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The present invention relates to an olive oil enriched with oleanolic acid that comprises a concentration of oleanolic acid between 580 and 650 mg/kg. This functional olive has proven to be effective in the treatment and prevention of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and pre-diabetes. Also, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of said functional olive oil enriched with oleanolic acid.

Diabetes, one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, represents a major public health problem worldwide. In 2017, there were 425 million diabetic people in 2017, and a significant increase in the prevalence is expected in the next years, estimating that the number of diabetics in the world will achieve 629 million in 2045. An essential topic of diabetes approach is prevention, especially in people at high risk. Oleanolic acid (OA), a natural component of olive (Olea europaea L.), has demonstrated antidiabetic action in vitro and in experimental animals. However, a similar action had not been proved in humans. The PREDIABOLE (PREvention of DIABetes with OLEanolic acid) Study is a randomised and controlled trial, entirely performed in primary care, designed to assess whether the regular intake of an OA-enriched olive oil is effective in the prevention of diabetes. Diabetes is preceded by a period of dysglycemia, known as prediabetes, in which plasma glucose is higher than normal but not meet the criteria for diabetes. Prediabetes is defined by impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in the range 5.7¿6.4% (39¿47 mmol/mol). Prediabetes is associated with obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Compared to euglycemics, people with both IFG and IGT have 20-fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes at short time. Therefore, they are ideal target population to investigate new preventive strategies against diabetes. In PREDIABOLE, prediabetic individuals (IFG + IGT) of both sex (176 patients, 30-80 years old) were randomised to receive OA-enriched olive oil (equivalent-dose 30 mg OA/day) (intervention group; IG) or the same oil not enriched (control group; CG). The main outcome was the incidence of new onset type 2 diabetes in both groups. After a median 27.5 months of follow-up, 48 new diabetes cases occurred, 31 in the CG and 17 in the IG. Multivariate adjusted hazard ratio was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.24-0.

Aim To assess whether the regular intake of an oleanolic acid (OA)‐enriched olive oil is effective in the prevention of diabetes. Methods In the PREDIABOLE study, prediabetic individuals (impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance) of both sexes (176 patients, aged 30‐80 years) were randomized to receive 55 mL/day of OA‐enriched olive oil (equivalent dose 30 mg OA/day) [intervention group (IG)] or the same oil not enriched [control group (CG)]. The main outcome was the incidence of new‐onset type 2 diabetes in both groups. Results Forty‐eight new diabetes cases occurred, 31 in the CG and 17 in the IG. The multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratio was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.24‐0.83) for the IG compared with the CG. Intervention‐related adverse effects were not reported. Conclusions The intake of OA‐enriched olive oil reduces the risk of developing diabetes in prediabetic patients. The results of the PREDIABOLE study promote the use of OA in new functional foods and drugs for the prevention of diabetes in individuals at risk of developing it.

Procedimiento de obtención de oleuropeína. La presente invención se refiere a un procedimiento de obtención de oleuropeína a partir de hojas de olivo que comprende las siguientes etapas: a) secado de las hojas de olivo; b) peletizado de las hojas secas obtenidas en la etapa (a); y c) extracción sólido/líquido de los pellets obtenidos en la etapa (b) con un disolvente seleccionado de agua, metanol, etanol y cualquiera de sus mezclas.

This work tackles the study of the quality and authenticity of oils labeled and commercialized as extra virgin sacha inchi oil. Major and minor components as triglycerides, fatty acid methyl esters, tocopherols, sterols and hydrocarbons are determined as well as other physicochemical parameters (density, viscosity, acidity and peroxide value). The results showed that some of the commercialized oils do not fulfill the basic requirement established in the regulation such as the content of ¿-linolenic acid, higher than 44.7 or 55.0% in the cases of P. volubilis and P. huayllabambana, respectively. The calculated stigmasterol/campesterol ratio for genuine sacha inchi oils should be around 4, however not all commercial oils analyzed comply with this requirement. The presence of the flavons sesamin and sesamolin indicates the addition of compounds from sesame oils. Finally, some of the commercial oils showed to contain trans fatty acids although this was not accompanied by the sterene hydrocarbon presence.

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Analytical interest of OA determination in human serum has increased owing to the increasing interest in pharmaceutical research by pharmaceutical properties. A simple, specific, precise and accurate GC method with flame ionization detector (FID) developed and validated for the determination of oleanolic acid (OA) in human serum (HS). To an aliquot of HS, internal standard was added and a combination of liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of diethyl ether-isopropyl alcohol, filtration and consecutive GC resulted in separation and quantification of OA. The organic phase was analyzed using a GC system equipped with a 30×0.25mm i.d. Rtx-65TG capillary column and FID detection. Total chromatographic time was 10min and no interfering peaks from endogenous components in blank serum were observed. The OA/internal standard peak area ratio was linearly fitted to the OA concentration (r=0.992) over the range 10-1500ng/mL. The mean serum extraction recovery of OA was 96.7±1.0% and the lower limit of quantification based on 5mL of serum was 10.7ng/mL. The intra-day coefficient of variation ranged from 1.3 to 3.6% and inter-day varied from 1.4 to 4.5%. The developed method was used to study the pharmacokinetics of OA after oral administration in humans. The assay was simple, sensitive, precise and accurate for the use in the study of the mechanisms of absorption and distribution of OA in humans.

Olive leaves are an agricultural residue resulting from the pruning of olive trees that may be considered an available industrial byproduct. The olive tree is biochemically characterized for the presence of secoiridoids, carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, and terpenoids. Oleuropein, especially abundant in the olive leaves (up to 14% DW), have the greatest biological interest. The polyalcohol mannitol, which represents approx. a 3% of the leaf dry weight, has been used by the food and pharmaceutical industries as excipient, due to its high sweetness and poor caloric power. Likewise, oleanolic acid is present in the olive leaf in significant concentrations (z3% DW) and has been endorsed with very important pharmacological properties. In this work we describe a novel procedure for the determination of the major bioactive compounds from the olive leaf by SPE and HPLC. These bioactive compounds were determined in the four most significant Spanish Olea europaea cultivars. Olive leaf contains important amounts of oleanolic acid, oleuropein and mannitol, whose recovery could be interesting for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. The analytical methodology presented in this work would serve as a very suitable tool for the control of any industrial process designed to obtain these high added-value compounds.

The suitability of using visible/near infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIR), as a rapid and non-destructive technique for monitoring the quality of argan seeds (Argania spinosa Skeels) was studied. The analyzed parameters were the fatty acid composition of argan seed oil, seed moisture content, seed oil content and oil stability index (OSI). The ratio between major unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (U/S) during the oxidation assay at constant temperature was studied. Values from infrared drying were used as a laboratory reference for the moisture. Argan seed oil content was determined by Soxhlet extraction. A fatty acid analysis was carried out by gas chromatography and the OSI was determined by the Rancimat test. Predictive models of argan seed moisture, ratio U/S and OSI showed good accuracy. Therefore, Vis/NIR measurements can be used for controlling several argan seed quality parameters. This procedure might be of interest to the argan oil industry, which is currently in the process of modernization and expansion.

Silicon is the material of choice for visible light photodetection and solar cell fabrication. However, due to the intrinsic band gap properties of silicon, most infrared photons are energetically useless. Here, we show the first example of a photodiode developed on a micrometre scale sphere made of polycrystalline silicon whose photocurrent shows the Mie modes of a classical spherical resonator. The long dwell time of resonating photons enhances the photocurrent response, extending it into the infrared region well beyond the absorption edge of bulk silicon. It opens the door for developing solar cells and photodetectors that may harvest infrared light more efficiently than silicon photovoltaic devices that are so far developed.

This work deals with the characterization of the main glyceridic and unsaponifiable components of oils obtained from Sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana L.) seed ecotypes collected during two harvests in the Department of Amazonas in Peru. The seed-oil yield was 30.3¿41.2%; standing out are the high percentages of the ¿3- and ¿6-fatty acids series whose ranges lie within those of the present Regulation for Sacha inchi oils. Triacylglycerols with even equivalent carbon number (ECN; 36¿42) were the main components. Minor glyceridic polar compounds such as oxidized triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids were determined by high-performance size exclusion chromatography. The low campesterol/stigmasterol ratio (1:6), unusual in the majority of vegetable oils, stands out. Regarding aliphatic hydrocarbons, these oils showed a particular profile for the saturated series of odd and even carbon atom numbers. According to our results Sacha inchi P. huayllabambana oils can be offered as a good alternative to P. volubilis, the species mainly commercialized for this vegetable oil.

10.1186/1556-276X-7-497, We have recently developed a new type of porous silicon we name as porous silicon colloids. They consist of almost perfect spherical silicon nanoparticles with a very smooth surface, able to scatter (and also trap) light very efficiently in a large-span frequency range. Porous silicon colloids have unique properties because of the following: (a) they behave as optical microcavities with a high refractive index, and (b) the intrinsic photoluminescence (PL) emission is coupled to the optical modes of the microcavity resulting in a unique luminescence spectrum profile. The PL spectrum constitutes an optical fingerprint identifying each particle, with application for biosensing. In this paper, we review the synthesis of silicon colloids for developing porous nanoparticles. We also report on the optical properties with special emphasis in the PL emission of porous silicon microcavities. Finally, we present the photonic barcode concept.

[Introducción]: En estos últimos años, han surgido numerosos artículos sobre las posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas de los ácidos terpénicos. Para facilitar los estudios farmacocinéticos y toxicológicos de estos compuestos, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento analítico para la determinación de los ácidos triterpénicos pentacíclicos en suero humano, basado en la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Se describe la extracción, purificación y posterior separación, identificación y cuantificación mediante HPLC de los ácidos oleanólico y betulínico. [Material y métodos]: Para analizar las diferencias en la actividad biológica de los ácidos oleanólico y betulínico, se estudiaron mediante absorción UV-vis, las interacciones entre estos dos ácidos y las proteínas del suero humano. La validez del método analítico se estableció mediante las determinaciones de linealidad, recuperación, precisión y los límites de detección y cuantificación. La repetibilidad del método fue buena y los límites de cuantificación para el betulínico y el oleanólico fueron de 12,7 y 14,3 ng/mL, respectivamente. Ambos compuestos pueden distinguirse bien por orden de elución durante la cromatografía líquida. La identificación de los triterpenos se realizó por comparación con los de los patrones correspondientes. La cuantificación se llevo a cabo usando patrón interno. [Resultados y conclusiones]: Los espectros de absorción en el UV–vis (240-340 nm) indican que las estructuras de las proteínas son modificadas en presencia de los ácidos oleanólico y betulínico.