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Introduction: Headache is one of the most common conditions troubling nearly 68% of the world's population. Tension-type headache (TTH) & migraine are the most common forms of classical headaches, which is nowadays mostly neglected, associated with frequent, severe pain and significant functional impairment. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is a non-invasive, painless brain stimulation treatment that uses direct electrical currents to stimulate specific parts of the brain. Various studies demonstrated tDCS as a valued device to treat neuropsychiatric conditions such as chronic headache & associated anxiodepressive condition. Objective: The aim of this the current review was to evaluate the effectiveness of tDCS in the management of TTH and Migraine. Results generated from various studies for the effectiveness of tDCS in TTH & Migraine. Methods: We programmed our search strategy, to identify studies pertaining to use of tDCS and pain management in TTH & migraine, within the Database of the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, & various author manuscripts in PMC, MEDLINE, EMBASE, NLM, PsycINFO, Other indexed citations from inception to December 2021 and potentially relevant studies. Outcomes: The outcomes of interest include: Effective pain management, in terms of headache intensity, frequency, its episodes, associated depression, anxiety, in target population prioritised by the individual reviews. The evidences were mapped and synthesised with appropriate health problem, patient subgroups, intervention type, context and outcome.Conclusions: We found a significant reduction of pain intensity in patients receiving tDCS treatment, also the pain intensity and duration were significantly improved from baseline after tDCS treatment and during a follow-up period. There was a significant reduction of pain intensity by both anodal and cathodal stimulation conditions, with noteworthy decrease in episodic headaches equally by both 1mA and 2mA current intensities. The aforementioned works support the utility of tDCS in the pain management of TTH and migraine offering a hope for patients with this debilitating disease. However, the review shows promising results in the pain management by tDCS, but the included studies must be analysed critically since most of them were pilot studies, with some having adapted an open-label design.

Aim: There is a need to elucidate intermittent Theta burst stimulation (iTBS) as a novel treatment in persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD). Methods: Twenty patients were randomly allocated to active iTBS (n = 11) and sham iTBS (n = 9) and received 10 iTBS sessions, 2 sessions per day, sequentially to primary motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices for 5 days in a week. Each iTBS session comprised of 2 sec. per train of 10 bursts (3 pulses per burst at 50 Hz; total 30 pulses) and were given with a gap of 5 Hz, total of 20 trains, and 600 pulses. Visual Analogue Scale, Brief Pain Inventory and Global Pain Scale (GPS), Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale - Anxiety, World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale-brief, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were applied at baseline, after last session, and at 2 weeks after last TBS session. Intention to treat analysis was conducted. Results: Both groups were comparable for baseline psychopathology scores including clinical variables like age (t = 0.865; P = 0.398), duration of illness (t = 1.600; P = 0.127), and motor threshold (t = 0.304; P = 0.765). On repeated measures ANOVA, a significant within-group time effect for VAS, BPI-Severity, BPI-Interference, BDI - II, MADRS, HAM-A, and WHOQOL- BREF was found for active and sham TBS groups, respectively. GPS scores had significant within-group (active) * time interaction (F = 11.651; P = .001; ηp2 = 0.538) and between-group * time interaction (F = 3.407; P = 0.044; ηp2 = 0.159). However, between-group * time effect interaction was lost after covariance (F = 1.726; P = 0.196; ηp2 = 0.110). Conclusion: No major adverse effects were reported. Our pilot trial concludes that safe therapeutic efficacy of iTBS in PSPD is inconclusive. Lower total number of sessions along with small sample size may limit the study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Priya. Tyagi, Shobit. Garg, Veena. Tejan, Mantaz. Dhillon Sir, Pheniramine maleate is an alkylamine-derived histamine 1 (H1) antagonist, used for the treatment of allergic conditions.[1] It is widely available [...]

The ability to make rational decisions comes from how educated and intelligent one is. Does this mean can intelligence alone define a person's achievement? Hence this study is an effort to identify other factors that may contribute to academic achievement. The study was a school-based cross-sectional study with a sample size of 300 adolescent students. The sample was divided into 3 groups; high achievers, average achievers, and low achievers. They were assessed on verbal intelligence, performance intelligence, non-verbal intelligence, emotional intelligence, and adjustment using standardized tests. Statistical analysis was done using standard statistical tool. A statistically significant difference was found among all three groups. The high achievers group was significantly high on various components of intelligence, however, was poor on adjustment in comparison to other groups. Factors that contribute to academic achievement are beyond intelligence. Including these factors in the school, curriculum can help the teacher to understand students in a much better way and can further enhance their academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]