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The Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program (CITP) is a multi-institutional, National Institute on Aging (NIA)-funded consortium. The goal of the program is to identify chemical compounds that extend lifespan robustly and reproducibly across genetically diverse Caenorhabditis strains (Lucanic et al. 2017). The CITP test compounds are selected if they are consistently highly ranked via computational prediction for lifespan or healthspan effects (Coleman-Hulbert et al. 2019), if they are predicted or known to interact with known lifespan-regulating pathways, or if they have previously been reported as extending lifespan or healthspan in laboratory animals. Obeticholic acid is an analog of the natural bile acid chenode oxycholic acid, which acts as an agonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) (Neuschwander-Teri et al. 2015), a nuclear receptor (NR) closely involved with hepatic triglyceride homeostasis. Obeticholic acid is most commonly used to treat the autoimmune liver disease, primary biliary cholangitis. The most likely homolog of FXR in C. elegans is DAF-12, which can bind and be activated by human bile acids (Held et al. 2006; Zhi et al. 2011). DAF-12 modulation is of particular interest because it is closely linked to dauer formation, lifespan extension, and metabolism homeostasis (Antebi 2015). We assayed lifespan in response to different concentrations of obeticholic acid exposure in three Caenorhabditis species using the flatbed scanner-based Automated Lifespan Machine (ALM) workflow previously published (Banse et al. 2019). To summarize, the worms were age synchronized by egg-lays on standard 60 mm diameter Nematode Growth Media (NGM) plates with lawns of Escherichia coli OP50-1, and transferred to compound-treated 38 mm NGM plates containing 51 μM 5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUdR) at a density of 50 worms per plate on day one of adulthood. For treatment plates, we used standardized protocols (Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program 2020); in short, obeticholic acid (Apexbio Technology) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted appropriately such that addition of 7.5 µl of stock solution and 125 µl water for 35 mm diameter plates, and 17.5 µl of stock solution and 232.5 µl water for 50 mm diameter scanner plates would generate 50, 100, and 150 µM final obeticholic acid concentrations. For control plates, DMSO was added instead of stock solution using the same method. The worms were maintained at 20ºC and transferred to new treatment plates again on day two of adulthood. One week after age-synchronization (day five of adulthood for C. elegans and C. briggsae, day four for C. tropicalis), the worms were transferred to compound-treated scanner plates and loaded onto the ALM. At this point, automated survival monitoring began, and the scanner data was collected and analyzed using Lifespan Machine software (https://github.com/nstroustrup/lifespan; Stroustrup et al.. 2013). Our results indicate that obeticholic acid does not have a consistent beneficial effect on lifespan in any of the C. elegans or C. briggsae strains tested at the concentrations used. Although we did see some significant differences from the control for some of the concentrations in the C. tropicalis strains, overall the difference was not robust. We actually saw a significant decrease in lifespan in C. tropicalis JU1630, a weakly significant increase in C. tropicalis QG834 at some concentrations, and a relatively significant increase in C. tropicalis JU1373, but with only a 5.7-7.9% change in mean survival from the control (Fig. 1). In summary, our results do not indicate a robust effect of obeticholic acid on Caenorhabditis lifespan. This conclusion is based upon two biological replicates at each concentration performed in one lab, resulting in an average of 104 individuals measured per strain and concentration, and should be considered preliminary. The effect on lifespan in this study may pertain to a lack of physiological relevance of obeticholic acid to Caenorhabditis. Obeticholic acid was of interest to the CITP because of its effect on the mammalian NR FXR. Although DAF-12 has been identified as a potential Caenorhabditis homolog of FXR and other bile acids have been shown to bind with DAF-12 (Zhi et al. 2011), it is possible that obeticholic acid was not able to bind with high affinity to the receptor, therefore eliciting little to no effect on lifespan. Alternatively, obeticholic acid may be rapidly metabolized in Caenorhabditis.

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages for identifying biologically active chemical structures that can modify complex phenotypes such as lifespan. Described here is a simple protocol for producing hundreds of 96-well culture plates with fairly consistent numbers of C. elegans in each well. Next, we specified how to use these cultures to screen thousands of chemicals for effects on the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. This protocol makes use of temperature sensitive sterile strains, agar plate conditions, and simple animal handling to facilitate the rapid and high throughput production of synchronized animal cultures for screening.