Search

Attention capture is an important mechanism that can be important for alerting one to danger, but other times, it is expedient to block distracting information from intrusion. In this experiment, we used an additional singleton paradigm to measure attention capture. Rather than solely using the subtraction method to measure the capture effect, we incorporated eye tracking to provide potentially more reliable measures of overt attention. We calculated multiple dependent variables based on the scan path and estimated a capture effect for each participant using linear mixed effects modeling, which yielded a more reliable measure than the subtraction method. The eye-tracking measures were in fact more reliable than other reaction time indicators of capture. Surprisingly, the reaction time effect was not correlated with dwell time on the distractor, distraction probability, or probability of the first saccade landing on the distractor, but the more reliable mixed model capture effect correlated with dwell time. Finally, we measured individual differences in working memory capacity and attention control with an independent set of measures. Neither working memory capacity nor attention control correlated with either reaction time capture effect, but dwell time on the distractor and verification time were negatively correlated with both. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

We used pupillometry during a 2-back task to examine individual differences in the intensity and consistency of attention and their relative role in a working memory task. We used sensitivity, or the ability to distinguish targets (2-back matches) and nontargets, as the measure of task performance; task-evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) as the measure of attentional intensity; and intraindividual pretrial pupil variability as the measure of attentional consistency. TEPRs were greater on target trials compared with nontarget trials, although there was no difference in TEPR magnitude when participants answered correctly or incorrectly to targets. Importantly, this effect interacted with performance: high performers showed a greater separation in their TEPRs between targets and nontargets, whereas there was little difference for low performers. Further, in regression analysis, larger TEPRs on target trials predicted better performance, whereas larger TEPRs on nontarget trials predicted worse performance. Sensitivity positively correlated with average pretrial pupil diameter and negatively correlated with intraindividual variability in pretrial pupil diameter. Overall, we found evidence that both attentional intensity (TEPRs) and consistency (pretrial pupil variation) predict performance on an n-back working memory task., (© 2024. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)

The orthodontic profession has assumed much of the responsibility for the improvement in function of the teeth and jaws. Since function is closely associated with overbite, the correction of vertical overbite discrepancies comprises a major part of clinical orthodontics. This investigation was undertaken to describe the movements that teeth undergo during the correction of excessive overbites and to correlate these movements to the change in overbite. A total of 87 cases were selected from the records of the Indiana University School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics. The selected cases had an excessive pre-treatment overbite of 4.0 mm or more as seen cephalometrically and a satisfactory post-treatment result. In addition, they were clinically determined to be post-pubertal, indicating essentially no growth potential during the treatment period. Pre and post-treatment tracings of the cephalograms were made and measurements collected from the tracings. Superimpositions were prepared of the pre and post-treatment radiographs and the general trends that appeared were noted. The change in overbite was correlated to tooth movements of the Class II Division 1 correction using the Pearson test of correlation coefficients. The results indicate that the tooth movements most commonly seen in treatment to reduce excessive overbite occur mainly in the mandibular arch. In Class II Division 1 cases, the change was significantly correlated to the reduction in vertical height of the mandibular incisor and to the increase in the angulation of the mandibular incisor to the mandibular plane. Not all measurements recorded were significantly correlated to the change in overbite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

One hundred eighty bracket and arch wire combinations of nitinol, beta titanium, and stainless steel were compared as to force (grams) required to overcome a simulated canine retraction assembly. Results showed a significantly larger force required during canine retraction using beta titanium and nitinol when compared with stainless steel.

A study was designed to test the prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth in two Black American samples of children, ages 3-18. When combined, male with female, and compared with the Caucasian sample, the incidence of congenital absence is 2.57% and 5.15% for Caucasians.

The acceptance of simplified technical procedures that minimize clinical effort is exemplified by the popularity of direct bonding. This study (1) measured the comparative tensile bond strengths of brackets bonded directly in vitro to both glazed and deglazed porcelains by the use of five adhesive systems, and (2) recorded failure sites. System 1+, Enamelite 500, Isopast/Silanit, and Concise/Scotchprime proved to have strengths that should be acceptable clinically. Ultra-bond produced a bond that was significantly less in strength as compared with the other four systems. There was no significant difference in the bond of glazed and deglazed porcelains. Diamond polishing paste was better at restoring the porcelain surface to original smoothness in comparison with polishing stones. Irreversible damage to the porcelain surface may result from the bonding procedure.

A family with autosomal dominant cherubism is described. Two brothers in a sibship of five who have each had two affected sons show none of typical clinical features of the disease. Their parents also appear unaffected. Roentgenographic study of the skulls of the grandfather and the two fathers of affecteds revealed previously unreported mandibular bone changes compatible with cherubism at an earlier age.