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1. Prospects for Fundamental Physics with LISA

Author

Barausse, Enrico, Berti, Emanuele, Hertog, Thomas, Hughes, Scott A., Jetzer, Philippe, Pani, Paolo, Sotiriou, Thomas P., Tamanini, Nicola, Witek, Helvi, Yagi, Kent, Yunes, Nicolas, Abdelsalhin, T., Achucarro, A., Aelst, K. V., Afshordi, N., Akcay, S., Annulli, L., Arun, K. G., Ayuso, I., Baibhav, V., Baker, T., Bantilan, H., Barreiro, T., Barrera-Hinojosa, C., Bartolo, N., Baumann, D., Belgacem, E., Bellini, E., Bellomo, N., Ben-Dayan, I., Bena, I., Benkel, R., Bergshoefs, E., Bernard, L., Bernuzzi, S., Bertacca, D., Besancon, M., Beutler, F., Beyer, F., Bhagwat, S., Bicak, J., Biondini, S., Bize, S., Blas, D., Boehmer, C., Boller, K., Bonga, B., Bonvin, C., Bosso, P., Bozzola, G., Brax, P., Breitbach, M., Brito, R., Bruni, M., Brügmann, B., Bulten, H., Buonanno, A., Burke, A. O., Burko, L. M., Burrage, C., Cabral, F., Calcagni, G., Caprini, C., Cárdenas-Avendaño, A., Celoria, M., Chatziioannou, K., Chernoff, D., Clough, K., Coates, A., Comelli, D., Compère, G., Croon, D., Cruces, D., Cusin, G., Dalang, C., Danielsson, U., Das, S., Datta, S., de Boer, J., De Luca, V., De Rham, C., Desjacques, V., Destounis, K., Di Filippo, F., Dima, A., Dimastrogiovanni, E., Dolan, S., Doneva, D., Duque, F., Durrer, R., East, W., Easther, R., Elley, M., Ellis, J. R., Emparan, R., Ezquiaga, J. M., Fairbairn, M., Fairhurst, S., Farmer, H. F., Fasiello, M. R., Ferrari, V., Ferreira, P. G., Ficarra, G., Figueras, P., Fisenko, S., Foffa, S., Franchini, N., Franciolini, G., Fransen, K., Frauendiener, J., Frusciante, N., Fujita, R., Gair, J., Ganz, A., Garcia, P., Garcia-Bellido, J., Garriga, J., Geiger, R., Geng, C., Gergely, L. Á., Germani, C., Gerosa, D., Giddings, S. B., Gourgoulhon, E., Grandclement, P., Graziani, L., Gualtieri, L., Haggard, D., Haino, S., Halburd, R., Han, W. -B., Hawken, A. J., Hees, A., Heng, I. S., Hennig, J., Herdeiro, C., Hervik, S., Holten, J. v., Hoyle, C. J. D., Hu, Y., Hull, M., Ikeda, T., Isi, M., Jenkins, A., Julié, F., Kajfasz, E., Kalaghatgi, C., Kaloper, N., Kamionkowski, M., Karas, V., Kastha, S., Keresztes, Z., Kidder, L., Kimpson, T., Klein, A., Klioner, S., Kokkotas, K., Kolesova, H., Kolkowitz, S., Kopp, J., Koyama, K., Krishnendu, N. V., Kroon, J. A. V., Kunz, M., Lahav, O., Landragin, A., Lang, R. N., Poncin-Lafitte, C. Le, Lemos, J., Li, B., Liberati, S., Liguori, M., Lin, F., Liu, G., Lobo, F. S. N., Loll, R., Lombriser, L., Lovelace, G., Macedo, R. P., Madge, E., Maggio, E., Maggiore, M., Marassi, S., Marcoccia, P., Markakis, C., Martens, W., Martinovic, K., Martins, C. J. A. P., Maselli, A., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matarrese, S., Matas, A., Mavromatos, N. E., Mazumdar, A., Meerburg, P. D., Megias, E., Miller, J., Mimoso, J. P., Mittnacht, L., Montero, M. M., Moore, B., Martin-Moruno, P., Musco, I., Nakano, H., Nampalliwar, S., Nardini, G., Nielsen, A., Novák, J., Nunes, N. J., Okounkova, M., Oliveri, R., Oppizzi, F., Orlando, G., Oshita, N., Pappas, G., Paschalidis, V., Peiris, H., Peloso, M., Perkins, S., Pettorino, V., Pikovski, I., Pilo, L., Podolsky, J., Pontzen, A., Prabhat, S., Pratten, G., Prokopec, T., Prouza, M., Qi, H., Raccanelli, A., Rajantie, A., Randall, L., Raposo, G., Raymond, V., Renaux-Petel, S., Ricciardone, A., Riotto, A., Robson, T., Roest, D., Rollo, R., Rosofsky, S., Ruan, J. J., Rubiera-García, D., Ruiz, M., Rusu, M., Sabatie, F., Sago, N., Sakellariadou, M., Saltas, I. D., Sberna, L., Sathyaprakash, B., Scheel, M., Schmidt, P., Schutz, B., Schwaller, P., Shao, L., Shapiro, S. L., Shoemaker, D., Silva, A. d., Simpson, C., Sopuerta, C. F., Spallicci, A., Stefanek, B. A., Stein, L., Stergioulas, N., Stott, M., Sutton, P., Svarc, R., Tagoshi, H., Tahamtan, T., Takeda, H., Tanaka, T., Tantilian, G., Tasinato, G., Tattersall, O., Teukolsky, S., Tiec, A. L., Theureau, G., Trodden, M., Tolley, A., Toubiana, A., Traykova, D., Tsokaros, A., Unal, C., Unnikrishnan, C. S., Vagenas, E. C., Valageas, P., Vallisneri, M., Brand, J. Van den, Broeck, C. Van den, van de Meent, M., Vanhove, P., Varma, V., Veitch, J., Vercnocke, B., Verde, L., Vernieri, D., Vernizzi, F., Vicente, R., Vidotto, F., Visser, M., Vlah, Z., Vretinaris, S., Völkel, S., Wang, Q., Wang, Yu-Tong, Werner, M. C., Westernacher, J., Weygaert, R. v. d., Wiltshire, D., Wiseman, T., Wolf, P., Wu, K., Yamada, K., Yang, H., Yi, L., Yue, X., Yvon, D., Zilhão, M., Zimmerman, A., and Zumalacarregui, M.

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

In this paper, which is of programmatic rather than quantitative nature, we aim to further delineate and sharpen the future potential of the LISA mission in the area of fundamental physics. Given the very broad range of topics that might be relevant to LISA, we present here a sample of what we view as particularly promising directions, based in part on the current research interests of the LISA scientific community in the area of fundamental physics. We organize these directions through a "science-first" approach that allows us to classify how LISA data can inform theoretical physics in a variety of areas. For each of these theoretical physics classes, we identify the sources that are currently expected to provide the principal contribution to our knowledge, and the areas that need further development. The classification presented here should not be thought of as cast in stone, but rather as a fluid framework that is amenable to change with the flow of new insights in theoretical physics., Comment: 22 pages, 1 figure, to appear in General Relativity and Gravitation

Published
2020
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3. Multiple sclerosis registries in Europe – An updated mapping survey

Author

Glaser, A., Stahmann, A., Meissner, T., Flachenecker, P., Horáková, D., Zaratin, P., Brichetto, G., Pugliatti, M., Rienhoff, O., Vukusic, S., de Giacomoni, A.C., Battaglia, M.A., Brola, W., Butzkueven, H., Casey, R., Drulovic, J., Eichstädt, K., Hellwig, K., Iaffaldano, P., Ioannidou, E., Kuhle, J., Lycke, K., Magyari, M., Malbaša, T., Middleton, R., Myhr, K.M., Notas, K., Orologas, A., Otero-Romero, S., Pekmezovic, T., Sastre-Garriga, J., Seeldrayers, P., Soilu-Hänninen, M., Stawiarz, L., Trojano, M., Ziemssen, T., Hillert, J., and Thalheim, C.

Published
2019
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4. Holographic Multiverse

Author

Garriga, J. and Vilenkin, A.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We explore the idea that the dynamics of the inflationary multiverse is encoded in its future boundary, where it is described by a lower dimensional theory which is conformally invariant in the UV. We propose that a measure for the multiverse, which is needed in order to extract quantitative probabilistic predictions, can be derived in terms of the boundary theory by imposing a UV cutoff. In the inflationary bulk, this is closely related (though not identical) to the so-called scale factor cutoff measure., Comment: 23 pages, 4 figures. Replaced to match published version

Published
2008
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5. Bigravity and Lorentz-violating Massive Gravity

Author

Blas, D., Deffayet, C., and Garriga, J.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

Bigravity is a natural arena where a non-linear theory of massive gravity can be formulated. If the interaction between the metrics $f$ and $g$ is non-derivative, spherically symmetric exact solutions can be found. At large distances from the origin, these are generically Lorentz-breaking bi-flat solutions (provided that the corresponding vacuum energies are adjusted appropriately). The spectrum of linearized perturbations around such backgrounds contains a massless as well as a massive graviton, with {\em two} physical polarizations each. There are no propagating vectors or scalars, and the theory is ghost free (as happens with certain massive gravities with explicit breaking of Lorentz invariance). At the linearized level, corrections to GR are proportional to the square of the graviton mass, and so there is no vDVZ discontinuity. Surprisingly, the solution of linear theory for a static spherically symmetric source does {\em not} agree with the linearization of any of the known exact solutions. The latter coincide with the standard Schwarzschild-(A)dS solutions of General Relativity, with no corrections at all. Another interesting class of solutions is obtained where $f$ and $g$ are proportional to each other. The case of bi-de Sitter solutions is analyzed in some detail., Comment: 25 pages. v3 Typos corrected, references added. v4 Introduction extended

Published
2007
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6. Transverse Fierz-Pauli symmetry

Author

Alvarez, E., Blas, D., Garriga, J., and Verdaguer, E.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We consider some flat space theories for spin 2 gravitons, with less invariance than full diffeomorphisms. For the massless case, classical stability and absence of ghosts require invariance under transverse diffeomorphisms (TDiff). Generic TDiff invariant theories contain a propagating scalar, which disappears if the symmetry is enhanced in one of two ways. One possibility is to consider full diffeomorphisms (Diff). The other (which we denote WTDiff) adds a Weyl symmetry, by which the Lagrangian becomes independent of the trace. The first possibility corresponds to General Relativity, whereas the second corresponds to "unimodular" gravity (in a certain gauge). Phenomenologically, both options are equally acceptable. For massive gravitons, the situation is more restrictive. Up to field redefinitions, classical stability and absence of ghosts lead directly to the standard Fierz-Pauli Lagrangian. In this sense, the WTDiff theory is more rigid against deformations than linearized GR, since a mass term cannot be added without provoking the appearance of ghosts.

Published
2006
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7. Testable anthropic predictions for dark energy

Author

Garriga, J. and Vilenkin, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

In the context of models where the dark energy density $\rD$ is a random variable, anthropic selection effects may explain both the "old" cosmological constant problem and the "time coincidence". We argue that this type of solution to both cosmological constant problems entails a number of definite predictions, which can be checked against upcoming observations. In particular, in models where the dark energy density is a discrete variable, or where it is a continuous variable due to the potential energy of a single scalar field, the anthropic approach predicts that the dark energy equation of state is $p_D=-\rho_D$ with a very high accuracy. It is also predicted that the dark energy density is greater than the currently favored value $\Omega_D\approx 0.7$. Another prediction, which may be testable with an improved understanding of galactic properties, is that the conditions for civilizations to emerge arise mostly in galaxies completing their formation at low redshift, $z\approx 1$. Finally, there is a prediction which may not be easy to test observationally: our part of the universe is going to recollapse eventually. However, the simplest models predict that it will take more than a trillion years of accelerated expansion before this happens., Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures. Two errors in the published version are pointed out and corrected. Further typos corrected

Published
2002
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8. Solutions to the cosmological constant problems

Author

Garriga, J. and Vilenkin, A.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We critically review several recent approaches to solving the two cosmological constant problems. The "old" problem is the discrepancy between the observed value of $\Lambda$ and the large values suggested by particle physics models. The second problem is the "time coincidence" between the epoch of galaxy formation $t_G$ and the epoch of $\Lambda$-domination $t_\L$. It is conceivable that the "old" problem can be resolved by fundamental physics alone, but we argue that in order to explain the "time coincidence" we must account for anthropic selection effects. Our main focus here is on the discrete-$\Lambda$ models in which $\Lambda$ can change through nucleation of branes. We consider the cosmology of this type of models in the context of inflation and discuss the observational constraints on the model parameters. The issue of multiple brane nucleation raised by Feng {\it et. al.} is discussed in some detail. We also review continuous-$\L$ models in which the role of the cosmological constant is played by a slowly varying potential of a scalar field. We find that both continuous and discrete models can in principle solve both cosmological constant problems, although the required values of the parameters do not appear very natural. M-theory-motivated brane models, in which the brane tension is determined by the brane coupling to the four-form field, do not seem to be viable, except perhaps in a very tight corner of the parameter space. Finally, we point out that the time coincidence can also be explained in models where $\Lambda$ is fixed, but the primordial density contrast $Q=\delta\rho/\rho$ is treated as a random variable., Comment: 30 pages, 3 figures, two notes added

Published
2000
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9. Eternal inflation, black holes, and the future of civilizations

Author

Garriga, J., Mukhanov, V. F., Olum, K. D., and Vilenkin, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We discuss the large-scale structure of the universe in inflationary cosmology and the implications that it may have for the long-term future of civilizations. Although each civilization is doomed to perish, it may be possible to transmit its accumulated knowledge to future civilizations. We consider several scenarios of this sort. If the cosmological constant is positive, it eventually dominates the universe and bubbles of inflationary phase begin to nucleate at a constant rate. Thermalized regions inside these inflating bubbles will give rise to new galaxies and civilizations. It is possible in principle to send a message to one of them. It might even be possible to send a device whose purpose is to recreate an approximation of the original civilization in the new region. However, the message or device will almost certainly be intercepted by black holes, which nucleate at a much higher rate than inflating bubbles. Formation of new inflating regions can also be triggered by gravitational collapse, but again the probability is low, and the number of attempts required for a positive outcome is enormous. The probability can be higher if the energy scale of inflation is closer to the Planck scale, but a high energy scale produces a tight bound on the amount of information that can be transmitted. One can try to avoid quantum tunneling altogether, but this requires a violation of quantum inequalities which constrain the magnitude of negative energy densities. However, the limits of validity of quantum inequalities are not clear, and future research may show that the required violation is in fact possible. Therein lies the hope for the future of civilizations., Comment: RevTeX, 14 pages, 6 figures. Minor corrections, improved figures

Published
1999
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11. In defence of the `Tunneling' wave function of the Universe

Author

Garriga, J. and Vilenkin, A.

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

The tunneling approach to the wave function of the universe has been recently criticized by Bousso and Hawking who claim that it predicts a catastrophic instability of de Sitter space with respect to pair production of black holes. We show that this claim is unfounded. First, we argue that different horizon size regions in de Sitter space cannot be treated as independently created, as they contend. And second, the WKB tunneling wave function is not simply the `inverse' of the Hartle-Hawking one, except in very special cases. Applied to the related problem of pair production of massive particles, we argue that the tunneling wave function leads to a small constant production rate, and not to a catastrophy as Bousso and Hawking's argument would suggest.

Published
1996
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12. Nucleation Rates in Flat and Curved Space

Author

Garriga, J.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

Nucleation rates for tunneling processes in Minkowski and de Sitter space are investigated, taking into account one loop prefactors. In particular, we con- sider the creation of membranes by an antisymmetric tensor field, analogous to Schwinger pair production. This can be viewed as a model for the decay of false (or true) vacuum at zero temperature, in the thin wall limit. Also considered is the spontaneous nucleation of strings, domain walls and monopoles during inflation. The instantons for these processes are spherical world-sheets or world-lines embedded in flat or de Sitter backgrounds. We find the contribution of such instantons to the semiclassical partition function, including one loop corrections due to small fluctuations around the spherical worldsheet. We sug- gest a prescription for obtaining the distribution of objects nucleated during inflation. This can be seen as an extension of the usual formula, valid in flat space, according to which the nucleation rate is twice the imaginary part of the free energy. In addition, we use the method of Bogolubov transformations to compute the rate of pair production by an electric field in 1+1 dimensional de Sitter space, and compare the results to those obtained using the instanton me- thod. Both results agree where they are expected to, not only in the exponen- tial dependence but also in the prefactor, confirming the validity of instanton techniques in de Sitter space. Throughout the paper, both the gravitational field and the antisymmetric tensor field are assumed external., Comment: 57 pages, TUTP-10-93

Published
1993
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13. Effects of friction on cosmic strings

Author

Garriga, J. and Sakellariadou, M.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We study the evolution of cosmic strings taking into account the frictional force due to the surrounding radiation. We consider small perturbations on straight strings, oscillation of circular loops and small perturbations on circular loops. For straight strings, friction exponentially suppresses perturbations whose co-moving scale crosses the horizon before cosmological time $t_*\sim \mu^{-2}$ (in Planck units), where $\mu$ is the string tension. Loops with size much smaller than $t_*$ will be approximately circular at the time when they start the relativistic collapse. We investigate the possibility that such loops will form black holes. We find that the number of black holes which are formed through this process is well bellow present observational limits, so this does not give any lower or upper bounds on $\mu$. We also consider the case of straight strings attached to walls and circular holes that can spontaneously nucleate on metastable domain walls., Comment: 32 pages, TUTP-93-4

Published
1993
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14. Diffusion-based structural connectivity patterns of multiple sclerosis phenotypes

Author

Martinez-Heras, E, primary, Solana, E, additional, Vivó, F, additional, Lopez-Soley, E, additional, Calvi, A, additional, Alba-Arbalat, S, additional, Schoonheim, MM, additional, Strijbis, EMM, additional, Vrenken, H, additional, Barkhof, F, additional, Rocca, MA, additional, Filippi, M, additional, Pagani, E, additional, Groppa, S, additional, Fleischer, V, additional, Dineen, R, additional, Ballenberg, B, additional, Lukas, C, additional, Pareto, D, additional, Rovira, À, additional, Sastre-Garriga, J, additional, Collorone, S, additional, Prados, F, additional, Toosy, AT, additional, Ciccarelli, O, additional, Saiz, A, additional, Blanco, Y, additional, and Llufriu, S, additional

Published
2023
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19. Artificial intelligence extension of the OSCAR-IB criteria

Author

Petzold, A., Albrecht, P., Balcer, L., Bekkers, E., Brandt, A. U., Calabresi, P. A., Deborah, O. G., Graves, J. S., Green, A., Keane, P. A., Nij Bijvank, J. A., Sander, J. W., Paul, F., Saidha, S., Villoslada, P., Wagner, S. K., Yeh, E. A., Aktas, O., Antel, J., Asgari, N., Audo, I., Avasarala, J., Avril, D., Bagnato, F. R., Banwell, B., Bar-Or, A., Behbehani, R., Manterola, A. B., Bennett, J., Benson, L., Bernard, J., Bremond-Gignac, D., Britze, J., Burton, J., Calkwood, J., Carroll, W., Chandratheva, A., Cohen, J., Comi, G., Cordano, C., Costa, S., Costello, F., Courtney, A., Cruz-Herranz, A., Cutter, G., Crabb, D., Delott, L., De Seze, J., Diem, R., Dollfuss, H., El Ayoubi, N. K., Fasser, C., Finke, C., Fischer, D., Fitzgerald, K., Fonseca, P., Frederiksen, J. L., Frohman, E., Frohman, T., Fujihara, K., Cuellar, I. G., Galetta, S., Garcia-Martin, E., Giovannoni, G., Glebauskiene, B., Suarez, I. G., Jensen, G. P., Hamann, S., Hartung, H. -P., Havla, J., Hemmer, B., Huang, S. -C., Imitola, J., Jasinskas, V., Jiang, H., Kafieh, R., Kappos, L., Kardon, R., Keegan, D., Kildebeck, E., Kim, U. S., Klistorner, S., Knier, B., Kolbe, S., Korn, T., Krupp, L., Lagreze, W., Leocani, L., Levin, N., Liskova, P., Preiningerova, J. L., Lorenz, B., May, E., Miller, D., Mikolajczak, J., Said, S. M., Montalban, X., Morrow, M., Mowry, E., Murta, J., Navas, C., Nolan, R., Nowomiejska, K., Oertel, F. C., Oh, J., Oreja-Guevara, C., Orssaud, C., Osborne, B., Outteryck, O., Paiva, C., Palace, J., Papadopoulou, A., Patsopoulos, N., Pontikos, N., Preising, M., Prince, J., Reich, D., Rejdak, R., Ringelstein, M., Rodriguez de Antonio, L., Sahel, J. -A., Sanchez-Dalmau, B., Sastre-Garriga, J., Schippling, S., Schuman, J., Shindler, K., Shin, R., Shuey, N., Soelberg, K., Specovius, S., Suppiej, A., Thompson, A., Toosy, A., Torres, R., Touitou, V., Trauzettel-Klosinski, S., van der Walt, A., Vermersch, P., Vidal-Jordana, A., Waldman, A. T., Waters, C., Wheeler, R., White, O., Wilhelm, H., Winges, K. M., Wiegerinck, N., Wiehe, L., Wisnewski, T., Wong, S., Wurfel, J., Yaghi, S., You, Y., Yu, Z., Yu-Wai-Man, P., Zemaitien≐, R., Zimmermann, H., Albrecht P., Petzold A., Balcer, L., Bekkers, E., Brandt, A. U., Calabresi, P. A., Deborah, O. G., Graves, J. S., Green, A., Keane, P. A., Nij Bijvank, J. A., Sander, J. W., Paul, F., Saidha, S., Villoslada, P., Wagner, S. K., Yeh, E. A., Aktas, O., Antel, J., Asgari, N., Audo, I., Avasarala, J., Avril, D., Bagnato, F. R., Banwell, B., Bar-Or, A., Behbehani, R., Manterola, A. B., Bennett, J., Benson, L., Bernard, J., Bremond-Gignac, D., Britze, J., Burton, J., Calkwood, J., Carroll, W., Chandratheva, A., Cohen, J., Comi, G., Cordano, C., Costa, S., Costello, F., Courtney, A., Cruz-Herranz, A., Cutter, G., Crabb, D., Delott, L., De Seze, J., Diem, R., Dollfuss, H., El Ayoubi, N. K., Fasser, C., Finke, C., Fischer, D., Fitzgerald, K., Fonseca, P., Frederiksen, J. L., Frohman, E., Frohman, T., Fujihara, K., Cuellar, I. G., Galetta, S., Garcia-Martin, E., Giovannoni, G., Glebauskiene, B., Suarez, I. G., P. , Jensen, G., Hamann, S., Hartung, H. -P., Havla, J., Hemmer, B., Huang, S. -C., Imitola, J., Jasinskas, V., Jiang, H., Kafieh, R., Kappos, L., Kardon, R., Keegan, D., Kildebeck, E., Kim, U. S., Klistorner, S., Knier, B., Kolbe, S., Korn, T., Krupp, L., Lagreze, W., Leocani, L., Levin, N., Liskova, P., Preiningerova, J. L., Lorenz, B., May, E., Miller, D., Mikolajczak, J., Said, S. M., Montalban, X., Morrow, M., Mowry, E., Murta, J., Navas, C., Nolan, R., Nowomiejska, K., Oertel, F. C., Oh, J., Oreja-Guevara, C., Orssaud, C., Osborne, B., Outteryck, O., Paiva, C., Palace, J., Papadopoulou, A., Patsopoulos, N., Pontikos, N., Preising, M., Prince, J., Reich, D., Rejdak, R., Ringelstein, M., Rodriguez de Antonio, L., Sahel, J. -A., Sanchez-Dalmau, B., Sastre-Garriga, J., Schippling, S., Schuman, J., Shindler, K., Shin, R., Shuey, N., Soelberg, K., Specovius, S., Suppiej, A., Thompson, A., Toosy, A., Torres, R., Touitou, V., Trauzettel-Klosinski, S., van der Walt, A., Vermersch, P., Vidal-Jordana, A., Waldman, A. T., Waters, C., Wheeler, R., White, O., Wilhelm, H., Winges, K. M., Wiegerinck, N., Wiehe, L., Wisnewski, T., Wong, S., Wurfel, J., Yaghi, S., You, Y., Yu, Z., Yu-Wai-Man, P., Zemaitien≐, R., and Zimmermann, H.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Big Data, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, media_common.quotation_subject, Big data, MEDLINE, Reviews, Socio-culturale, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Review, Public domain, Retina, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, Annotation, 0302 clinical medicine, Artificial Intelligence, medicine, Humans, Quality (business), RC346-429, Tomography, media_common, Image pattern recognition, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Nervous System Diseases, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Algorithms, 030104 developmental biology, Optical Coherence, Imaging technology, RC0321, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Neurology (clinical), Artificial intelligence, sense organs, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, RC321-571
Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI)‐based diagnostic algorithms have achieved ambitious aims through automated image pattern recognition. For neurological disorders, this includes neurodegeneration and inflammation. Scalable imaging technology for big data in neurology is optical coherence tomography (OCT). We highlight that OCT changes observed in the retina, as a window to the brain, are small, requiring rigorous quality control pipelines. There are existing tools for this purpose. Firstly, there are human‐led validated consensus quality control criteria (OSCAR‐IB) for OCT. Secondly, these criteria are embedded into OCT reporting guidelines (APOSTEL). The use of the described annotation of failed OCT scans advances machine learning. This is illustrated through the present review of the advantages and disadvantages of AI‐based applications to OCT data. The neurological conditions reviewed here for the use of big data include Alzheimer disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson disease, and epilepsy. It is noted that while big data is relevant for AI, ownership is complex. For this reason, we also reached out to involve representatives from patient organizations and the public domain in addition to clinical and research centers. The evidence reviewed can be grouped in a five‐point expansion of the OSCAR‐IB criteria to embrace AI (OSCAR‐AI). The review concludes by specific recommendations on how this can be achieved practically and in compliance with existing guidelines.

Published
2021

21. Expert-Agreed Practical Recommendations on the Use of Cladribine

Author

Meca-Lallana V, García Domínguez JM, López Ruiz R, Martín-Martínez J, Arés Luque A, Hernández Pérez MA, Prieto González JM, Landete Pascual L, and Sastre-Garriga J

Subjects
Consensus, Expert opinion, Relapsing multiple sclerosis, Cladribine, Disease-modifying drugs, Treatment response
Abstract

Cladribine is a disease-modifying selective immune reconstitution oral therapy for adult patients with highly active relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). It was approved in the USA in 2019 and in Europe in 2017, thus there are still gaps in existing guidelines for using cladribine tablets in clinical practice. Nine experts with extensive experience in managing patients with multiple sclerosis in Spain identified some of the unanswered questions related to the real-life use of cladribine tablets. They reviewed the available clinical trial data and real-world evidence, including their own experiences of using cladribine, over the course of three virtual meetings held between November 2020 and January 2021. This article gathers their practical recommendations to aid treatment decision-making and optimise the use of cladribine tablets in patients with RMS. The consensus recommendations cover the following areas: candidate patient profiles, switching strategies (to and from cladribine), managing response to cladribine and safety considerations.

Published
2022

22. The role of pontine lesion location in differentiating multiple sclerosis from vascular risk factor-related small vessel disease

Author

Geraldes, R., Jurynczyk, M., dos Passos, G. R., Pichler, A., Chung, K., Hagens, M., Ruggieri, S., Auger, C., Sastre-Garriga, J., Enzinger, C., Chard, D., Barkhof, F., Gasperini, C., Rovira, A., DeLuca, G., Palace, J., MAGNIMS Study, Group, Filippi, M., Rocca, M. A., Institut Català de la Salut, [Geraldes R, Juryńczyk M, Rodrigues dos Passos G] Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK. [Pichler A] Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria/Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. [Chung K] NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK. [Hagens M] MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [Auger C, Rovira A] Secció de Neuroradiologia, Servei de Radiologia, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. [Sastre-Garriga J] Servei de Neurologia/ Neuroimmunologia, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (CEMCAT), Barcelona, Spain. Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Brain Imaging, Radiology and nuclear medicine, Geraldes, R., Jurynczyk, M., dos Passos, G. R., Pichler, A., Chung, K., Hagens, M., Ruggieri, S., Auger, C., Sastre-Garriga, J., Enzinger, C., Chard, D., Barkhof, F., Gasperini, C., Rovira, A., Deluca, G., Palace, J., MAGNIMS Study, Group, Filippi, M., and Rocca, M. A.

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, cerebral small vessel disease, differential diagnosis, imaging, Multiple sclerosis, Esclerosi múltiple, Disease, Vascular risk, Cervell - Vasos sanguinis - Malalties, Lesion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Short Reports, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Pons, Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Diagnostic Imaging::Tomography::Magnetic Resonance Imaging [ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES, AND EQUIPMENT], enfermedades del sistema nervioso::enfermedades del sistema nervioso central::enfermedades cerebrales::trastornos cerebrovasculares::enfermedades de los pequeños vasos cerebrales [ENFERMEDADES], Medicine, Humans, diagnóstico::técnicas y procedimientos diagnósticos::diagnóstico por imagen::tomografía::imagen por resonancia magnética [TÉCNICAS Y EQUIPOS ANALÍTICOS, DIAGNÓSTICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS], 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Nervous System Diseases::Central Nervous System Diseases::Brain Diseases::Cerebrovascular Disorders::Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases [DISEASES], business.industry, Brain, Nervous System Diseases::Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System::Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS::Multiple Sclerosis [DISEASES], medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurology, enfermedades del sistema nervioso::enfermedades autoinmunitarias del sistema nervioso::enfermedades autoinmunes desmielinizantes del SNC::esclerosis múltiple [ENFERMEDADES], Cardiology, Imatgeria per ressonància magnètica, Neurology (clinical), Small vessel, Differential diagnosis, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Esclerosi múltiple; Diagnòstic diferencial; Imatges Esclerosis múltiple; Diagnóstico diferencial; Imagen Multiple sclerosis; Differential diagnosis; Imaging Background: Differentiating multiple sclerosis (MS) from vascular risk factor (VRF)-small vessel disease (SVD) can be challenging. Objective and Methods: In order to determine whether or not pontine lesion location is a useful discriminator of MS and VRF-SVD, we classified pontine lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as central or peripheral in 93 MS cases without VRF, 108 MS patients with VRF and 43 non-MS cases with VRF. Results: MS without VRF were more likely to have peripheral pons lesions (31.2%, 29/93) than non-MS with VRF (0%, 0/43) (Exp(B) = 29.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.98, 448.3); p = 0.014) but there were no significant differences regarding central pons lesions between MS without VRF (5.4%, 5/93) and non-MS with VRF patients (16.3%, 7/43) (Exp(B) = 0.89; 95% CI = (0.2, 3.94); p = 0.87). The presence of peripheral pons lesions discriminated between MS and VRF-SVD with 100% (95% CI = (91.8, 100)) specificity. The proportion of peripheral pons lesions in MS with VRF (30.5%, 33/108) was similar to that seen in MS without VRF (31.2%, 29/93, p = 0.99). Central lesions occurred in similar frequency in MS with VRF (8.3%, 9/108) and non-MS with VRF (16.3%, 7/43, p = 0.15). Conclusion: Peripheral pons lesion location is a good discriminator of MS from vascular lesions. The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Published
2020

26. Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a 3-year prospective multicenter study

Author

Paul, F., Calabresi, P.A., Barkhof, F., Green, A.J., Kardon, R., Sastre-Garriga, J., Schippling, S., Vermersch, P., Saidha, S., Gerendas, B.S., Schmidt-Erfurth, U., Agoropoulou, C., Zhang, Y., Seifer, G., and Petzold, A.

Subjects
genetic structures, sense organs, Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes over 3 years in the thickness of inner retinal layers including the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), and combined macular ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers (mGCIPL), in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) versus healthy controls; to determine whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) is sufficiently sensitive and reproducible to detect small degrees of neuroaxonal loss over time that correlate with changes in brain volume and disability progression as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). METHODS: Individuals with RRMS from 28 centers (n = 333) were matched with 64 healthy participants. OCT scans were performed on Heidelberg Spectralis machines (at baseline; 1 month; 6 months; 6-monthly thereafter). RESULTS: OCT measurements were highly reproducible between baseline and 1 month (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.98). Significant inner retinal layer thinning was observed in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with controls regardless of previous MS-associated optic neuritis--group differences (95% CI) over 3 years: pRNFL: -1.86 (-2.54, -1.17) µm; mGCIPL: -2.03 (-2.78, -1.28) µm (both p 5 years (pRNFL: p

Published
2021

30. P.048 International MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of standardized MRI in MS

Author

Traboulsee, A, primary, Wattjes, M, additional, Ciccarelli, O, additional, Reich, D, additional, Banwell, B, additional, de Stefano, N, additional, Enzinger, C, additional, Fazekas, F, additional, Filippi, M, additional, Frederiksen, J, additional, Gasperini, C, additional, Hacohen, Y, additional, Kappos, L, additional, Li, DK, additional, Mankad, K, additional, Montalban, X, additional, Newsome, S, additional, Oh, J, additional, Palace, J, additional, Rocca, M, additional, Sastre-Garriga, J, additional, Tintore, M, additional, Vrenken, H, additional, Yours, T, additional, Barkhof, F, additional, and Rovira, A, additional

Published
2021
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32. Mind the gap: from neurons to networks to outcomes in multiple sclerosis

Author

Chard, D. T., Alahmadi, A. A. S., Audoin, B., Charalambous, T., Enzinger, C., Hulst, H. E., Rocca, M. A., Rovira, A., Sastre-Garriga, J., Schoonheim, M. M., Tijms, B., Tur, C., Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A. M., Wink, A. M., Ciccarelli, O., Barkhof, F., De Stefano, N., Filippi, M., Frederiksen, J. L., Gasperini, C., Kappos, L., Palace, J., Yousry, T., Vrenken, H., University College of London [London] (UCL), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique [Hôpital de la Timone - APHM] (CEMEREM), Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE)-Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AP-HM, CHU Timone, Pole de Neurosciences Cliniques, Department of Neurology, Marseille, France., Department of Neurology, Research Unit for Neuronal Repair and Plasticity, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Neuroimaging Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, Università degli Studi di Pavia = University of Pavia (UNIPV), Brain MRI 3T Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique [Hôpital de la Timone - AP-HM] (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Servei de Neurologia/Neuroimmunologia, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, Chard, Declan T, Alahmadi, Adnan A S, Audoin, Bertrand, Charalambous, Thali, Enzinger, Christian, Hulst, Hanneke E, Rocca, Maria A, Rovira, Àlex, Sastre-Garriga, Jaume, Schoonheim, Menno M, Tijms, Betty, Tur, Carmen, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, Claudia A M, Wink, Alle Meije, Ciccarelli, Olga, Barkhof, Frederik, MAGNIMS Study, Group, and Filippi, Massimo

Subjects
Multiple Sclerosis, Grey matter, Network topology, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, White matter, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Alzheimer Disease, medicine, Humans, Default mode network, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Inflammation, Neurons, Artificial neural network, business.industry, Multiple sclerosis, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Brain, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology (clinical), Disconnection, Alzheimer's disease, Nerve Net, business, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

MRI studies have provided valuable insights into the structure and function of neural networks, particularly in health and in classical neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer disease. However, such work is also highly relevant in other diseases of the CNS, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In this Review, we consider the effects of MS pathology on brain networks, as assessed using MRI, and how these changes to brain networks translate into clinical impairments. We also discuss how this knowledge can inform the targeting of MS treatments and the potential future directions for research in this area. Studying MS is challenging as its pathology involves neurodegenerative and focal inflammatory elements, both of which could disrupt neural networks. The disruption of white matter tracts in MS is reflected in changes in network efficiency, an increasingly random grey matter network topology, relative cortical disconnection, and both increases and decreases in connectivity centred around hubs such as the thalamus and the default mode network. The results of initial longitudinal studies suggest that these changes evolve rather than simply increase over time and are linked with clinical features. Studies have also identified a potential role for treatments that functionally modify neural networks as opposed to altering their structure.

Published
2021

33. Transperineal anal sphincter complex evaluation after obstetric anal sphincter injuries: With or without tomographic ultrasound imaging technique?

Author

Martínez Franco E, Ros C, Santoro GA, Cassadó Garriga J, Amat Tardiu L, Cuadras-Palleja D, and Espuña M

Subjects
Anal sphincter, OASIS, Tomographic ultrasound imaging, Transperineal ultrasound
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: "Significant" obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) have been defined as visible defects of at least 30° in at least 4/6 slices using tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI) with transperineal ultrasound (TPUS). The objective of this study was to assess if TUI is mandatory for the evaluation of OASIS. METHODS: Patients with a history of OASIS were evaluated by performing 3D-endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) and 3D-TPUS with and without TUI. Any damage to the internal (IAS) or external (EAS) anal sphincters was recorded and scored using the Starck's and the Norderval's systems. Intraobserver and inter-techniques correlations were calculated. RESULTS: From September 2012 to May 2015, 63 women, mean age 32.5 ± 4.6 years, with OASIS (3a: 26 pts., 41.3 %; 3b: 26 pts., 41.3 %; 3c: 6 pts., 9.5 %, 4: 4 pts., 6.3 %, "button hole" tear: 1 pt., 1.6 %). Inter-technique and intraobserver correlations were excellent (TUI: k = 0.9; sweeping technique: k = 0.85; EAUS: k = 0.9) in determining OASIS. Using the Starck's Score, excellent correlation was found for both TPUS modalities (TUI: k = 0.86; sweeping technique: k = 0.89). However, for the different individual parameters, the correlation was moderate for EAS depth (TUI: k = 0.44; sweeping technique: k = 0.5) and good for IAS depth (TUI: k = 0.7; sweeping technique: k = 0.78). Similar results were found using the Norderval's classification. CONCLUSIONS: OASIS can be assessed by TPUS without TUI technique, dragging the rendered box and following the anal canal from the anal verge to the anorectal junction in the longitudinal plane and describing findings.

Published
2021

40. Magnetisation transfer ratio in the normal appearing white matter predicts progression of disability over 1 year in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Author

Khaleeli, Z., Sastre-Garriga, J., Ciccarelli, O., Miller, D.H., and Thompson, A.J.

Subjects
Multiple sclerosis -- Development and progression, Multiple sclerosis -- Prognosis, Multiple sclerosis -- Research, Magnetic resonance imaging -- Methods, Magnetic resonance imaging -- Research, Health, Psychology and mental health
Published
2007

41. Measurement of Whole-Brain and Gray Matter Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: Assessment with MR Imaging

Author

Storelli, L, Rocca, M, Pagani, E, Van Hecke, W, Horsfield, M, De Stefano, N, Rovira, A, Sastre-Garriga, J, Palace, J, Sima, D, Smeets, D, Filippi, M, Group, Magnims Study, Storelli, Loredana, Rocca, Maria A., Pagani, Elisabetta, Van Hecke, Wim, Horsfield, Mark A., De Stefano, Nicola, Rovira, Alex, Sastre-Garriga, Jaume, Palace, Jacqueline, Sima, Diana, Smeets, Dirk, and Filippi, Massimo

Subjects
Adult, Male, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, medicine.medical_specialty, Multiple Sclerosis, Reproducibility of Result, Gray (unit), 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Software, Atrophy, Multiple Sclerosi, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Gray Matter, Cross-Sectional Studie, business.industry, Multiple sclerosis, Reproducibility of Results, Brain, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mr imaging, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Radiology, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Human
Abstract

Purpose To compare available methods for whole-brain and gray matter (GM) atrophy estimation in multiple sclerosis (MS) in terms of repeatability (same magnetic resonance [MR] imaging unit) and reproducibility (different system/field strength) for their potential clinical applications. Materials and Methods The softwares ANTs-v1.9, CIVET-v2.1, FSL-SIENAX/SIENA-5.0.1, Icometrix-MSmetrix-1.7, and SPM-v12 were compared. This retrospective study, performed between March 2015 and March 2017, collected data from (a) eight simulated MR images and longitudinal data (2 weeks) from 10 healthy control subjects to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal accuracy of atrophy measures, (b) test-retest MR images in 29 patients with MS acquired within the same day at different imaging unit field strengths/manufacturers to evaluate precision, and (c) longitudinal data (1 year) in 24 patients with MS for the agreement between methods. Tissue segmentation, image registration, and white matter (WM) lesion filling were also evaluated. Multiple paired t tests were used for comparisons. Results High values of accuracy (0.87-0.97) for whole-brain and GM volumes were found, with the lowest values for MSmetrix. ANTs showed the lowest mean error (0.02%) for whole-brain atrophy in healthy control subjects, with a coefficient of variation of 0.5%. SPM showed the smallest mean error (0.07%) and coefficient of variation (0.08%) for GM atrophy. Globally, good repeatability (P > .05) but poor reproducibility (P < .05) were found for all methods. WM lesion filling technique mainly affected ANTs, MSmetrix, and SPM results (P < .05). Conclusion From this comparison, it would be possible to select a software for atrophy measurement, depending on the requirements of the application (research center, clinical trial) and its goal (accuracy and repeatability or reproducibility). An improved reproducibility is required for clinical application. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Published
2018

42. Urgent challenges in quantification and interpretation of brain grey matter atrophy in individual MS patients using MRI

Author

Amiri, Houshang, de Sitter, Alexandra, Bendfeldt, Kerstin, Battaglini, Marco, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, Claudia A M, Calabrese, Massimiliano, Geurts, Jeroen J G, Rocca, Maria A, Sastre-Garriga, Jaume, Enzinger, Christian, de Stefano, Nicola, Filippi, Massimo, Rovira, Álex, Barkhof, Frederik, Vrenken, Hugo, Barkhof, F, Vrenken, H, Ciccarelli, O, Fredriksen, J L, Palace, J, Rovira, A, Sastre-Garriga, J, Amiri, Houshang, de Sitter, Alexandra, Bendfeldt, Kerstin, Battaglini, Marco, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, Claudia A. M., Calabrese, Massimiliano, Geurts, Jeroen J. G., Rocca, Maria A., Sastre-Garriga, Jaume, Enzinger, Christian, de Stefano, Nicola, Filippi, Massimo, Rovira, Álex, Barkhof, Frederik, and Vrenken, Hugo

Subjects
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, Brain atrophy, TR, Neurology, White Matter/pathology, CTh, brain extraction tool, lcsh:RC346-429, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, deep grey matter, 0302 clinical medicine, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging, TI, inversion time, FA, fractional anisotropy, Gray Matter, repetition time, VBM, TE, echo time, Brain Mapping, medicine.diagnostic_test, Grey matter atrophy, DGM, Regular Article, GM, CTh, cortical thickness, Multiple Sclerosis/pathology, diffusion tensor imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, White Matter, TR, repetition time, medicine.anatomical_structure, DTI, lcsh:R858-859.7, CNS, TI, Radiology, fractional anisotropy, MRI, TE, FA, inversion time, medicine.medical_specialty, Grey matter, Multiple Sclerosis, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive neuroscience, Gray Matter/pathology, lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, CNS, central nervous system, echo time, MS, multiple sclerosis, Multiple sclerosis, VBM, voxel-based morphometry, 03 medical and health sciences, Magnetic resonance imaging, Atrophy, BET, brain extraction tool, DGM, deep grey matter, DTI, diffusion tensor imaging, GM, grey matter, MRI, magnetic resonance imaging, WM, white matter, medicine, voxel-based morphometry, Humans, Multiple sclerosi, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, WM, Intensive care medicine, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, business.industry, MS, cortical thickness, BET, central nervous system, medicine.disease, Atrophy/pathology, Neurology (clinical), Clinical trial, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Atrophy of the brain grey matter (GM) is an accepted and important feature of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, its accurate measurement is hampered by various technical, pathological and physiological factors. As a consequence, it is challenging to investigate the role of GM atrophy in the disease process as well as the effect of treatments that aim to reduce neurodegeneration. In this paper we discuss the most important challenges currently hampering the measurement and interpretation of GM atrophy in MS. The focus is on measurements that are obtained in individual patients rather than on group analysis methods, because of their importance in clinical trials and ultimately in clinical care. We discuss the sources and possible solutions of the current challenges, and provide recommendations to achieve reliable measurement and interpretation of brain GM atrophy in MS., Highlights • Accurate measurement of brain GM atrophy in MS is hampered by various physiological, pathological and technical factors. • Challenges to achieve accuracy in quantification and interpretation of atrophy in MS are discussed. • Recommendations on how to achieve reliable measurement and interpretation of GM atrophy in MS are suggested.

Published
2018

43. Cord atrophy separates early primary progressive and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

Author

Bieniek, M., Altmann, D.R., Davies, G.R., Ingle, G.T., Rashid, W., Sastre-Garriga, J., Thompson, A.J., and Miller, D.H.

Subjects
Multiple sclerosis -- Development and progression, Multiple sclerosis -- Diagnosis, Multiple sclerosis -- Research, Spinal muscular atrophy -- Development and progression, Spinal muscular atrophy -- Diagnosis, Spinal muscular atrophy -- Research, Health, Psychology and mental health
Published
2006

44. Abnormalities in normal appearing tissues in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis and their relation to disability: a tissue specific magnetisation transfer study

Author

Ramio-Torrenta, L., Sastre-Garriga, J., Ingle, G.T., Davies, G.R., Ameen, V., Miller, D.H., and Thompson, A.J.

Subjects
Brain cells -- Abnormalities, Brain cells -- Analysis, Multiple sclerosis -- Development and progression, Magnetic resonance imaging -- Methods, Disability -- Causes of, Health, Psychology and mental health
Published
2006

46. Is inflammation important in early PPMS? A longitudinal MRI study

Author

Ingle, G.T., Sastre-Garriga, J., Miller, D.H., and Thompson, A.J.

Subjects
Multiple sclerosis -- Development and progression, Multiple sclerosis -- Diagnosis, Magnetic resonance imaging -- Research, Health, Psychology and mental health
Published
2005

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