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The dataset includes a file with information relative to blood chemistry values (16 parameters), body measurementes (2 parameters), moulting stage (3 categories), body-mass index (1 parameter) and sex (2 categories) of black-necked grebes (669 individuals) during the moulting periods (late August-early December) of 2008 and 2009 at the Odiel marshes, southwestern Spain: (i) File : Blood chemistry values and body measurements of black-necked grebes according to moulting stage and sex.

Human milk is a complex fluid with nutritive and non-nutritive functions specifically structured to cover the needs of the newborn. The present study started with the study of carotenoid composition during progress of lactation (colostrum, collected at 3–5 d postpartum; mature milk, collected at 30 d postpartum) with samples donated from full-term lactating mothers (women with no chronic diseases, nonsmokers on a regular diet without supplements, n = 30). Subsequently, we applied an in vitro protocol to determine the micellarization efficiency of the carotenoids, which were separated by HPLC and quantified by the external standard method. That in vitro protocol is tailored for the biochemistry of the digestive tract of a newborn. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report of carotenoids micellar contents, obtained in vitro. This study reveals, from the in vitro perspective, that colostrum and mature milk produce significant micellar contents of carotenoids despite lipids in milk are within highly complex structures. Indeed, the lactation period develops some influence on the micellarization efficiency, influence that might be attributed to the dynamics of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) during the progress of lactation.

European populations of black-necked grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) congregate every year to moult at the salt ponds of the Odiel Marshes (SW Spain). However, the Odiel Marshes are part of one of the most metal-polluted coastal estuaries in the world, which may pose risks to wildlife. We assessed the exposure of grebes to metal pollution during the critical moulting period in the Odiel Marshes and its potential to cause adverse health effects. Levels of metals in red blood pellet (as a biomarker of exposure), plasma carotenoids, eye redness, and body condition (as biomarkers of effects) were studied. Metal content was also analyzed in the brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica, the most important food for grebes in this hypersaline ecosystem during the moulting period. Results showed that, in comparison to toxicity thresholds, grebes had relatively high blood levels of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn). The high loads found in Artemia and the way blood levels vary during the moulting period indicate that shrimp consumption may be the main route of metal exposure for grebes. Plasma carotenoids and body condition showed a positive association with exposure to As, while the relationship of lutein-like carotenoids with Hg accumulation was negative at the beginning of the moulting period to become positive afterwards. Moreover, eye redness was negatively affected by As accumulation. Factors including food resource availability, seasonal fluctuations in physiological status, and interannual variations in the degree of environmental contamination should be considered in monitoring efforts when using moult migrant waterbirds as sentinel species.

Metabolism of the carotenoids in humans is often reserved to bioconversion of provitamin A carotenoids in retinoids and oxidative/degradative products arising from enzymatic eccentric cleavage, yielding apo-carotenoids. Nevertheless, additional metabolic routes should be available, and some of the structures of those metabolites have only been anticipated. The identification of carotenoids and their metabolites is commonly performed by HPLC coupled to MS. The acquisition of MS data in different instrumental modes and hardware configurations allows the detailed structural description of the target compound. Indeed, the MS data of carotenoids and their metabolites available in literature could be collected in a database to automatically perform a screening of the theoretical MS data included in the database with the MS experimental values. This review describes the required fundamentals for a systematic pursuit of carotenoids and their metabolites. Highlights on the use of appropriate hyphenated HPLC-MS systems and the requirements for the identification are discussed, while the application of software tools to apply filtering rules and the implementation of post-processing workflow, which uses two orthogonal criteria for the identification from the mass spectra data, are described.

El glóbulo graso lácteo (MFG) es un sistema de emulsión único, diseñado para proporcionar energía, ácidos grasos esenciales y nutrientes liposolubles al recién nacido. Este glóbulo de grasa se estabiliza por una compleja membrana interfacial conocida como membrana del glóbulo de grasa láctea (MFGM). Su estructura es una tricapa lipídica que contiene glicoproteínas, glicerofosfolípidos, esfingolípidos (especialmente esfingomielina), glicolípidos (cerebrósidos y gangliósidos), colesterol, enzimas y otros componentes minoritarios. Debido a su naturaleza lipofílica e hidrofílica, estos lípidos polares (fosfo y esfingolípidos) son moléculas clave del metabolismo humano implicadas en la generación de nuevas membranas celulares y que resultan esenciales para promover el desarrollo cognitivo del recién nacido, ya que parecen estar altamente relacionados con la señalización neuronal, la coagulación de la sangre, potenciando el sistema inmunológico y las respuestas inflamatorias. Estas evidencias permiten considerar a la MFGM como un potencial ingrediente nutracéutico y bioactivo. Además, la MFGM se puede obtener a partir de subproductos lácteos de bajo coste como suero de mantequilla y suero de quesería. Nuestros estudios más recientes van en la línea de profundizar en el conocimiento de la MFGM mediante el desarrollo de procedimientos para la caracterización cualitativa y cuantitativa de fosfo- y esfingolípidos obtenidos a partir de leche humana en diferentes periodos de la lactancia materna (calostro, leche de transición, leche madura) así como de diferentes especies de rumiantes, matrices lácteas como mazada, etc. Un aspecto de gran interés es determinar la bioactividad de las fracciones aisladas y/o enriquecidas de MFGM en modelos in vitro e in vivo.

Concomitant with increased lifespan, large segments of the population are experiencing cognitive decline, which might progress to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, there is no cure for AD and, once the neurodegenerative disorders are established, patients use pharmacologic therapy to slow the progression of the symptoms and require appropriate care to manage their condition. The preclinical stage of neural degeneration that progress through mild cognitive impairment (MCI) before the onset of AD is when it might be possible to introduce behavioral changes and pharma-nutritional interventions that modify the risk factors of MCI conversion to AD. Some food components accumulate in brain tissues, where they play essential roles. Among them, polar lipids, omega 3 fatty acids, and carotenoids appear to work additively or synergistically. Therefore, there is an opportunity to formulate nutraceuticals/functional foods to slow the progression of MCI. In this paper, we review the biochemical bases and recent interventions with bioactive lipids-rich formulations. Based on accumulated evidence, we propose that appropriate large-scale trials are warranted.

Factors such as lactation stage and premature and small-for-gestational conditions could lead to great inter-individual variability in the carotenoid content of human milk. The aim was to analyze the carotenoid content in colostrum and mature milk of preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) mothers to establish whether they are significantly different and, if so, the stage of lactation when the differences are established. Samples of blood, colostrum, and mature milk were collected from Spanish donating mothers who gave birth to PT or FT infants. Carotenoids from serum and milk samples were analyzed by HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. Quantitatively, colostrum from PT mothers presented lower total carotenoid content when compared to that from FT mothers. The only exception was lutein, where levels were not different. The transition from colostrum to mature milk makes observed differences in the carotenoid content disappear, since there were no variances between PT and FT groups for both individual and total carotenoid content. The premature birth condition affects the quantitative carotenoid composition of the colostrum but has no effect on the lutein content. This fact could be related to the significant role of this xanthophyll in the development of infant retina and feasibly to cognitive function.

Scope Carotenoids in human milk are associated with other lipid counterparts in several metabolic processes. One interesting association that has not been demonstrated to date is the presence of xanthophyll esters. Colostrum and mature milk samples were analyzed to determine the occurrence of xanthophyll esters and identify the compounds. Thus, the association of the amounts of these compounds with lactation and whether they are significant contributors to the carotenoid profile of human milk was assessed. Methods and results Pre-term and term delivering mothers were included in the study to donate colostrum at 3–5 days postpartum and mature milk at 15 days postpartum. Carotenoids extracts were subjected to a clean-up procedure to remove the triacylglycerol fraction and then analyzed by HPLC-MSn. Identification of xanthophyll esters was achieved by considering their chromatographic behaviour, UV-visible characteristics and MSn features. Conclusion Xanthophyll esters are significant contributors to the carotenoid profile in the colostrum, while mature milk does not contain these compounds. Therefore, fatty acid acylation to xanthophylls is activated during the accumulation of carotenoids in the human mammary gland. The sharp decline in the amount of xanthophyll esters in mature milk indicates that the lipophilic components are those recently incorporated in the mammary epithelium.

Bioaccessibility is a key factor in the successful development of functional foods, particularly when the food matrix is quite different from that of the natural source(s) of the target bioactive ingredient. Although staple foods contain xanthophylls, the amounts are relatively low to achieve the desired beneficial effect in health, and during baking degradative reactions may contribute to reduce such amounts. The addition of water-soluble formulation of lutein as an ingredient in the cupcake recipe to fortified the amounts of this xanthophyll in the final product, showed satisfactory stability degree and resistance to the baking process. Indeed, the in vitro bioaccessibility reached adequate efficiency levels, ranging 30-80% of the initial lutein content. Activity of pancreatic lipase over lutein esters was low, but the hydrolysed lutein was completely incorporated into micelles. Indeed, the main micellar lutein content remained in its esterified form what could facilitate subsequent hydrolysis by other mucosal hydrolytic enzymes. These results point to fortified staple foods as functional foods that may help to diminish the risk of degenerative processes related with deficient lutein intake/incorporation in humans.

Animals cannot synthesize carotenoid pigments de novo, and must consume them in their diet. Most mammals, including humans, are indiscriminate accumulators of carotenoids but inefficiently distribute them to some tissues and organs, such as skin. This limits the potential capacity of these organisms to benefit from the antioxidant and immunostimulatory functions that carotenoids fulfill. Indeed, to date, no mammal has been known to have evolved physiological mechanisms to incorporate and deposit carotenoids in the skin or hair, and mammals have therefore been assumed to rely entirely on other pigments such as melanins to color their integument. Here we use high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF/MS) to show that the frugivorous Honduran white bat Ectophylla alba colors its skin bright yellow with the deposition of the xanthophyll lutein. The Honduran white bat is thus a mammalian model that may help developing strategies to improve the assimilation of lutein in humans to avoid macular degeneration. This represents a change of paradigm in animal physiology showing that some mammals actually have the capacity to accumulate dietary carotenoids in the integument. In addition, we have also discovered that the majority of the lutein in the skin of Honduran white bats is present in esterified form with fatty acids, thereby permitting longer-lasting coloration and suggesting bright color traits may have an overlooked role in the visual communication of bats.

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Addition of lutein to dairy products is an alternative that widens the range of foods which could be lutein sources. However, bioaccessibility is an essential aspect to be considered during the development of products with added bioactive substances. We evaluated the in vitro bioaccessibility of lutein esters added to milk and yogurt with different fat contents, and determined the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of the esters during digestion. Bioaccessibility of lutein and efficiency of hydrolysis were significantly lower in skimmed products than semi-skimmed and whole products, indicating that a minimal amount of fat is required to allow micellization and hydrolysis. The efficiency of ester hydrolysis ranged between 12 and 35%, which was attributed to pancreatic lipase. Whole and semi-skimmed samples were shown to be good vehicles for the addition of lutein, since presented bioaccessibility indices (38.3-47.5%) are similar to those found in natural food sources of xanthophylls.

Among birds, vultures show low concentrations of plasma carotenoids due to the combination of their large size, general dull colouration and a diet based on carrion. We recorded the concentration of each carotenoid type present in plasma of the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) according to age and sex, that determine colour signalling and dominance hierarchies in the carcasses. We compared the carotenoid profile in wild condors with that of captive condors fed with a controlled diet of flesh to test the hypothesis that wild individuals could acquire extra carotenoids from vegetal matter contained in carcass viscera and fresh vegetation. Wild American black vultures (Coragyps atratus) were also sampled to evaluate the potential influence of colouration in the integument on absorption and accumulation patterns of plasma carotenoids. A remarkably higher concentration of lutein than b-carotene was found in wild condors, while the contrary pattern was recorded in American black vultures and captive condors. We found a consistent decrease in all plasma carotenoids with age, and a lower concentration of most xanthophylls in male compared to female wild condors. Positive correlations of all carotenoids indicated general common absorption and accumulation strategies or a single dietary source containing all pigments found in plasma. The comparatively low total concentration of carotenoids, and especially of lutein rather than b-carotene, found in captive condors fed with a diet restricted to flesh supports the hypothesis that Andean condors can efficiently acquire carotenoids from vegetal matter in the wild. Andean condors seem to be physiologically more competent in the uptake or accumulation of xanthophylls than American black vultures, which agrees with the use of colour-signalling strategies in sexual and competitive contexts in the Andean condor. This study suggests that vultures may use dietary vegetal supplements that provide pigments and micronutrients that are scarce

Carotenoid pigments are a group of bioactive compounds that are of interest to the food scientists, nutritionists and food industries due to their positive impact on human health and their economic benefits. Carotenoids are responsible for the attractive colour of many plant food (mainly fruit and vegetables), which is perhaps the first attribute that consumers assess when determining the quality and appearance of a product, and therefore conditions its acceptability. In addition, carotenoids have diverse biological functions and activities, such as the well known provitamin A activity, antioxidant capacity and enhancement of the immune system. There are an extensive number of factors affecting the efficient incorporation of these phytochemicals from the diet, although in many cases no biological activity will be put in action within the consumer body (animal or human) without a first visual attraction. The term bioaccessibility is used to evaluate the amount of a nutrient that is released from a food during the digestion process. The bioaccessibility of lipophilic compounds, such as carotenoids, in natural foods (mainly fruits and vegetables) is usually fairly low and is constrained by various factors, particularly the degree of food processing and matrix composition. There are evidences that homogenisation and thermal treatment have positive effects on the bioaccessibility of these compounds, whereas the presence of dietary fibre has a negative effect. The presence and co-ingestion of fat in the diet are a key factor, with a minimum quantity needed to facilitate carotenoid absorption, and this seems to be one of the advantages of the Mediterranean diet. Most of the relevant data on the bioaccessibility of carotenoids from natural or processed foods has been obtained in postprandial absorption studies and supplementation studies. This approach, although highly valuable, is insufficient for a detailed analysis of the food matrix composition effects, and also it does

It was long thought that the colour of bird feathers does not change after plumage moult. However, there is increasing evidence that the colour of feathers may change due to abrasion, photochemical change and staining, either accidental or deliberate. The coloration of plumage due to deliberate staining, i. e. with cosmetic purposes, may help individuals to communicate their quality to conspecifics. The presence of carotenoids in preen oils has been previously only suggested, and here we confirm for the first time its presence in such oils. Moreover, the carotenoids in the uropygial secretions were the same specific pigments found in feathers. We show not only that the colour of feathers of greater flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus became more colourful due to the application of carotenoids from uropygial secretions over the plumage but also that the feathers became more colourful with the quantity of pigments applied over them, thus providing evidence of cosmetic coloration. Flamingos used uropygial secretions as cosmetic much more frequently during periods when they were displaying in groups than during the rest of the year, suggesting that the primary function of cosmetic coloration is mate choice. Individuals with more colourful plumage initiated nesting earlier. There was a correlation between plumage coloration before and after removal of uropygial secretions from feathers' surfaces, suggesting that the use of these pigmented secretions may function as a signal amplifier by increasing the perceptibility of plumage colour, and hence of individual quality. As the cosmetic coloration strengthens signal intensity by reinforcing base-plumage colour, its use may help to the understanding of selection for signal efficacy by making interindividual differences more apparent. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Nueva cepa de Lactobacillus plantarum para la producción de carotenoides. La presente invención se refiere a una nueva cepa bacteriana, CECT 7531, que pertenece a la especie Lactobacillus plantarum, o cualquier cepa mutante que proceda de la misma. La presente invención se refiere también al uso de dicha cepa para la producción de carotenoides, para la fabricación de un alimento probiótico, de un complemento nutricional, vitamínico o mineral, así como un método para la producción de carotenoides mediante dicha cepa.

Although it is recognized that certain environmental factors are important determinants of the expression of melanin- based traits, their influence in wild populations of animals is poorly known. One of these factors is the availability of amino acids that serve as precursors of melanins. Here we measured eumelanin and pheomelanin content in feathers of northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis nestlings, hypothesizing that, if the availability of melanin precursors is related to food abundance and habitat quality, plumage melanization should be affected by those variables. Although the eumelanin content increased with food abundance as predicted, the levels of this variable were higher in low-quality habitats (homogeneous coniferous forests) and in nestlings in poor condition, and the pheomelanin content and eumelanin:pheomelanin ratio were lower and higher, respectively, in subpopulations where nestlings were in poorer condition. Therefore, environmental availability of melanin precursors seems to determine plumage melanization in goshawks, but our findings may also be explained by the differential effects of environmental oxidative stress on both forms of melanin, as eumelanin and pheomelanin production are favoured under high and low levels, respectively, of oxidative stress.

[EN] The present invention relates to a novel bacterial strain (CECT 7531), which belongs to the Lactobacillus plantarum species, or any mutant strain thereof. The present invention likewise relates to the use of said strain for the production of carotenoids, for the manufacture of a probiotic food, or of a nutritional, vitamin or mineral supplement, and also a method for the production of carotenoids using said strain.ÿÿÿ, [ES] La presente invención se refiere a una nueva cepa bacteriana, CECT 7531, que pertenece a la especie Lactobacillus plantarum, o cualquier cepa mutante que proceda de la misma. La presente invención se refiere también al uso de dicha cepa para la producción de carotenoides, para la fabricación de un alimento probiótico, de un complemento nutricional, vitaminico o mineral, asi como un método para la producción de carotenoides mediante dicha cepa.

Procedimiento de obtención de melaninas y sus aplicaciones. La presente invención se refiere a un procedimiento de obtención y posterior cuantificación de pigmentos de melaninas, caracterizado porque comprende las etapas de: tratamiento inicial alcalino, separación de las feomelaninas, obtención del concentrado seco de eumelanina mediante lavado del precipitado y posterior centrifugación, solubilización del concentrado seco de eumelanina mediante oxidación alcalina controlada en el tiempo, y neutralización de las soluciones para obtener concentrados secos de feomelanina y pseudofeomelanina. Específicamente, se describe la obtención de concentrados secos de feomelanina, eumelanina y pseudofeomelanina naturales a partir de plumas de ave o de pelos coloreados de mamífero, y su uso como materia prima para fines industriales en cosmética (cremas, maquillajes y tintes) y dermatología (para tratamiento de enfermedades que cursan con despigmentación).

Agregado o complejo molecular carotenoide soluble, procedimiento de obtención y sus aplicaciones. El objeto de la presente invención es solubilizar en agua una matriz oleosa enriquecida en pigmentos carotenoides formando agregados moleculares que acomplejen la fracción carotenoide lo que les proporcionará la solubilidad en agua y una mayor estabilidad física y química sin necesidad de recurrir a una instrumentación costosa.

Eighteen strains of Lactobacillus plantarum from different origins were screened for carotenoid production, as many of them exhibited a deep yellow pigmentation when cultured as isolated colonies on MRS-agar plates. We found that most of them produced significative amounts of the yellow C30 carotenoid 4,4'- diaponeurosporene in the range 1.8 to 54 mg/kg of dry cell weight. Although some of the strains produced just trace amounts of this carotenoid, PCR studies showed that all of them harbored the genes crtM and crtN which, inferred from homology, had been predicted in the three L. plantarum complete genome sequences currently available. Our results suggest the full functionality of a C30 carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in this species, driven by the operon crtNM. DNA sequencing of the entire crtNM operon in the maximum carotenoidproducing strain found in this study, i.e. L. plantarum CECT7531, was accomplished. Genes crtM and crtN were annotated as dehydrosqualene synthase and dehydrosqualene desaturase, respectively, in this strain

Carotenoids may provide numerous health bene- fits and are also responsible for the integumentary colora- tion of many bird species. Despite their importance, many aspects of their metabolism are still poorly known, and even basic issues such as the anatomical sites of conversion remain controversial. Recent studies suggest that the transformation of carotenoid pigments takes place directly in the follicles during feather growth, even though the liver has been previously recognised as a storing organ for these pigments with a certain potential for conversion. In this context, we analysed the carotenoid profile of plasma, liver, skin and feathers of male Common Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra). Interestingly, the derivative feather pigment 3-hydroxy-echinenone was detected in the liver and in the bloodstream (i.e. the necessary vehicle to transport metab- olites to colourful peripheral tissues). Our results demon- strate for the first time with empirical data that the liver may act as the main site for the synthesis of integumentary carotenoids. This finding contradicts previous assumptions and raises the question of possible inter-specific differences in the site of carotenoid conversion in birds.

Carotenoid-based plumage coloration has been shown to be dependent both on pigment content and feather structure. Against this background, we predict a relationship between feather pigment content and plumage hue. Furthermore, given the susceptibility of chroma to developmental perturbation of feather structure, we predict body condition to be related to chroma. We tested these predictions in the great tit, Parus major. Carotenoid content in yellow breast feathers was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lutein was the main carotenoid contained in great tit feathers, followed by zeaxanthin. The hue of the feathers was accurately predicted from their lutein concentration, and chroma was predicted from the body condition value. Our data suggest that plumage coloration in the great tit could independently provide information on the ability of the signaller to collect carotenoids (via hue) and body condition (via chroma). Published results both from the great tit and other species support this view

Several avian species show a bright carotenoid-based coloration during spring and following a period of duller coloration during the previous winter, despite carotenoids presumably being fully deposited in feathers during the autumn moult. Carotenoid-based breast feathers of male linnets (Carduelis cannabina) increased in hue (redness), saturation and brightness after exposing them to outdoor conditions from winter to spring. This represents the first experimental evidence showing that carotenoid-based plumage coloration may increase towards a colourful expression due to biotic or abiotic environmental factors acting directly on full-grown feathers when carotenoids may be fully functional. Sunlight ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was hypothesized to denature keratin and other proteins that might protect pigments from degradation by this and other environmental factors, suggesting that sunlight UV irradiation is a major factor in the colour increase from winter to spring. Feather proteins and other binding molecules, if existing in the follicles, may be linked to carotenoids since their deposition into feathers to protect colourful features of associated carotenoids during the non-breeding season when its main signalling function may be relaxed. Progress towards uncovering the significance of concealment and subsequent display of colour expression should consider the potential binding and protecting nature of feather proteins associated with carotenoids.

We studied the carotenoid pigments in plasma, skin and body fat of white storks (Ciconia ciconia ) from a colony in Spain feeding mainly on the recently introduced red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii ). In control colonies, where crayfish was absent, plasma was collected for comparison. Our objective was to determine whether the astaxanthin contained in the crayfish reached the blood, accumulated in fat, and finally was deposited in the red-colored bill and legs. If that was true, the visual cues provided by those tegumentary areas would be altered, with potential behavioral consequences. Plasma carotenoids were directly extracted with acetone, whereas skin and fat samples needed harsher conditions, i.e. grinding, sonication and extraction with diethyl ether. The extracts were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV/Vis spectroscopy. In crayfish-eating storks, astaxanthin was confirmed to be the dominant pigment in all analyzed tissues. This red pigment was absorbed unchanged in the gut, and was responsible for the red color of plasma and the abnormal orange pigmentation of the feather-covered skin. It was also present in large quantities in the exposed bill and tarsi, which are typically red-colored in the stork. Control storks with no crayfish in the diet only presented lutein in their plasma.

Carotenoids have a dietary origin in birds, but mechanisms by which they are absorbed in the gut, transported in the blood, metabolized at various sites, and deposited in the integument remain poorly understood. Variation in both plasma carotenoid levels and external color may reflect different access to dietary carotenoids or individual physiological differences in the uptake and deposition of carotenoids. We compared total plasma ca- rotenoid concentration in nestling white storks (Ciconia ci- conia) from 11 Spanish colonies in two consecutive years. The main food item in one of the colonies was the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), a recently introduced species. Storks in the remaining colonies ate a variety of foods but no crayfish. Total plasma carotenoid levels in the colony where crayfish were consumed were about five times higher than in any other colony. These differences were maintained after con- trolling for the significant interyear variability, as well as for sex, age, and body mass of birds. Skin pigmentation also dif- fered, being intensely orange in storks that consumed crayfish but white (unpigmented) in the remaining individuals. With thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and electronic absorption spectroscopy, astaxanthin was confirmed as the major carote- noid in crayfish as well as in the plasma, skin, and body fat of crayfish-eating storks, whereas lutein was the main carotenoid

[ES] Pimentón comercial se somete a distintas temperaturas, desde 30 hasta 100°C para controlar el efecto del calor en los carotenoides de esta especia. Se encuentra una degradación de pigmentos, vía isómeros cis, que para las temperaturas más bajas incrementan su concentración. A partir de los 70°C se observa una destrucción generalizada., [EN] Commercial paprika is placed at different temperatures, from 30 up to 100°C in order to control the effect of heat in carotenoids of this spice. A degradation is found via cis-isomers, with a concentration increase at low temperature. There is, from 70°C, a great destruction in all pigments.