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The Cottingham formula expresses the leading contribution of the electromagnetic interaction to the proton-neutron mass difference as an integral over the forward Compton amplitude. Since quarks and gluons reggeize, the dispersive representation of this amplitude requires a subtraction. We assume that the asymptotic behaviour is dominated by Reggeon exchange. This leads to a sum rule that expresses the subtraction function in terms of measurable quantities. The evaluation of this sum rule leads to $m_{QED}^{p-n}=0.58\pm 0.16\,\mbox{MeV}$., Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures. Update, matches the version published in EPJC

The Cottingham formula expresses the electromagnetic part of the mass of a particle in terms of the virtual Compton scattering amplitude. At large photon momenta, this amplitude is dominated by short distance singularities associated with operators of spin 0 and spin 2. In the difference between proton and neutron, chiral symmetry suppresses the spin 0 term. Although the angular integration removes the spin 2 singularities altogether, the various pieces occurring in the standard decomposition of the Cottingham formula do pick up such contributions. These approach asymptotics extremely slowly because the relevant Wilson coefficients only fall off logarithmically. We rewrite the formula in such a way that the leading spin 2 contributions are avoided ab initio. Using a sum rule that follows from Reggeon dominance, the numerical evaluation of the e.m. part of the mass difference between proton and neutron yields $m_{QED}^{p-n}=0.58\pm 0.16\,$MeV. The result indicates that the inelastic contributions are small compared to the elastic ones., Comment: 11 pages. A typo in Eq. (21) corrected

The difference between the electromagnetic self-energies of proton and neutron can be calculated with the Cottingham formula, which expresses the self-energies as an integral over the electroproduction cross sections---provided the nucleon matrix elements of the current commutator do not contain a fixed pole. We show that, under the same proviso, the subtraction function occurring in the dispersive representation of the virtual Compton forward scattering amplitude is determined by the cross sections. The representation in particular leads to a parameter-free sum rule for the nucleon polarizabilities. We evaluate the sum rule for the difference between the electric polarizabilities of proton and neutron by means of the available parameterizations of the data and compare the result with experiment., Comment: 30 pages, 7 figures; The typos in Eqs. (10), (27), (56), (57), (63) and (B.46) are corrected. None of the results of the paper is affected

The pion decay constant f_pi plays a crucial role in many areas of low energy particle physics. Its value may e.g. be deduced from experimental data on leptonic pion decays. Here, we provide comments on several aspects of this evaluation. In particular, we point out that at the present level of experimental accuracy, the value of f_pi is sensitive to the value of the pion mass chosen in its chiral expansion., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Lett. B

We review the theory of hadronic atoms in QCD+QED. The non-relativistic effective Lagrangian approach, used to describe this type of bound states, is illustrated with the case of pi+pi- atoms. In addition, we discuss the evaluation of isospin-breaking corrections to hadronic atom observables by invoking chiral perturbation theory., Comment: Commissioned article for Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 34 pages, 5 figures, 3 references added

We investigate radiative corrections to K --> 3 pi decays. In particular, we extend the non-relativistic framework developed recently to include real and virtual photons and show that, in a well-defined power counting scheme, the results reproduce corrections obtained in the relativistic calculation. Real photons are included exactly, beyond the soft-photon approximation, and we compare the result with the latter. The singularities generated by pionium near threshold are investigated, and a region is identified where standard perturbation theory in the fine structure constant alpha may be applied. We expect that the formulae provided allow one to extract S-wave pi pi scattering lengths from the cusp effect in these decays with high precision., Comment: 57 pages, 17 figures

We review the theory of hadronic atoms in QCD + QED, based on a non-relativistic effective Lagrangian framework. We first provide an introduction to the theory, and then describe several applications: meson-meson, meson-nucleon atoms and meson-deuteron compounds. Finally, we compare the quantum field theory framework used here with the traditional approach, which is based on quantum-mechanical potential scattering., Comment: 140 pages, 19 postscript figures, the replaced version contains an additional reference

The pion mass difference generates a pronounced cusp in K --> 3 pi decays, the strength of which is related to the pi pi S-wave scattering lengths. We apply an effective field theory framework developed earlier to evaluate the amplitudes for K_L --> 3 pi decays in a systematic manner, where the strictures imposed by analyticity and unitarity are respected automatically. The amplitudes for the decay eta --> 3 pi are also given., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, uses Elsevier style

The cusp effect in K \to 3\pi and data on K_e4 decays allow one to extract experimental information on the elastic \pi\pi scattering amplitude near threshold, and to confront the outcome of the analyses with predictions made in the framework of QCD. In my talk I pointed out that these predictions concern an isospin symmetric world, while experiments are carried out in the real world, where isospin breaking effects -- generated by electromagnetic interactions and by the mass difference of the up and down quarks -- are always present. I discussed the corrections required to account for these, so that a meaningful comparison with the predictions becomes possible. In particular, I pointed out that there is a spectacular isospin breaking effect in K_e4 decays, overlooked so far. Once it is taken into account, the previous discrepancy between NA48/2 data on K_e4 decays and the prediction of \pi\pi scattering lengths disappears., Comment: Plenary talk given at the International Conference KAON'07, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy, May 21-25, 2007. To appear in the proceedings. 10 pages, 3 figures

In this talk, I comment on the theoretical and experimental status of kaonic atoms, in particular, \bar K\pi and \bar Kp bound states., Comment: Invited plenary talk at the International Conference "DAFNE 2004: Physics at meson factories" - Frascati (It), June 7-11, 2004. 9 pages (LaTex), 1 figure. To appear in the Proceedings

Motivated by recent experimental results and ongoing measurements, we review the chiral perturbation theory prediction for radiative Ke3 decays (neutral kaons). Special emphasis is given on the stability of the inner bremsstrahlung-dominated relative branching ratio vs. the Ke3 form factors, and on the separation of the structure dependent amplitude in differential distributions over the phase space. For the structure dependent terms, an assessment of the order p^6 corrections is given. In particular, a full next-to-leading order calculation of the axial component is performed. The experimental analysis of the photon energy spectrum is discussed, and other potentially useful distributions are introduced., Comment: Version published in Eur.Phys.J.C.: 23 pages (LaTeX), 10 figures. Minor changes in text, typos removed, references updated, Springer style file used

The scalar radius of the pion plays an important role in CHPT, because it is related to one of the basic effective coupling constants, viz. the one which controls the quark mass dependence of F_pi at one loop. In a recent paper, Yndurain derives a {\it robust lower bound} for this radius, which disagrees with earlier determinations. We show that such a bound does not exist: the "derivation" relies on an incorrect claim. Moreover, we discuss the physics of the form factors associated with the operators \ubar u, \dbar d and \sbar s and show that their structure in the vicinity of the K \Kbar threshold is quite different. Finally, we draw attention to the fact that the new data on the slope of the scalar K_l3 form factor confirm a recent, remarkably sharp theoretical prediction., Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures. v2: minor changes - version to appear on Phys. Lett. B. v3: Published version. Values of the measured K-pi radii corrected

These are the proceedings of the workshop "HadAtom03," held at the European Centre for Theoretical Nuclear Physics and Related Studies (ECT*), Trento (Italy), October 13 - 17, 2003. The main topics discussed at the workshop were the physics of hadronic atoms and in this context recent results in experiment and theory. Included here are the list of participants, the scientific program and a short contribution from each speaker., Comment: 46 pages, 16 postscript figures, Proceedings of the workshop "HadAtom03," 13-17 October Trento, Italy

I present introductory lectures on the use of effective field theory methods in QCD at low energies., Comment: 37 pages (LaTex), 15 figures. Lectures given at the 41. Internationale Universit\"atswochen f\"ur Theoretische Physik, Schladming, Styria, Austria, February 22-28, 2003. To appear in the Proceedings

In a recent paper, Pelaez and Yndurain evaluate some of the low energy observables of pi pi scattering and obtain flat disagreement with our earlier results. The authors work with unsubtracted dispersion relations, so that their results are very sensitive to the poorly known high energy behaviour of the scattering amplitude. They claim that the asymptotic representation we used is incorrect and propose an alternative one. We repeat their calculations on the basis of the standard, subtracted fixed-t dispersion relations, using their asymptotics. The outcome fully confirms our earlier findings. Moreover, we show that the Regge parametrization proposed by these authors for the region above 1.4 GeV violates crossing symmetry: Their ansatz is not consistent with the behaviour observed at low energies., Comment: Added more material, mostly in Sects. 7, 8 and 9, in support of the same conclusions. Latex, 28 pages, 3 figures

In quantum field theory, the splitting of the Hamiltonian into a strong and an electromagnetic part cannot be performed in a unique manner. We propose a convention for disentangling these two effects: one matches the parameters of two theories -- with and without electromagnetic interactions -- at a given scale mu_1, referred to as the matching scale. This procedure enables one to analyze the separation of strong and electromagnetic contributions in a transparent manner. We illustrate the method -- in the framework of the loop expansion -- in a Yukawa model, as well as in the linear sigma model, where we also investigate the corresponding low-energy effective theory., Comment: 19 pages (LaTex), 5 figures, published version. References in the introduction added, discussion shortened, 1 figure removed, conclusions unchanged

We investigate the ground-state energy of the pi- p atom (pionic hydrogen) in the framework of QCD+QED. In particular, we evaluate the strong energy-level shift. We perform the calculation at next-to-leading order in the low-energy expansion in the framework of the relevant effective field theory. The result provides a relation between the strong energy shift and the pion-nucleon S-wave scattering lengths - evaluated in pure QCD - at next-to-leading order in isospin breaking and in the low-energy expansion. We compare our result with available model calculations., Comment: Version accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. J. C; Eq. (B8) corrected, comment after Eq. (B11) changed, additional minor changes in the text; preprint number added

These are the proceedings of the workshop "HadAtom01", held at the Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Bern, October 11 - 12, 2001. The main topics discussed at the workshop were the physics of hadronic atoms and in this context recent results in experiment and theory. Included here are the list of participants, the scientific program and a short contribution from each speaker., Comment: 30 pages, 5 postscript figures

We construct an effective non-relativistic quantum field theory that describes bound states of pi+ pi- pairs and their hadronic decays. We then derive a general expression for the lifetime of the ground state at next-to-leading order in isospin breaking. Chiral perturbation theory allows one to relate the decay rate to the two S-wave pi pi scattering lengths and to several low-energy constants that occur in the chiral Lagrangian. Recent predictions for the scattering lengths give tau = (2.9 \pm 0.1) * 10^{-15} sec. This result may be confronted with pi+ pi- lifetime measurements, like the one presently carried out at CERN., Comment: 41 pages, 8 postscript figures, uses REVTEX style

We demonstrate that, together with the available experimental information, chiral symmetry determines the low energy behaviour of the $\pi\pi$ scattering amplitude to within very small uncertainties. In particular, the threshold parameters of the S-, P-, D- and F-waves are predicted, as well as the mass and width of the $\rho$ and of the broad bump in the S-wave. The implications for the coupling constants that occur in the effective Lagrangian beyond leading order and also show up in other processes, are discussed. Also, we analyze the dependence of various observables on the mass of the two lightest quarks in some detail, in view of the extrapolations required to reach the small physical masses on the lattice. The analysis relies on the standard hypothesis, according to which the quark condensate is the leading order parameter of the spontaneously broken symmetry. Our results provide the basis for an experimental test of this hypothesis, in particular in the framework of the ongoing DIRAC experiment: The prediction for the lifetime of the ground state of a $\pi^+\pi^-$ atom reads $\tau=(2.90\pm 0.10)10^{-15} sec$., Comment: 61 pages (LaTex), 11 figures

We show that, independently of the size of the quark condensate, chiral symmetry correlates the two S-wave \pi\pi scattering lengths. In view of this constraint, the new precision data on K_{e_4} decay allow a remarkably accurate determination of these quantities. The result confirms the hypothesis that the quark condensate is the leading order parameter., Comment: 4 pages (LaTex), 3 figures

We match the known chiral perturbation theory representation of the pi pi scattering amplitude to two loops with a phenomenological description that relies on the Roy equations. On this basis, the corrections to Weinberg's low energy theorems for the S-wave scattering lengths are worked out to second order in the expansion in powers of the quark masses. The resulting predictions, a00=0.220 \pm 0.005, a20=-0.0444 \pm 0.0010, contain remarkably small uncertainties and thus allow a very sensitive experimental test of the hypothesis that the quark condensate is the leading order parameter of the spontaneously broken chiral symmetry., Comment: 12 pages, one figure; a few more references added. Version to appear on Physics Letters B

We analyze the Roy equations for the lowest partial waves of elastic pi pi scattering and demonstrate that the two S-wave scattering lengths a_0^0 and a_0^2 are the essential parameters in the low energy region: Once these are known, the available experimental information determines the behaviour near threshold to within remarkably small uncertainties. An explicit numerical representation for the energy dependence of the S- and P-waves is given and it is shown that the threshold parameters of the D- and F-waves are also fixed very sharply in terms of a_0^0 and a^2_0. In agreement with earlier work, which is reviewed in some detail, we find that the Roy equations admit physically acceptable solutions only within a band of the (a_0^0,a_0^2) plane. We show that the data on the reactions e+e- -> pi pi and tau -> pi pi nu reduce the width of this band quite significantly. Furthermore, we discuss the relevance of the decay K -> pi pi e nu in restricting the allowed range of a_0^0, preparing the grounds for an analysis of the forthcoming precision data on this decay and on pionic atoms. We expect these to reduce the uncertainties in the two basic low energy parameters very substantially, so that a meaningful test of the chiral perturbation theory predictions will become possible., Comment: Latex, 84 pages, 17 figures

In order to investigate specific aspects of bound state calculations in a non-relativistic framework, we consider the energy-levels of a massive scalar particle, which moves in an external field and interacts in addition with a massless scalar particle. The discussion includes the following topics: dimensionally regularized bound-state calculations, ultraviolet finiteness of bound-state observables and their independence of the off-mass-shell behavior of Green functions, non-renormalizable interactions, structure of the non-relativistic two-point function, power counting and matching., Comment: 45 pages, 8 postscript figures, RevTeX style

We consider sigma-terms in $\pi\pi$, $\pi N$ and $K N$ scattering. While the state of the art in $\pi\pi$ is in principle crystal clear, the kaon-nucleon case is largely unexplored. The pion-nucleon system is in-between. We propose a list of topics to be investigated in kaon-nucleon scattering, in order to make optimal use of the precision data expected from DEAR., Comment: 10 pages (LaTex). Invited talk given at the Workshop "Physics and Detectors for DAFNE", Frascati, Nov. 16-19, 1999

I present an outline of chiral perturbation theory and discuss some recent developments in the field., Comment: 10 pages (LaTex), 1 figure embedded with epsfig.sty. Uses espcrc2.sty. Invited talk given at the QCD Euroconference 99, Montpellier, 7-13th July, 1999. The present article contains additional references as compared to the version that will appear in the proceedings

These are the proceedings of the workshop "HadAtom99", held at the Institut fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitaet Bern, October 14-15, 1999. The main topics discussed at the workshop were the physics of hadronic atoms and in this context recent results from Chiral Perturbation Theory. Included here are the program, the list of participants and a short summary provided by the speakers., Comment: 31 pages, LaTeX-file, 6 figures embedded, acknowledgments of funding organizations added

Using non relativistic effective Lagrangian techniques, we analyze the hadronic decay of the pi+pi- atom and the strong energy-level shift of pionic hydrogen in the ground state. We derive general formulae for the width and level shift, valid at next-to-leading order in isospin breaking. The result is expressed in terms of hadronic threshold amplitudes that include isospin-breaking effects. In order to extract isospin symmetric scattering lengths from the data, we invoke chiral perturbation theory, that allows one to relate the scattering lengths to the threshold amplitudes., Comment: 8 pages. Talk given at ``8th International Symposium on Meson-Nucleon Physics and the Structure of the Nucleon (MENU99)'', Zuoz, Switzerland, August 16-20, 1999

We propose a non relativistic effective Lagrangian approach to study hadronic atom observables in the framework of QCD (including photons). We apply our formalism to derive a general expression for the width of the pi+pi- atom decaying into two neutral pions. It contains all terms at leading and next-to-leading order in isospin breaking. The result allows one to evaluate the combination a0-a2 of pi-pi S-wave scattering lengths from pi+pi- atom lifetime measurements, like the one presently performed by the DIRAC expeiment at CERN., Comment: 5 pages. Talk given at ``8th International Symposium on Meson-Nucleon Physics and the Structure of the Nucleon (MENU99)'', Zuoz, Switzerland, August 16-20, 1999

We apply Chiral Perturbation Theory at one loop to analyze the general formula for the pi+pi- atom lifetime derived recently in the framework of QCD. The corresponding analytic expression is investigated numerically, and compared with recent work in the literature., Comment: 11 pages

After a short summary of my talk, I discuss $K_{l3}$ decays and elastic $\pi\pi$ scattering in the framework of chiral perturbation theory., Comment: Invited talk given at the International Workshop on $e^+e^-$ collisions, March 1-5, 1999, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk. 11 pages (LateX)

The pi+pi- atom decays -in the ground state - predominantly into two neutral pions. We present a general expression for the corresponding decay width in the framework of QCD (including photons). It contains all terms at leading and next-to-leading order in isospin breaking. The result allows one to evaluate the combination |a_0-a_2| of pi-pi S-wave scattering lengths from pi+pi- lifetime measurements, like the one presently performed by the DIRAC experiment at CERN., Comment: 4 pages, LaTeX-file

The Roy equation in the single channel case is a nonlinear, singular integral equation for the phase shift in the low-energy region. We first investigate the infinitesimal neighborhood of a given solution, and then present explicit expressions for amplitudes that satisfy the nonlinear equation exactly. These amplitudes contain free parameters that render the non-uniqueness of the solution manifest. They display, however, an unphysical singularity at the upper end of the interval considered. This singularity disappears and uniqueness is achieved if one uses analyticity properties of the amplitudes that are not encoded in the Roy equation., Comment: 36 pages (LaTex), 9 figures embedded with epsfig.sty

I discuss the status of ongoing work to determine numerically the elastic $\pi\pi$ scattering amplitude at order $p^6$ in the framework of chiral perturbation theory., Comment: 9 pages, Latex. Talk given at the International Workshop "Hadronic Atoms and Positronium in the Standard Model", Dubna, Russia, May 26-31, 1998. To appear in the Proceedings

We employ notions familiar from supersymmetry for constructing the one-loop functional of general quantum field theories with bosons and fermions (spin < 1). To demonstrate the advantages of such an approach for calculating one-loop divergences, we analyse a simple Yukawa theory with two different versions of a super-heat-kernel expansion. These methods also simplify the calculation of one-loop divergences for non-renormalizable meson--baryon Lagrangians occurring in chiral perturbation theory., Comment: 11 pages, Latex, 1 figure embedded

We consider chiral perturbation theory in the meson sector at order $E^6$. In the terminology of the external field technique, the two--loop graphs so generated are of the sunset type. We discuss the evaluation of several of these in the case where the masses of the particles running in the loops are equal. In particular, we present integral representations that are suitable for the evaluation of diagrams in kinematical regions where branch points and cuts are present., Comment: 28 pages, LaTeX, 5 figures embedded with epsf.sty

I discuss several topics in chiral perturbation theory - in particular, I recall pecularities of the chiral expansion in the baryon sector., Comment: 14 pages, Latex with lamuphys.sty, 3 figures embedded with epsfig.sty. To appear in Proc. of Workshop on Chiral Dynamics 1997, Mainz, Germany, Sept. 1997

We present technical details of the evaluation of the elastic pi-pi scattering amplitude to two loops in chiral perturbation theory. In particular, we elaborate on the renormalization procedure at the two-loop order and on the evaluation of the relevant Feynman diagrams that can all be expressed in terms of elementary functions. For the sake of clarity, we discuss these matters both in the N-component $\phi^4$ theory (in its symmetric phase) and in chiral perturbation theory. Estimates for the relevant low-energy constants of $O(p^6)$ are presented. Threshold parameters and phase shifts are then calculated for two sets of $O(p^4)$ coupling constants and compared with experiment. We comment on the extraction of threshold parameters from phase shift data., Comment: LaTeX, uses epsf.sty, 10 figures, 52 pages

We evaluate analytically the elastic $\pi\pi$ scattering amplitude to two loops in chiral perturbation theory and give numerical values for the two $S$--wave scattering lengths and for the phase shift difference $\delta_0^0-\delta_1^1$., Comment: 10 pages, LaTeX, uses epsfig.sty, one postscript picture included. Full postscript file available at http/www.nordita.dk/locinfo/preprints/95077.ps.gz

We discuss $\pi\pi$ scattering in the framework of chiral perturbation theory. In particular, we recall the predictions made some time ago for the threshold parameters and for the phase shift difference $\delta_0^0-\delta_1^1$., Comment: 6 pages, LaTex, uses epsf.tex and epsfig.sty; 2 uufiled figures included. To be published in the second edition of the DA$\Phi$NE Physics Handbook, eds. L. Maiani, G. Pancheri and N. Paver (to appear)

We present the matrix elements for the semileptonic kaon decays $K_{l2\gamma}$ , $K_{l2l^+l^-}$, $K_{l2l'^+l'^-}$,$K_{l3}$, $K_{l3\gamma}$ and $K_{l4}$ at next-to-leading order, and $K_{e5}$ at leading order in Chiral Perturbation Theory and compare the predictions with experimental data. For $K_{l4}$ decays we estimate yet higher orders in order to reduce theoretical uncertainties in the comparison with the data. Monte Carlo event generators are used to calculate the corresponding rates at DA$\Phi$NE. We discuss the possibilities to improve our knowledge of the low-energy structure of the Standard Model at this and similar machines., Comment: latex, 80 pages, 8 figures not included, available as hardcopies upon request. This is an updated and expanded version of hep-ph/9208204, published in the first edition of the DA$\Phi$NE Physics Handbook. To be published in the second edition of the DA$\Phi$NE Physics Handbook, eds. L. Maiani, G. Pancheri and N. Paver

An introduction to Chiral Perturbation Theory is given including a discussion of power counting, the Wess-Zumino term, the values of the coupling constants and the inclusion of the effects of other resonances., Comment: 19 pages, latex, 2 figures. To be published in the second edition of the DA$\Phi$NE Physics Handbook, eds. L. Maiani, G. Pancheri and N. Paver.

The matrix elements for $K\rightarrow \pi \pi \l \nu$ decays are described by four form factors $F,G,H$ and $R$. We complete previous calculations by evaluating $R$ at next-to-leading order in the low-energy expansion. We then estimate higher order contributions using dispersion relations and determine the low-energy constants $L_1,L_2$ and $L_3$ from data on $K_{e4}$ decays and on elastic pion scattering. Finally, we present predictions for the slope of the form factor $G$ and for total decay rates., Comment: 31 pages, LaTex, 3 figs. (two figures appended as postscript file), BUTP-94/4,ROMF2 94/05

We evaluate the amplitude for $\gamma \gamma \rightarrow \pi^0 \pi^0$ to two loops in chiral perturbation theory. The three new counterterms which enter at this order in the low-energy expansion are estimated with resonance saturation. We find that the cross section agrees rather well with the available data and with dispersion theoretic calculations even substantially above threshold. Numerical results for the Compton cross section and for the neutral pion polarizabilities are also given to two-loop accuracy., Comment: 48 pages, LaTex, 11 figs. (figures not included; available upon request from sainio@finuhcb.bitnet),BUTP-93/18,LNF-93/077(P),PSI-PR-93-17