorta, 50 m, 24.ix.1978, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 6 ♀, Mendiondo, Urdúliz, 70 m, 20.ix.1981, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Lanbreabe, 250 m, 18.vii.2009, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Lendoño Goikoa, 460 m, 12.vi.2017, J. Gastón leg. BURGOS: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Santuario de Cantonad, 500 m, 17.viii.1985, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Loma del Rey, Quintanilla Sobresierra, 1050 m, 30TVN41, 28.v.2008, R. Macià leg.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Castellar de n´Hug, 1650 m, 31TDG18, 20.vii.2004, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, Urb La Roca, Taradell, 650 m, 18.vii.2003, R. Macià leg.; CANTABRIA: 3 ♀, 2.ix.1980, J. Gastón leg.; CASTELLÓN: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2.viii.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; GIRONA: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Font del Home Mort, Queralbs, 1750 m, 9.vii.1999, 8.viii.2004, R. Macià & J.Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 5 ♀, Vilamanya, Queralbs, 1150, 27.viii.2011, 18.vii.2014, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Ribes Altes, Ribes de Fresser, 1250 m, 8.viii.1992, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Mas Llord, Tamariu, 101 m, 31TEG14, 28.v.2011, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Urb. Vall Repòs, Romanyà de la Selva, 325 m, 3.vii.2005, R. Macià & J.Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 4 ♀, Camí de Vila Vella, Vidrà, 973 m, 31TDG46, 27.ix.2013, R. Macià leg. HUESCA: 1 ♂, Piedrafita de Jaca, 1400 m, 31.vii.1997, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Pto. de Monrepós, 1000 m, 14.viii.1996, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torla, 1032 m, 13.vii.2000, R. Macià leg.; LLEIDA: 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Les Val d´Arán, 634 m, 30.vii.1993, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 5 ♀, Bassa d´Arrés, Arrés de Sus, Val d´Aran, 1544 m, 31TCH13, 5.vii..2010, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Valarties, Val d´Aran, 1250 m, 31TCH22, 17.vii.2012, R. Macià leg. FRANCE: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Mont Ventoux, Provenza, 1050 m, 29.vii.1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Séez, Savoya, Alpes, 1075 m, 26.vii.1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, Corte, Còrcega, 450 m, 9.vii.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♀, Les Clots, Carmaux-Miryol, Tarn, 285 m, 17.vii.1990, R. Macià leg.; 6♀, Saint Martin Bellevue, 700 m, 1.vii.2018, J. Gastón leg. ITALY: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Tenno sul Garda, Trento, 650 m, 23.vii.1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. Diagnosis. Katha depressa is sexually dimorphic; the females are darker, with grey-brownish wings and an egg-yellow costal stripe on the forewings which narrows towards the wing tip; the males are lighter matt yellowochre, and the costal stripe is lacking. The males are distinguished from other species of the same genus by the shaft of the antennae, which is almost twice as thick as usual and by the margin of the hindwings, which is edged with a dark hue. Both sexes are very variable in shape, and females in particular can be confused with Collita griseola, but they differ in the narrower and less rounded forewings and features of the costal stripe; very yellow forms show a vague resemblance to the usually much smaller Wittia sorocula. Very worn females are usually distinguishable from other species by the brownish colour of the hindwings. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 41–42). Average wingspan males 30.5 mm (n=10; 28–33 mm); average wingspan females 32.8 mm (n=10; 28–37 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 69). Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, very short, robust and tipped with a small hook; valva short and very wide, especially at its base, with a straight edge and rounded cucullus; saccular process with similar apical hook, slightly curved; clasper absent; juxta without apical processes; vinculum moderate in size and width. Aedeagus with a large sclerotised cornutus, angled at the tip, several times longer than the diameter of the aedeagus; vesica tubular, complexly curved, with indistinct lateral lobes. Female genitalia: Anal papillae slightly sclerotised with very small posterior processes; lamella antevaginalis composed of two triangular plates with an inverted V-shaped base, strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae short, broad and slightly sclerotised; corpus bursa ovoid and membranous, with an elongated signum of medium size. Immature stages. (Fig. 90). The last instar larva is 16 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, dark brown, with an angular vertex. Body with light grey verrucae (D1, D2, SD 1, L2 and L3, except L1, imperceptible), all with long translucent and black setae; dorsal line broad, white or yellowish, with dark broken lines between the D1 and D2 verrucae, and on each side a dark line attached to the D2 wart. Pupa light brown with thick, smooth body; clypeus imperceptible; tip of abdomen with 4 spines, the lateral ones longer than the central ones. The antennae are the same length in both sexes. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. The Katha depressa samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP=1) and are assigned to a single group that corresponds with a published BIN (BOLD: AAB6834) that contains sequences attributed to Eilema depressa or Eilema depressum. The distance from other species under study (average TN-dist = 9.13%) is also large enough to justify its inclusion in a different genus (Katha), which remains fairly equidistant with the other species under study. Biology. Bivoltine, from June to October in two overlapping generations. Frequent in humid biotopes among conifers, deciduous or mixed forests, from sea level up to 2000 m. Nocturnal, both sexes are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens (Parmelia, Hagenia) and algae (Pleurococcus) (Ylla et al. 2010), and accept artificial diet in captivity. Distribution (Fig. 115). Eurasiatic. Present almost throughout Europe, except northern Great Britain and Ireland, much of Scandinavia, central and southern Italy and the southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula. Observations. Due to the variability within this species, numerous individual forms have been given names. Outside of Europe, in Asia Minor, Transcaucasus and southern Siberia several subspecies have been described., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp."]}

Eilema caniola caniola (Hübner, [1808]) Original Combination: Bombyx caniola Hübner, [1808], Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge Bomb.: 126 [“Ziefer”-text], pl. 51, fig. 220. T. L.: Austria. Material examined. SPAIN: ALICANTE: 2 ♂ and 1♀, Parque Natural Salinas de Sta. Pola, Santa Pola, 8 m, 4.x.2002, R. Macià &. J. Ylla leg.; ALMERÍA: 10 ♂ and 7 ♀, Tabernas, 454 m, 5.vi.1997, 18.x.1998, 23.iv.2001, 20.iv.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Cala Panizo, Pozo del Esparto, 26 m, 30SXG13, 21.iv.2007, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sierra Cabrera, Turre, 230 m, 11.iv.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Rio Aguas, Turre, 102 m, 30SWG91, 21.v.2012, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Collado del Romeral, Huebro, 834 m, 30SWF69, 4.v.2011, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Mojacár playa, 15 m, 23.x.2000, R. Macià leg.; Palomares, 25 m, 15.x.1998, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Cabo de Gata, Las Negras, 15 m, 19.x.1998, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; ÁVILA: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Sierra de Ávila, Amavida, 1450 m, 24.vi.2001, 14.ix.2004, R. Macià & J.Ylla leg.; BARCELONA: 12 ♂ and 5 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 582 m, 5.viii.2003, 29.viii.2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Els Munts, St. Agustí de Lluçanès, 1057 m, 6.ix.2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, La Ricarda, El Prat de Llobregat, 10 m, 23.v.2003, R. Macià leg.; 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Coll d´Heures, Collsuspina, 1010 m, 31TDG32, 2.vi.1990, 17.vi.1993, 21.viii.2013, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Mas El Bruguer, Sau 550 m, 20.v.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 21 ♂ and 11 ♀, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 8 m, 9.ix.1920, A. Aguilar leg. in coll. MCNB.; 20 ♂ and 13 ♀, Vallvidrera, 362 m, 15.ix.1921, 19.v.1922, 28.ix.1922, I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB.; 8 ♂ and 4 ♀, Sant Pere de Vilamajor, 305 m, 1.x.2014, I. Sagarra leg. in col. MCNB.; 4 ♂, La Roca, Taradell, 620 m, 17.viii.1993, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 4 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 606 m, 31 TDG34, 21.ix.1995, 1.vi.2013, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; BIZKAIA: 5 ♂, Algorta, 50 m, 2.vii.1977, 15.ix.1986, J. Gastón leg.: 1 ♂, Mendiondo, Urdúliz, 25.viii.1982. J. Gastón leg.: 3 ♀, Lendoño Goikoa, 460 m, 5.viii.2006, J. Gastón leg.; BURGOS: 1 ♂, San Marín de Don, 850 m, 6.ix.1986, J. Gastón leg.; 1♀, Santuario de Cantoy, 500 m, 17.viii.1985, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂, La Vid, 954 m, 30.viii.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CÁCERES: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Losar de la Vera, 542 m, 4.v.1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; Sierra de Guadalupe, Berzocana, 594 m, 5.v.1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♀, Pozuelo de Zarzón, 466 m, 7.v.1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CASTELLÓN: 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1100 m, 4.vi.2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Vilanova d´ Alcolea, 400 m, 13.v.2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Torre la Sal, Cabanes, 25 m, 29.ix.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 6 ♀, Torreblanca, 3 m, 31TBE54, 23.v.2014, R. Macià leg.; GIRONA: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Font Home Mort, Queralbs, 1220 m, 31TDG39, 26.viii.2000, 22.ix.2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Calella de Palafrugell, 20 m, 11.x.1998, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Pals, 16 m, 4.ix.1995, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, St. Joan de les Abadesses, 773 m, 12.ix.1994, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Urb. Vall Repòs, Sta. Cristina d´Aro, 320 m, 3.vii.2005, R. Macià leg.; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, La Sala, Viladrau, 821 m, 30.ix.1921, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; GRANADA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Sierra de las Albuñuelas, 1285 m, 3.vi.2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Cúllar-Baza, 960 m, 3.x.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Cortijo Camacho, Benamaurel, 853 m, 30SWG36, 7.x.2013, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 4 ♀, Barranco de Mazarra, Baza, 727 m, 30SWG25, 10.x.2015, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂, Cortijo del Carmen, Fonelas, 810 m, 30SVG84, 10.vi.2016, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, La Bernadilla, Vélez de Benaudalla, 92 m, 30SVF57, 16.v.2018, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Bernardilla, 100 m, 11.iv.1995, 13.vi.1994, J. Gastón leg.; HUESCA: 15 ♂, 18 ♀, Villanueva de Sigena, 238 m, 8.x.1996, 22.viii.1997, 9..1999, 24.viii.2001, 27.iv.2002, 9.v.2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Valcuerna, Candasnos, 283 m, 5.x.1994, 2.v.1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ Ontiñena, 215 m, 29.ix.1991, 25.ix.1992, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, Peñalba, 254 m, 10.x.2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; HUELVA: 12 ♂ and 9 ♀, El Abalario, 60 m, 11.x.1999, 2.x.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; JAÉN: 3 ♂, Arroyo Frio, Cazorla, 810 m, 30.iv.2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LEÓN: 1 ♀, Mirantes de Luna, 1200 m, 8.ix.2007, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂, Las Médulas, 725 m, 21.vii.2005, R. Macià leg.; LLEIDA: 3 ♂, Llosa del Cadí, Tuixén, 1431 m, 31 TCC87, 21.viii.2014, R. Macià leg.; 12 ♂ and 5 ♀, Anglesola, 335 m, 19.ix.1920, P. Mata leg. in coll. MCNB.; 2 ♂, Tàrrega, 3.ix.1920, P. Mata leg. in coll. MCNB.; SORIA: Calatañazor, 1080 m, 12.ix.2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LA RIOJA: 4 ♂ and 6 ♀, Ortigosa de Cameros, 1069 m, 30TWM26, 27.vii.2018, R. Macià leg.; TARRAGONA: 5 ♂, Tivenys, 16 m, 23.iv.2001, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Ports de Tortosa, 1320 m, 18.viii.1921, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; 1 ♂, Montcaro, 1400 m, 8.viii.1921, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; TERUEL: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Puntal del Ahorcado, Moscardón, 1446 m, 30TXK26, 4.ix.2013, R. Macià leg.; La Losilla, Albarracín, 1015 m, 27.viii.1995, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; VALENCIA: 3 ♂, Serra d´Enguera, Molló de Picapins, Moixent, 780 m, 30SXJ80, 10.v.2015, 12.x.2015, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 3 ♀, Barracas, 1150 m, 9.x.2010, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; ZAMORA: 4 ♂, Monte la Reina, 650 m, 31.viii.2003, R. Macià & J.Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Venialbo, Toro, 750 m, 30TTL88, 30.v.2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sierra de la Culebra, Ferreras, 850 m, 23.vi.2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; ZARAGOZA: 14 ♂ and 13 ♀, Montes de la Retuerta, El Ciervo, 380 m, 25.ix.1998, 18.ix.1999, 24.ix.2000, 23.v.2003, 15.ix.2004, R. Macià & J.Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, Montes de Castejón, 685 m, 28.v.1998, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. FRANCE: 4 ♂ and 2 ♀ Nohèdes, Pirineus Orientals, 980 m, 11.vi.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Guillestres, Vars, Provenza-Alpes, 1200 m, 28.vii.1994, R. Macià & J.Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Val d´Ese, Còrcega, 1700 m, 11.vii.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Corte, Còrcega, 450 m, 9.vii.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Bilia, Còrcega, 425 m, 13.vii.2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. MOROCCO: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ Maison Forestier, Taffert, Taza (Marroc), 2100 m, 2.vi.2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ 2 Km. Este de Midar, prov. de Driouch (Marroc), 450 m, 30SVD46, 26.v.2017, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. PORTUGAL: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Carvoeiro, Algarve, 10 m, 29SNB40, 4.x.2018, R. Macià leg. Diagnosis. Nominotypical caniola is characterized by pale wings, often ash grey with a fine silky sheen and a weakly expressed ochreous costal stripe. Vertex and forehead yellow or light orange; hindwings light whitish grey or ochre-grey; underside of the forewings of males without androconia, underside dorsally with a weak greyish diffusion. Identification of Eilema caniola caniola on external morphology is not always easy and this species can often be confused with other species of Eilema sensu lato, but it is easily identifiable from the genitalia. Re-description: Imago (Figs. 1–2). Average wingspan males 32.4 mm (n=10; 26–36 mm); average wingspan female 29.7 mm (n=10; 25–32 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 49). Male and female genitalia: taking into account that Eilema is a monotypic genus, the description that has already been given for the genus holds as valid. Immature stages (Fig. 75). The last instar larva has an average length of 21 mm. Cephalic capsule dark brown, with a smooth vertex. Setae very short with verrucae D1 and D2 dark, SD 1 dark grey and L2 and L3 orange or yellow; dorsal line wide and dark, bordered by a narrow whitish to light grey line. Between D2 and SD 1, a band with grey and black spots, mixed with orange and yellow. Pupa light brown, smooth, somewhat translucent, stylized and glabrous; clypeus short, tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. In pupa of male, the antennae and proboscis reach the tip of the wings, and are shorter in females. The very light silken cocoon is woven in any corner. Molecular data The samples of Eilema caniola caniola collected in the mainland form a compact group within this species’ clade, (within-group TN-dist=0.22%, n=7), while the samples from the Balearic Islands corresponding to subspecies torstenii are slightly separate from such cluster. Biology. Bivoltine or even trivoltine species, continuously on the wing from May to October, even until November in some southern locations. It inhabits all types of environments, although it seems to favour those with xerothermic characteristics, at altitudes from sea level to about 1800 m. The imagos are nocturnal, and both males and females come to artificial light. Larvae feed on lichens, but they may also eat leaves and flowers of various Fabaceae (Genista, Lotus, Trifolium, and Anthyllis) (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity the larvae can thrive with artificial diet. Distribution (Fig. 95). Holomediterranean. Present in northern Africa, western, central and southern Europe and Asia Minor, and also in the large Mediterranean islands. It occurs throughout the Iberian Peninsula. Observations. We consider that the taxon Eilema caniola gibrati (Oberthür, 1980) does not differ from nominotypical caniola either in internal and external morphology or in genetic traits., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep, 2022, The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini), pp. 1-87 in Zootaxa 5191 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7144073, {"references":["Ylla, J., Macia, R. & Gaston, F. J. (2010) Manual de identificacion y guia de campo de los Arctidos de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arganda Editio, Barcelona, 290 pp."]}

The origin of Galactic cosmic rays remains a matter of debate, but supernova remnants are commonly considered to be the main place where high-energy cosmic rays are accelerated. Nevertheless, current models predict cosmic-ray spectra that do not match observations and the efficiency of the acceleration mechanism is still undetermined. On the other hand, the contribution of other kinds of sources to the Galactic cosmic-ray population is still unclear, and merits investigation. In this work we explore a novel mechanism through which microquasars might produce cosmic rays. In this scenario, microquasar jets generate relativistic neutrons, which escape and decay outside the system; protons and electrons, created when these neutrons decay, escape to the interstellar medium as cosmic rays. The most promising scenarios arise in extremely luminous systems ($L_\mathrm{jet} \sim 10^{40}\,\mathrm{erg \, s}^{-1}$), in which the fraction of jet power deposited in cosmic rays can reach $\sim 0.001$. Slow jets ($\Gamma \lesssim 2$, where $\Gamma$ is the bulk Lorentz factor) favour neutron production. The resulting cosmic-ray spectrum is similar for protons and electrons, which share the power in the ratio given by neutron decay. The spectrum peaks at roughly half the minimum energy of the relativistic protons in the jet; it is soft (spectral index $\sim 3$) above this energy, and almost flat below. Values of spectral index steeper than $2$ are possible for cosmic rays in our model and these indeed agree with those required to explain the spectral signatures of Galactic cosmic rays, although only the most extreme microquasars provide power comparable to that of a typical supernova remnant. The mechanism explored in this work may provide stronger and softer cosmic-ray sources in the early Universe, and therefore contribute to the heating and reionisation of the intergalactic medium., Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía

Coscinia Hübner, [1819] Type species: Phalaena cribrum Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation by Hampson, 1901. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum 3, 203-204 (but cited as Phalaena cribraria Linnaeus, 1758). (Fig. 41) Diagnosis. Distinct from Sagarriella, Spiris and Lerautia in the uncleft tip of the valva (but straight, dentate valva apex in Spiris striata) and the sclerotized spiny band extending through the bursa. Further distinct from Spiris and Lerautia in the apically pointed or rounded uncus and the small, oval to triangular sclerotized plate on the lamella antevaginalis. Distinct from Sagarriella in the U-shaped, narrow saccus (less so in C. mariarosae), and distinct from Spiris in the absence of a clavus on the base of valva. Description. Imago. Head and thorax large, frons uniformly covered with scales, labial palps well developed, proboscis moderately long, functional; antenna of male bipectinate, with moderately long ramifications, that of female filiform; eyes large, hemispherical, ocelli reduced or absent. Thorax and abdomen covered with uniform scales. Tibia of foreleg with a long, thin and pointed spur. Forewing narrow and pointed; hindwing long, large and rounded with slightly concave outer margin. Male genitalia. Valvae short, roughly rectangular, with a characteristic fold in the central part of the inner surface, apically with a wide club-shaped cucullus; pollex ending in a strong medioventrally directed curved spine. Aedeagus cylindrical, slightly curved, with a bulbous coecum and a sclerotized plate in the centre of the vesica. Female genitalia. Bursa with a strongly sclerotized spinose band, constricting the anterior centre of the corpus bursae symmetrically or asymmetrically (C. mariarosae) into two pockets, one of which with two small circular signa; cervix bursae elongated, wide and membranous (except in C. mariarosae, that has is sclerotized), finishing in a membranous sac from which the ductus seminalis emerge; ductus bursae broad, strongly sclerotized (Table 1)., Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Mally, Richard, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier & Huertas, Manuel, 2019, Integrative revision of the Iberian species of Coscinia Hübner, [1819] sensu lato and Spiris Hübner, [1819], (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 401-449 in Zootaxa 4615 (3) on page 405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3246048, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1761) Fauna Suecica, Sistens Animalia Sueciae Regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes, Distribuia per Classes et Ordines, Genera & Species, cum Differentiis Specierum, Synonymis Auctorum, Nominibus Incolarum, Loeis Natalium, Descriptionibus Insectorum, Editio Altera, Auctior. Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholmiae, [49] + 578 pp., 2 tabs.","Hampson, G. F. (1901) Catalogue of the Arctiadae (Arctianae) and Agaristidae in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 3, I-XII + 1 - 609, pls. 36 - 54 + 203 - 204.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum characteribus, difierentiis, synonymis, loeis. Edito Decima, Reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp."]}

Spiris Hübner, [1819] Type species: Phalaena grammica Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy. (Fig. 43) Diagnosis. Distinct from Coscinia, Sagarriella and Lerautia in the presence of a clavus on the basal part of the valva and the absence of sclerotisations in the bursa. Distinct from Coscinia and Sagarriella in the broad, stout tip of the uncus and the large transverse oval sclerotized plate on the lamella antevaginalis. Further distinct from Sagarriella in the U-shaped saccus, and from Coscinia in the absence of a sclerotized spiny band traversing the bursa. Description. Imago. Species of medium size. Head, eyes and thorax small, ocelli present and located on the vertex, palps short, proboscis of male long and functional; antenna of male bipectinate, filiform in female. Frons covered with rough hairs, thorax and abdomen covered with uniform scales. Foreleg tibia with a long and thin spur. Forewings long and narrow with pointed tip, yellow in male, those of female beige; forewings with black streaks, most of which follow the course of the wing veins, in the postmedian area reversed, with the interneural areas black (maculation less prominent in female); hindwings broad, tip acute and with a slightly concave outer margin; with an arched discal stigma and a brown band along costa and outer margin. Females usually with larger wingspan, broader wings, and paler in colour. Male genitalia. Strongly sclerotized with elongate, rectangular valvae, slightly curved ventrally; cucullus with a more or less straight apical margin and a number of protruding thorns; dorsal base of valva with a prominent clavus protruding as an elongate tapering lobe (autapomorphy).Aedeagus long and slender; vesica with numerous thorn-like cornuti. Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, forming a large transverse oval plate. Ductus bursae, ductus seminalis and bursa copulatrix small and membranous, bursa without signum (Table 1). Taxa included. Spiris bipunctata (Staudinger, 1892) (not in the studied area) Spiris slovenica (Daniel, 1939) Spiris striata (Linnaeus, 1758), Published as part of Macià, Ramon, Mally, Richard, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier & Huertas, Manuel, 2019, Integrative revision of the Iberian species of Coscinia Hübner, [1819] sensu lato and Spiris Hübner, [1819], (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 401-449 in Zootaxa 4615 (3) on page 424, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3246048, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum characteribus, difierentiis, synonymis, loeis. Edito Decima, Reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Staudinger, O. (1892) Lepidopteren de Kentei-Gebirges. Deustsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5 (2), 345.","Daniel, F. (1939) Gedanken zu einigen Arctiiden-Formen (Lep.). Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 29, 354 - 368."]}

The paper examines the linguistic configuration of ritualized-friendship through a contrastive analysis of the Homeric poems and Herodotus’ Histories. First, the critical approaches to xenia in the Greek world are charted. Second, the overall characteristics of the language of ritualized-friendship in the Homeric epic are outlined through a lexical analysis of the semantic field of xenos and its cognates. Finally, the development of the conceptual framework of ritualized-friendship is traced in Herodotus’ narrative. The analysis shows that Herodotus draws on a nominal abstract form ξεινίη, absent in Homer, and employs it from a geopolitical and largely secular stance, as a relatively technical term to designate inter-aristocratic bonds of friendship or alliance.

Pouteria splendens (A.DC.) Kuntze, the Chilean lúcumo, is an endemic tree and the only member of the Sapotaceae family in Chile. It is considered an endangered species as a consequence of its restricted distribution and small population size. Currently, individuals of P. splendens are immersed in a heterogeneous landscape with rocky mounds and plains located in areas densely populated by humans. Natural regeneration in the species seems to be low, despite the fact that plants are able to produce fruits. The species produces brightly colored fleshy drupes. There is no information about the dispersal pattern and the fate of the seeds. In this work we investigate (i) the seed dispersal pattern and (ii) the effect of tree canopy and the presence of leaf litter on seed survival, both in rocky mounds and plains. Results indicated an extremely low distance of seed dispersal, with most of the seeds falling down under the canopy. Seed survival under the canopy without leaf litter was very low and even zero in rocky mounds. Nevertheless, the presence of leaf litter covering the seeds increased survival in both habitats. Outside the canopy, seed survival only increased in plains. We suggest that future conservation programs should focus on protecting both adult plants and leaf litter under trees.

In this work we model the non-thermal radiative spectrum of an ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) located in the central region of the starburst galaxy NGC 253. It is assumed that ULXs are accreting sources with jets and that the non-thermal emission originates in a compact region of the outflows. We investigate the contribution of these sources to the total gamma-ray emission of the host galaxy and their detectability in other bands of the spectrum. Fil: Escobar, Gastón Javier. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; Argentina

Star-forming galaxies are the first extragalactic sources whose total emission, or at least a large amount of it, comes from the cosmic rays interactions accelerated by shock fronts in a young stellar population environment but not from the active galactic nuclei. A strong evidence of this fact is the quasi-linear correlation between the -ray luminosity of these galaxies and different indicators of their star formation rate. In this work, we report a detailed analysis of this correlation, by quantifying its nonlinearity in the different energy bands provided by the Fermi catalog. We discarded the linearity with a high level of confidence and we observed possibles variation with the energy. These results raise the question of the origin of the correlation, which answer required the development of theoretical models that describe the cosmic rays production inside these galaxies and the -ray emission due to the cosmic rays interacting with their matter and radiation fields. Fil: Escobar, Gastón Javier. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; Argentina