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2. The Importance of Physical Fitness Parameters in Rhythmic Gymnastics: A Scoping Review.

Author

Gaspari, Vasiliki, Bogdanis, Gregory C., Panidi, Ioli, Konrad, Andreas, Terzis, Gerasimos, Donti, Anastasia, and Donti, Olyvia

Subjects
MECHANICAL loads, PHYSICAL training & conditioning, AEROBIC capacity, MUSCLE aging, GYMNASTICS, PHYSICAL fitness
Abstract

This scoping review presents an overview of physical fitness parameters in rhythmic gymnastics as well as the association of fitness with gymnasts' performance, competitive level, and age. PubMed, Scopus, and Sport Discus databases were searched. Of the 586 records retrieved, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 1915 participants). The included studies examined flexibility, aerobic capacity, muscle power, muscle endurance, muscle strength, sprint speed, agility, balance, and coordination. Performance was associated with flexibility, aerobic capacity, lower-limb muscle power, agility, muscular endurance, balance, and coordination from a young age. Flexibility, aerobic capacity, and muscle power were, in general, higher in high-level gymnasts than in low-level gymnasts or controls. Older rhythmic gymnasts demonstrated higher scores than the younger ones in flexibility, aerobic capacity, balance, and sport-specific coordination but not in muscle endurance, while some studies reported a decline in muscle power with age. Supplementary physical fitness training improved all physical abilities irrespective of the gymnasts' level. Rhythmic gymnastics training alone improved muscle power, agility, speed, muscular endurance, and balance to a lesser extent than targeted fitness training. Muscular strength, speed, and agility are largely under-researched in rhythmic gymnastics. Emphasis should be given to targeted strength and power training due to the high mechanical loads placed on skeletally immature athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Muscle Architecture Adaptations to Static Stretching Training: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Author

Panidi, Ioli, Donti, Olyvia, Konrad, Andreas, Dinas, Petros C., Terzis, Gerasimos, Mouratidis, Athanasios, Gaspari, Vasiliki, Donti, Anastasia, and Bogdanis, Gregory C.

Subjects
STRETCH (Physiology), ONLINE information services, SKELETAL muscle, META-analysis, SYSTEMATIC reviews, EXERCISE physiology, SPORTS, PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, MEDLINE, INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems, DATA analysis software
Abstract

Background: Long-term stretching of human skeletal muscles increases joint range of motion through altered stretch perception and decreased resistance to stretch. There is also some evidence that stretching induces changes in muscle morphology. However, research is limited and inconclusive. Objective: To examine the effect of static stretching training on muscle architecture (i.e., fascicle length and fascicle angle, muscle thickness and cross-sectional area) in healthy participants. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Randomized controlled trials and controlled trials without randomization were included. No restrictions on language or date of publication were applied. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Subgroup analyses and random-effects meta-regressions were also performed using total stretching volume and intensity as covariates. Quality of evidence was determined by GRADE analysis. Results: From the 2946 records retrieved, 19 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (n = 467 participants). Risk of bias was low in 83.9% of all criteria. Confidence in cumulative evidence was high. Stretching training induces trivial increases in fascicle length at rest (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI 0.01–0.33; p = 0.042) and small increases in fascicle length during stretching (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.74; p = 0.026). No increases were observed in fascicle angle or muscle thickness (p = 0.30 and p = 0.18, respectively). Subgroup analyses showed that fascicle length increased when high stretching volumes were used (p < 0.004), while no changes were found for low stretching volumes (p = 0.60; subgroup difference: p = 0.025). High stretching intensities induced fascicle length increases (p < 0.006), while low stretching intensities did not have an effect (p = 0.72; subgroup difference: p = 0.042). Also, high intensity stretching resulted in increased muscle thickness (p = 0.021). Meta-regression analyses showed that longitudinal fascicle growth was positively associated with stretching volume (p < 0.02) and intensity (p < 0.04). Conclusions: Static stretching training increases fascicle length at rest and during stretching in healthy participants. High, but not low, stretching volumes and intensities induce longitudinal fascicle growth, while high stretching intensities result in increased muscle thickness. Registration: PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42021289884. Key Points: Static stretching training induces trivial increases in fascicle length at rest and small increases in fascicle length during stretching. High, but not low, stretching volumes and intensities induce longitudinal fascicle growth. High stretching intensities result in increased muscle thickness. Fascicle angle remains unaffected by static stretching training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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4. Muscle Architectural and Functional Adaptations Following 12-Weeks of Stretching in Adolescent Female Athletes

Author

Panidi, Ioli, Bogdanis, Gregory C., Terzis, Gerasimos, Donti, Anastasia, Konrad, Andreas, Gaspari, Vasiliki, and Donti, Olyvia

Subjects
flexibility, puberty, Physiology, Physiology (medical), muscle fascicle length, triceps surae, QP1-981, muscle cross-sectional area, Original Research
Abstract

This study examined the effects of high-volume static stretching training on gastrocnemius muscle architecture, ankle angle and jump height in 21 female adolescent volleyball players. Static stretching of the plantar flexors of one leg (STR) was performed five times/week for 12 weeks, in addition to volleyball training, with the contra-lateral leg used as control (CON). Total duration of stretching per session increased from 540 s (week 1) to 900 s (week 12). At baseline, week 12 and after 3 weeks of detraining, muscle architecture at the middle and the distal part of both gastrocnemius heads (medialis and lateralis) and ankle angle were examined at rest and at maximum dorsiflexion. At the same time-points gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (CSA) was also assessed, while jumping height was measured at baseline and week 12. Following intervention, ankle dorsiflexion increased in both legs with a greater increase in STR than CON (22 ± 20% vs. 8 ± 17%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at the middle part of gastrocnemius medialis increased only in the STR, at rest (6 ± 7%, p = 0.006) and at maximum dorsiflexion (11 ± 7%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at maximum dorsiflexion also increased at the distal part of gastrocnemius lateralis of STR (15 ± 13%, p < 0.001). A greater increase in CSA (23 ± 14% vs. 13 ± 14%, p < 0.001) and in one-leg jumping height (27 ± 30% vs. 17 ± 23%, p < 0.001) was found in STR than CON. Changes in ankle angle, fascicle length and CSA were maintained following detraining. High-volume stretching training for 12 weeks results in ankle dorsiflexion, fascicle length and muscle cross sectional area increases in adolescent female volleyball players. These adaptations may partly explain improvements in jump performance.

Published
2021
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5. Muscle Architectural and Functional Adaptations Following 12-Weeks of Stretching in Adolescent Female Athletes

Author

Panidi, Ioli Bogdanis, Gregory C. Terzis, Gerasimos Donti, Anastasia Konrad, Andreas Gaspari, Vasiliki Donti, Olyvia

Abstract

This study examined the effects of high-volume static stretching training on gastrocnemius muscle architecture, ankle angle and jump height in 21 female adolescent volleyball players. Static stretching of the plantar flexors of one leg (STR) was performed five times/week for 12 weeks, in addition to volleyball training, with the contra-lateral leg used as control (CON). Total duration of stretching per session increased from 540 s (week 1) to 900 s (week 12). At baseline, week 12 and after 3 weeks of detraining, muscle architecture at the middle and the distal part of both gastrocnemius heads (medialis and lateralis) and ankle angle were examined at rest and at maximum dorsiflexion. At the same time-points gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (CSA) was also assessed, while jumping height was measured at baseline and week 12. Following intervention, ankle dorsiflexion increased in both legs with a greater increase in STR than CON (22 +/- 20% vs. 8 +/- 17%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at the middle part of gastrocnemius medialis increased only in the STR, at rest (6 +/- 7%, p = 0.006) and at maximum dorsiflexion (11 +/- 7%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at maximum dorsiflexion also increased at the distal part of gastrocnemius lateralis of STR (15 +/- 13%, p < 0.001). A greater increase in CSA (23 +/- 14% vs. 13 +/- 14%, p < 0.001) and in one-leg jumping height (27 +/- 30% vs. 17 +/- 23%, p < 0.001) was found in STR than CON. Changes in ankle angle, fascicle length and CSA were maintained following detraining. High-volume stretching training for 12 weeks results in ankle dorsiflexion, fascicle length and muscle cross sectional area increases in adolescent female volleyball players. These adaptations may partly explain improvements in jump performance.

Published
2021

9. Αρχιτεκτονικά χαρακτηριστικά της έσω κεφαλής του γαστροκνημίου μυός σε αθλήτριες ρυθμικής γυμναστικής παιδικής ηλικίας

Author

GASPARI VASILIKI

Subjects
Education - Sport science, Εκπαίδευση – Αθλητισμός
Abstract

Σκοπός της εργασίας ήταν να εξετάσει τα αρχιτεκτονικά χαρακτηριστικά, στον περιφερικό και στον κεντρικό τομέα της έσω κεφαλής του γαστροκνημίου, σε αθλήτριες ρυθμικής γυμναστικής παιδικής ηλικίας. Στη μελέτη συμμετείχαν 14 αθλήτριες ρυθμικής γυμναστικής ηλικίας 9,0±0,6 ετών, με προπονητική εμπειρία 3,6±1,1 έτη. Μετρήθηκε το μήκος μυϊκών δεματίων στον κεντρικό και περιφερικό τομέα της έσω κεφαλής του γαστροκνημίου μυός σε συνθήκες ηρεμίας και στο τέλος της εφαρμογής ενός λεπτού διάτασης. Επιπλέον, μετρήθηκε το εύρος κίνησης της ποδοκνημικής σε συνθήκη ηρεμίας και διάτασης και η μετατόπιση της μυοτενόντιας ένωσης. Βρέθηκε ότι κατά την ηρεμία, το μήκος μυϊκών δεματίων στον κεντρικό (4,23±0,42 cm) και στον περιφερικό τομέα του μυός (4,28±0,39 cm) δεν παρουσίασε διαφορά (p=0,57). Κατά τη διάταση (εύρος κίνησης ποδοκνημικής άρθρωσης: 59±9°) οι αθλήτριες είχαν ομοιογενή επιμήκυνση και στους δύο υπό εξέταση τομείς του μυός (1,61±0,45 cm, έναντι 1,54±0,78 cm, p=0,62). Η επιμήκυνση των μυϊκών δεματίων στον περιφερικό τομέα του μυός παρουσίασε υψηλή συσχέτιση με το εύρος κίνησης της ποδοκνημικής τόσο κατά την ηρεμία όσο και κατά τη διάταση (p=0,01 έως 0,001).Φαίνεται ότι οι διαφορές επιμήκυνσης των μυϊκών δεματίων μεταξύ του περιφερικού και του κεντρικού τομέα της έσω κεφαλής του γαστροκνημίου που έχουν αναφερθεί σε ενήλικες αθλήτριες ρυθμικής γυμναστικής είναι αποτέλεσμα μακροχρόνιων προσαρμογών και όχι αρχικής επιλογής των αθλητριών. ΝΟ

Published
2019

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