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Introduction: Warthin’s tumour (WT) previously known as papillary cystadeno-lymphomatosum is the most frequent ‘monomorphic’ adenoma of the major salivary glands, representing about 2–15% of all parotid tumours. It is a benign epithelial salivary gland neoplasm affecting elderly individuals and commonly involves the inferior pole of parotid glands. Fine needle aspiration cytology is considered the first diagnostic approach for salivary gland lesions; however, the cytological findings in Warthin tumor can be dubious many a times. Case Presentation: We present a case of a female in sixth decade of life with left neck swelling which mimicked a necrotic lymph node on imaging and turned out to be Warthin tumor. Conclusion: In the present paper, we discuss the diagnostic dilemmas faced in a case of warthin tumor.

In this research, the benefits of nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) concrete over pure concrete in resisting the impacts of chloride diffusion were investigated. An increasing accelerative effect of chloride diffusion was experimentally discovered, which coincided with the movement in the exposed concrete surface caused by diffusion and the damage in concrete microstructure caused by chloride salt accumulation. The ‘time lag’ and ‘equivalent time’ between diffusion and migration tests were used to calculate the steady- and non-steady-state chloride diffusion coefficients. Concrete containing 2% nano-titanium dioxide by weight of cement demonstrated improved impermeability when compared with pure concrete, owing to improvements in microstructure and porosity. In comparison with pure concrete, the concrete containing nano-titanium dioxide had superior performance in resisting the effects of chloride diffusion. Because of its superfine particle size distribution and ‘filler’ effect, nano-titanium dioxide appeared to ensure decreased chloride diffusion in the investigated mixes. The test findings revealed that adding supplemental cementitious elements to mortar enhanced its resistance to chloride penetration.

Bhasma’s are one of the exceptional preparations therapeutically used in Ayurveda and have been used as effective drugs for centuries without any noticeable hazardous effects. Minerals, metals and poisonous herbs are used in Ayurvedic medicine after several processing. Hartala (orpiment) Bhasma (incinerated powder of Arsenic) is one such preparation containing Arsenic as a main ingredient. In present study, critical review of Ayurvedic literature regarding Hartala is described in detail. Several classical texts of Rasa Shastra are reviewed in an attempt to provide the detailed description about Hartala like its Praptisthan (Occurrence), Prayaya (Synonyms), Vargikaran (Classification), Karma (Pharmacological properties), Ashuddha Hartala Dosha, its prativisha (antidote), Shodhana (Purification), Marana (Incineration), Matra (Therapeutic dose), Chikitisiya Prayog (Therapeutic indications), Satvapatana (Extraction), artificial methods of Hartala preparation. It is used only in purified and detoxified condition for the therapeutic purposes as internal as well as external medicine.

There are two methods for cities to become “smart cities” in the Netherlands: one puts commercial models ahead of information architecture, while the other goes in the other direction. With regard to service improvement, resource allocations, and the sustainability of business expansion, the authors selected two cities to explore the fundamental distinctions between these two methods. While the second instance began with the creation of a system which acted as a technological framework to make alterations in commercial processes, the initial instance concentrated on producing marketing benefits via the utilization of technology by upgrading current resources and/or delivering newer ones. With additional innovative services made accessible to the general public, the authors discovered that the initial scenario increased company value more quickly. The second scenario, in comparison, required more resources and moved more slowly toward providing newer resources to the broader public, but the services were far better and more long-lasting.

This paper considers corruption, inflation, infrastructure and trade to fit models to explain the inflow of foreign direct investment in India post liberalization. For this purpose, data from 1995 to 2019 is used considering the consistent availability of data for all the variables during this period. Timeseries regression is performed on standardized independent variables to control for multicollinearity. Two models are estimatedone having a doublelog form and one without converting the explanatory variables into logarithms.It is found that corruption is signifi cant at 5% significance level in both the models. Trade is significant at 10% significance level in the doublelog model while it is insignificant in the other model. Also, infrastructural variables i.e. energy and transportation are both insignificant in doublelog model while energy is significant and transport is insignificant in the other model. Consumer price index is used in place of inflation as it does not make sense to convert inflation rate into logarithm. Itis found to be insignificant in both the models.

Introduction - Melanoacanthoma of the oral cavity is rare benign reactive pigmented lesion. It has been recently considered as a distinct entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Oral melanoacanthomas are reactive and not related to seborrheic keratosis unlike their cutaneous counterparts which are variant of pigmented seborrheic neoplastic in nature. These lesions are characterized by hyperplasia of dendritic melanocytes dispersed throughout an acanthotic epithelium with buccal mucosa being the most common location. Case History - An 81 year old female presented to us with complaint of blackish patch on hard palate. The patient underwent biopsy and the histopathological diagnosis of Melanoacanthoma was given. Conclusions - To the best of our knowledge this is first such case of Melanoacanthoma on the hard palate in Indian subcontinent.

Introduction Primary Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck region are a rare kind of malignancy arising from the melanocytes. The primary melanomas of the paranasal sinuses are extremely unusual and associated with a poor prognosis due to delayed diagnosis. These lesions tend to metastasize and locally invade tissues more than any other malignant tumour of the head and neck region. Case report Here, we present a case of a fifty-seven-year-old male who presented with epistaxis and nasal obstruction. Imaging revealed a soft tissue mass lesion involving the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity with erosion of the floor of right orbit. Discussion The mainstay of treatment for these sinonasal mucosal melanomas is surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy or

Background: To determine the overall incidence of level IIb lymph node metastases in N0/N+ neck and whether level IIb node removal is necessary in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patinets. Material and methods: A prospective analysis of 182 biopsy proven OSCC patients who underwent surgical excision of the primary lesion with safe margins. Based on the site, nodal involvement etc the planned neck dissection has been performed. Resected primary lesion and different levels of removed lymph nodes was marked and sent for histopathological examination. 26 (14.3%) patients underwent bilateral neck dissection and unilateral in remaining 156 patients (85.7%). Results: 22 patients in our study specifically had metastases in level IIb, representing 22 out of 182 patients (12%) and 22 out of 208 neck dissection specimens (10.5%), combining pathologically N0 necks and clinically node-positive necks. 31 patients reported with a local recurrence at 1-year follow-up period, whereas remaining 151 patients had no loco regional residual disease at 1 year follow up. All the patients with recurrent disease were provided palliative treatment. Conclusions: Our results indicate the importance of always dissecting level IIb nodes in case of high metastatic rate of patients with clinically positive neck nodes, exclusively staged as N2b or greater. However, for a therapeutic neck dissection, level IIb clearance should always be done if there are positive lymph nodes at level IIa clinically or intra-operatively on frozen section.

In this study which was achieved at Izmir Bozyaka Teaching and Research Hospital, identifying the sensitivity and reliability of round window electrocochleographic records on children during cochlear implantation and investigating the applicability of the method on particularly problematic patient groups was aimed

Introduction: Crystallization test is based on the principle that, when a salt crystallizes out of an aqueous solution, the crystal growth is influenced by the presence of other substances in the solution, such as blood or plant extracts. If a mixture of copper chloride solution with a small amount of whole blood is allowed to crystallize under controlled experimental conditions, an aggregate of crystals forms. Crystallization method can be used as a diagnostic aid to provide information about the systemic conditions and general health of the patient. Aim: This study aims to study the patterns of crystallization and to further determine the efficacy of crystallization test as a screening modality in premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: Fifty patients of OSCC, 50 patients of premalignant lesions, and 50 healthy individuals were selected. One drop of blood was collected from the study groups to perform crystallization using cupric chloride. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test, Student's t-test (two-tailed), and analysis of variance. Results: The different patterns of crystals formed were studied and statistically analyzed. Conclusion:Based on the study, it was concluded that Crystallization test can be used as an effective screening modality for detection of premalignant lesions and OSCC.

Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) is an unusual slow growing, aggressive neoplasm of salivary gland, constituting less than 1% of all head and neck malignancies. It commonly affects adults in the fourth to sixth decades and typically involves minor salivary glands of palate followed by parotid, and submandibular glands. We present here a case of a 16-year-old female diagnosed with ACC involving the buccal mucosa and abutting the distal end of stenson’s duct along with the surgical management and follow up.

Cathodic Protection to the embedded steel in concrete was established using sacrificial pure magnesium anode to prevent the corrosion of reinforcement. Two slabs were casted one containing 3.5% sodium chloride with respect to weight of cement and the other without NaCl. Both the slabs were provided with cathodic protection of pure Magnesium anode. Half cell potential measurements with Standard Calomel Electrode as reference electrode were taken at regular intervals and for a number of days. It could be observed that the potential of the slab decreased with increase in distance from the anode and reduced with time. Thus, magnesium anode was found to shift the potential of steel to more negative potential initially and later towards less negative potentials with respect to time. It could be concluded that use of Magnesium anode could prove to be an effective means of corrosion prevention.

Angioleiomyomas (ALs) are benign mesenchymal tumors which were considered to be of smooth muscle origin, until the latest WHO classification (2016) of soft tissue tumors, in which it was reclassified as a tumor of perivascular origin. The majority of ALs occurs in the uterus, gastrointestinal tract and skin; AL of the oral cavity is infrequent, and AL of the tongue is particularly rare. These usually appear as solitary, slow-growing masses and are seldom observed in oral cavity. Here, we present a case of a fifty four year old male with a lesion on the left lateral border of the tongue, clinically mimicking a neurofibroma/ schwannoma. In this article we highlight the importance of scrupulous and detailed histopathological analysis and differential immunohistochemical studies which are essential for the diagnosis of AL from other spindle cell lesions.

Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a rare malignant small round cell tumour that primarily affects the skeletal system. It accounts for less than 4–10% of all types of bone malignancies, with long bones and pelvis being involved most commonly. Clinically, ES can mimic odontogenic inflammation/abscess. Integration of clinical, radiographic, histologic and immunohistochemical information is essential for prompt diagnosis. Aggressive multimodal therapy and continuous follow up results in better prognosis of patient diagnosed with Ewing’s sarcoma. Through this paper we reiterate the importance of promptly diagnosing and treating this rare tumour entity that can help in improving the prognosis.

Cementoblastoma is a rare benign neoplasm of odontogenic ectomesenchyme origin, involving the roots of any tooth, which occurs predominantly in second and third decade of life. Very few cases of cementoblastoma associated with a primary tooth or having a maxillary presentation have been reported in the past. Here, a rare case of a ten year old boy who presented to the department with a swelling in maxillary posterior region since one month is being discussed. The radiographic presentation was mimicking an odontoma. The final diagnosis was cementoblastoma. We have advocated the use of polarized microscopy to support the histopathological diagnosis with respect to its cemental origin. Cementoblastoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of radio-opaque lesions in the transitional dentition.

The interest in microbial production of butanol is based on the awareness that biobutanol is one of the most promising biofuels, with the potential to meet the demand of sustainable and green energy systems. The high cost of petroleum oil and recent reports on increase in the glycerol generation during the biodiesel production has created a need to convert large quantities of glycerol into value-added products. In the present investigation, twenty anaerobic bacteria were screened for butanol production, among which Clostridium acetobutylicum KF158795 was found to be a potent butanol producer. Results showed that the strain was able to utilize glycerol as a sole carbon source to produce 1.4 g/L of butanol in 96 h. Optimization of the parameters resulted in 9.7 fold increase in the production and 13.57 g/L of butanol was obtained in 96 h of incubation. The process was also scaled up to 17 L in a 30 L bioreactor with similar titres. The present study suggests that the selected strain could be used as a promising agent to fulfil the worldwide demand of butanol as biofuel.

CTLA4Ig-primed donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) have been found to promote natural killer (NK) cell-mediated anti-leukemia effect following haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Incorporation of CTLA4Ig in conditioning aided long-term remission in myeloma probably by blocking the CD28-CD86 pro-survival pathway when combined with CTLA4Ig-primed DLI. We explored a similar approach in 12 patients (8-65 years) who had refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma (R-ABCL) following autologous HCT. They received CTLA4Ig-based reduced-intensity conditioning and sequential CTLA4Ig-primed DLIs on days +7, +21, and +35. None developed acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Two patients developed chronic GVHD. Only 3 patients had disease-progression at 100 days posttransplant with a progression-free and GVHD-free survival at 2 years of 75%. A higher expression of CD80 in tumor cells and a greater proliferation of CD56dim CD16+ NK cells were observed at days +30 and +60 in patients with progression-free survival. We hypothesize that CTLA4Ig, with a greater avidity for CD80, probably interferes with the anti-apoptotic effect mediated through this pathway, and together with early proliferation of mature NK cell when used in conjunction with DLI, this approach might provide a curative option for patients with R-ABCL.

Shikimic acid is the promising candidate as a building block for the industrial synthesis of drug Tamiflu used for the treatment of Swine flu. The fermentative production process using microbes present an excellent and even more sustainable alternative to the traditional plants based extraction methods. In the present study, the fermentative production of shikimic acid by Citrobacter freundii GR-21 (KC466031) was optimized by process engineering using a statistical modeling approach and a maximum amount of 16.78 g L(-1) was achieved. The process was also scaled up to 14L bioreactor to validate the production of shikimic acid. Further, the potential of anti-enzymatic nature of purified shikimic acid was evaluated for different lipases wherein, shikimic acid inhibited the hydrolysis of triglycerides by 55-60%. Shikimic acid also profoundly inhibited pancreatic lipase activity by 66%, thus providing another valuable therapeutic aspect for treating diet induced obesity in humans.

Different physiological and nutritional parameters affect the fermentative production of shikimic acid. In our study, Citrobacter freundii initially produced 0.62 g/L of shikimic acid in 72 h. However, when process optimization was employed, 5.11 g/L of shikimic acid was produced in the production medium consisting of glucose (5.0 %), asparagine (4.5 %), CaCO3 (2.0 %), at pH 6.0, when inoculated with 6 % inoculum and incubated at 30 ± 1 °C, 200 rpm for 60 h. Preliminary fed-batch studies have resulted in the production of 9.11 g/L of shikimic acid on feeding the production medium by 20 g/L of glucose at 24 h of the fermentation run. Production of similar amount of shikimic acid was observed when the optimized conditions were employed in a 10-L bioreactor as obtained in shake flask conditions. A total of 9.11 g/L of shikimic acid was produced in 60 h. This is approximately 14.69-fold increase in shikimic acid production when compared to the initial un-optimized production conditions. This has also resulted in the reduction of the production time. The present study provides useful information to the industrialists seeking environmentally benign technology for the production of bulk biomolecules through manipulation of various chemical parameters.

This study presents the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) by a bacterium isolated from a rotten fruit and its process optimization. Here, isolation and screening of potent cellulose producers were carried out from different natural sources, viz., soil, rotten fruits, and vegetables and vinegar. A total of 200 bacterial isolates were obtained, which were screened for cellulose production using Hestrin-Schramm medium. A novel and potent cellulose-producing bacterium was newly isolated from a rotten fruit and identified as Gluconacetobacter sp. F6 through 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. After optimization of culture conditions, including pH, temperature, agitation, carbon/nitrogen sources, and inducers, the BC production was greatly increased from 0.52 to 4.5 g/l (8.65-fold increase). The optimal culture medium contained 1% (w/v) glucose, 1.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.5% (w/v) peptone, 0.27% (w/v) disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.115% (w/v) citric acid, and 0.4% (w/v) ethanol. BC produced was analyzed for the presence of cellulose fibrils by epiflourescent microscopy using Calcofluor white stain and scanning electron microscopy and confirmed by NMR. There are very scanty reports about the optimization of BC production by bacteria isolated from rotten fruits.

A field experiment with peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) was conducted in a sandy loam (Typic ustifluvent) soil during 2007 and 2008 at Lucknow, India. Ten treatments consisting of control (no synthetic or organic nitrogen fertilization), synthetic nitrogen fertilization (SN) 75, 150 and 225 kg ha−1 alone, vermicompost (VC) 3 t + 37.5 kg SN ha−1, VC 6 t + 75 kg SN ha−1 and VC 9 t + 112.5 kg SN ha−1 and intercropping of one, two and three rows of cowpea for green manuring in combination with 50, 100 and 150 kg SN ha−1, respectively, were evaluated in a randomized block design. Integrated use of VC 9 t with 112.5 kg SN ha−1 produced maximum essential oil (94.3 kg ha−1), increased the herb and essential oil yields by 104 and 89%, respectively, over control and reduced SN use by 50%, without affecting the quality of essential oil. Application of VC and intercropping of cowpea for green manuring significantly improved the organic carbon, available N, P and K content in soil over SN alone. To get sustainable pro...

This paper presents a technique called “Vedic Mathematics” for designing the multiplier that is fast as compared to other multipliers based on mathematical techniques that have been in practice for a long time. A processor's speed depends prominently on its multiplier as multipliers are used in various fields where processing of some signal is essential. Here, a high-speed 8×8 bit multiplier is designed and analyzed which is based on the Vedic multiplier mechanism. This architecture is diverse from the conservative method of employing product of two numbers accomplished by the process of add and shift. The proposed method is efficient and fast, wherein the processing involves the vertical and crossed multiplication of precedent Vedic mathematics. It incorporates the partial products followed by additive result that too in a single step. The method and architecture decreases the complexity of the design of multiplier. The projected Vedic multiplier is coded in a high level digital language (VHDL) followed by synthesization using EDA tool, XilinxISE12.2i. Finally, a comparison is made between results based on Vedic methodology and stereotyped multipliers. Surprisingly, the performance is found superior in terms of delay and thereby efficiency too. Since, Vedic mathematics technique exhibits low time processing thereby the present work will be helpful in preceding a step towards high speed multipliers and processors.

Purpose: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant disorders (PMD) are associated with DNA damage which can be caused by exposure to carcinogens, genotoxins, or increased oxidative stress. Early detection and assessment of the amount of DNA damage using a biomarker such as a comet assay can prove to be extremely beneficial for the patients. The present study evaluated the efficacy of comet assay in assessing DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) in oral potentially malignant and malignant disorders. Materials and Methods: The study included fifty-five patients each of leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and OSCC along with fifty-five healthy individuals as control. The patients with deleterious oral habits were categorized into smokeless, smoked, and mixed habit groups. DNA damage was evaluated by measuring the mean tail length (μm). Results: An increased mean tail length (μm) and higher DNA damage were found in OSCC (22.4335 ± 1.52341), and there was a progressive stepwise increase in mean tail length from control (6.8307 ± 0.84261) to PMD (leukoplakia [13.0022 ± 0.74316]; OSMF [10.6085 ± 0.88140]) to OSCC. Although there was a significant increase in the DNA damage in different habit groups (smokeless [14.9380 ± 5.18516]; smoked [15.4947 ± 4.59589], and mixed [16.3650 ± 5.62407]) compared to controls, there was no significant difference between the habit groups. Conclusion: Thus, comet assay technique can be used as a sensitive and reliable indicator for DNA damage evaluation.

The sudden outbreak of swine flu has increased the global demand of shikimic acid which is an industrially interesting compound, as it is used as a key starting material for the synthesis of a neuraminidase inhibitor Tamiflu(®), for the treatment of antiviral infections such as swine flu. Statistical optimization and evaluation of medium components for the production of shikimic acid by Citrobacter freundii is addressed in the present investigation. Plackett-Burman design was applied for the screening of the most significant variables affecting shikimic acid production, where glucose, asparagine, KH2PO4, CaCO3 and agitation rate were the most significant factors. Response surface methodology was also employed to study the interaction among the most significant variables through which shikimic acid production increased to 12.76 g/L. Further, fed-batch studies resulted in the production of 22.32 g/L of shikimic acid. The scalability of the process was also confirmed by running 14 L bioreactor (7.5 L production medium) where 20.12 g/L of shikimic acid was produced. In addition the antibacterial activity of the shikimic acid produced was analysed against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria and it was found to have a greater inhibition effect against the Gram negative bacteria.

Shikimic acid is an industrially important chiral compound used as a key ingredient in formulation of drug Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu) for the treatment of swine/avian flu. The high cost and limited availability of shikimic acid isolated from plants has detained the use of this valuable building block of the drug. It is a versatile compound having many characteristic properties for many synthetic reactions particularly in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries. By virtue of being a natural product, the relevant biochemical pathway in microorganisms can be harnessed into fermentation processes to produce shikimic acid. This is an excellent alternative for the sustainable and efficient production of shikimic acid over the tedious and cumbersome process of plant based extraction methods. Various strategies of shikimic acid production are reviewed and an account of comparison of their challenges, promises and restraint is presented. Furthermore, present review attempts to focus on the market trend of shikimic acid due to its high demand with particular emphasis laid on the pandemics of swine flu. This review not only covers the recent advances in shikimic acid production but also highlights the versatile applications and its market scenario. The concluding remarks and its potential as a commercial bulk chemical are discussed in the light of current research.

Shikimic acid has wide use in pharmaceuticals due to its application in the synthesis of drug Tamiflu used in the treatment of Swine flu. The high cost and limited availability of shikimic acid isolated from plants has impeded the use of this valuable building block of the drug. In this context, fermentation route to produce shikimic acid from renewable resources has become increasingly attractive. The present study was embarked upon isolation of wild-type microorganisms able to produce shikimic acid. Out of the 42 isolates obtained from the soil, isolate GR-21 was selected as the best with initial production of 0.54 g/L shikimic acid and later identified as Citrobacter sp. The process optimization resulted in 14-fold increase in the shikimic acid production, thereby claiming this process to be a sustainable alternative for the production of this important biomolecule. The process was further scaled up to 14 L bioreactor to validate the production of shikimic acid. Further, the product formed is shikimic acid was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The current studies suggest that the selected isolate could be used as a promising agent to fulfill the worldwide demand of shikimic acid.