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10. Effects of dietary saturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the incorporation of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into blood lipids

Author

Dias, C.B., Wood, L.G., and Garg, M.L.

Subjects
Observations, Health aspects, Fatty acids -- Health aspects, Blood lipids -- Health aspects, Lipid metabolism -- Observations
Abstract

INTRODUCTION The consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) is often related to the development of chronic diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD) and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD), (1,2) despite conflicting [...], BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) are better absorbed when they are combined with high-fat meals. However, the role of different dietary fats in modulating the incorporation of n-3PUFA in blood lipids in humans has not been previously explored. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) are known to compete with n-3PUFA in the metabolic pathways and for the incorporation into phospholipids, whereas saturated fats (SFA) may enhance n-3PUFA incorporation into tissues. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a randomized parallel-design trial, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of n-3PUFA supplementation in subjects consuming a diet enriched with either SFA or n-6PUFA on fatty acid incorporation into plasma and erythrocytes and on blood lipid profiles (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides). RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with n-3PUFA co-administered with SFA for 6 weeks resulted in a significant rise in total cholesterol (0.46 [+ or -] 0.60 mmol/L;P = 0.020) and LDL-C (0.48 [+ or -] 0.48 mmol/L;P = 0.011) in comparison with combination with n-6PUFA. The diet enriched with SFA also induced a greater increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (2.07 [+ or -] 0.79 vs 1.15 [+ or -] 0.53;P = 0.004), a smaller decrease in docosapentaenoic acid (-0.12 [+ or -] 0.23 vs - 0.30 [+ or -] 0.20;P =0.034) and a similar increase in docosahexaenoic acid (3.85 [+ or -] 1.14 vs 3.10 [+ or -] 1.07;P = 0.128) percentage in plasma compared with the diet enriched with n-6PUFA. A similar effect was seen in erythrocytes. N-3PUFA supplementation resulted in similar changes in HDL-C and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that dietary substitution of SFA with n-6PUFA, despite maintaining low levels of circulating cholesterol, hinders n-3PUFA incorporation into plasma and tissue lipids. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2016) 70, 812-818; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.213; published online 13 January 2016

Published
2016
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13. A comparative validation of a child food frequency questionnaire using red blood cell membrane fatty acids

Author

Burrows, T., Berthon, B., Garg, M.L., and Collins, C.E.

Subjects
Research, Methods, Nutritional assessment -- Methods, Child nutrition -- Research, Nutrition surveys -- Research, Nutrition -- Product/Service Evaluations
Abstract

INTRODUCTION Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including n-3 and n-6 are associated with a variety of health benefits, particularly cardiovascular health. (1) Parent n-3 (ALA) and n-6 (18:2) PUFAs [...], BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There are limited validated tools available for the assessment of dietary intake in pediatric populations. This report describes a comparative validation study of selected fatty acid intakes in children assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), compared with erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Overall, 46 overweight and 47 healthy-weight children aged 5-12 years (mean ± SD, 9.1 ± 1.3years, body mass index 20.5 ± 4.0) were recruited; dietary fatty acid intakes assessed by parent report using a 135-item semi-quantitative FFQ, were compared with selected child erythrocyte membrane fatty acids assessed from fasting samples using gas chromatography. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated between fatty acid intake estimates (% of energy) and erythrocyte membrane concentrations (%mol/mol). RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between dietary and erythrocyte eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) concentration (r = 0.24, P CONCLUSION: Parental report of selected child fatty acid intakes using an FFQ can be used to provide an estimate of child intake of EPA, but further work is required to quantify this relationship for other fatty acids and in other populations. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2012) 66, 825-829; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.26; published online 29 February 2012 Keywords: children; validation; food frequency; dietary assessment

Published
2012
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15. An improved genetic algorithm based on adaptive repair operator for solving the Knapsack problem

Author

Gupta, Sunanda and Garg, Garg, M.L.

Subjects
Genetic algorithms -- Analysis, Genetic algorithms -- Usage, Heuristic programming -- Evaluation, Computers
Abstract

Problem statement: Knapsack problem is a typical NP complete problem. During last few decades, Knapsack problem has been studied through different approaches, according to the theoretical development of combinatorial optimization. Approach: In this study, modified evolutionary algorithm was presented for 0/1 knapsack problem. Results: A new objective_func_evaluation operator was proposed which employed adaptive repair function named as repair and elitism operator to achieve optimal results in place of problem specific knowledge or domain specific operator like penalty operator (which are still being used). Additional features had also been incorporated which allowed the algorithm to perform more consistently on a larger set of problem instances. Conclusion/Recommendations: This study also focused on the change in behavior of outputs generated on varying the crossover and mutation rates. New algorithm exhibited a significant reduction in number of function evaluations required for problems investigated. Key words: Knapsack problem, genetic algorithm, adaptive repair operator, I. INTRODUCTION Knapsack problem is a well known and well studied problem in combinatorial optimization being widely used in areas like network planning, network routing, parallel scheduling and budgeting (1). [...]

Published
2009

16. Reduced mania and depression in juvenile bipolar disorder associated with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation

Author

Clayton, E.H., Hanstock, T.L., Hirneth, S.J., Kable, C.J., Garg, M.L., and Hazell, P.L.

Subjects
Psychological aspects, Prevention, Unsaturated fatty acids -- Psychological aspects, Bipolar disorder -- Prevention, Mania -- Prevention, Dietary supplements -- Psychological aspects
Abstract

Introduction The diagnosis of juvenile bipolar disorder QBD) in children and adolescents is becoming increasingly accepted. The lifetime prevalence of JBD (approximately 1-2%) is similar to adults (Lewinsohn et al., [...], Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3PUFA) supplementation may improve symptoms of depression in children and bipolar disorder (BD) in adults. No studies have examined the effectiveness of LCn-3PUFA supplementation in the treatment of mania and depression in juvenile BD (JBD) when given as an adjunct to standard pharmacological treatment. Eighteen children and adolescents with JBD received supplements containing 360 mg per day eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1560 mg per day docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 6 weeks in an open-label study. Intake and fasting red blood cell (RBC) LCn-3PUFA, mania, depression and global function were assessed before and after supplementation. RBC EPA and DHA were significantly higher following supplementation. Clinician ratings of mania and depression were significantly lower and global functioning significantly higher after supplementation. Parent ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviours were also significantly lower following supplementation. A larger randomized controlled trial appears warranted in this participant population. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.81; published online 21 January 2009 Keywords: ω-3; EPA; DHA; children and adolescents; psychiatry; juvenile bipolar disorder

Published
2009

17. Means of delivering recommended levels of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human diets

Author

Garg, M.L., Wood, L.G., Singh. H., and Moughan, P.J.

Subjects
Unsaturated fatty acids -- Nutritional aspects, Cognition disorders -- Prevention, Nutrition -- Requirements, Business, Food/cooking/nutrition
Abstract

n-3-Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) of marine origin are revealed to be essential for brain development and cognitive function. The foods fortified with marine n-3PUFA and their role in meeting daily requirements is reviewed and the need for further research in this important area of functional foods is highlighted.

Published
2006

20. An inverse relationship between plasma n-3 fatty acids and C-reactive protein in healthy individuals

Author

Micallef, M.A., Munro, I.A., and Garg, M.L.

Subjects
Control, Diagnosis, Prevention, Physiological aspects, Development and progression, Measurement, Risk factors, Health aspects, Atherosclerosis -- Development and progression -- Risk factors -- Prevention -- Diagnosis, Omega 3 fatty acids -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects -- Measurement, Inflammation -- Development and progression -- Risk factors -- Diagnosis -- Prevention, C-reactive protein -- Health aspects -- Measurement -- Physiological aspects, Blood lipids -- Health aspects -- Control -- Measurement -- Physiological aspects, Cardiovascular diseases -- Risk factors -- Diagnosis -- Development and progression -- Prevention, Dietary supplements -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects -- Measurement, Omega-3 fatty acids -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects -- Measurement
Abstract

Introduction Inflammation plays an important role in all stages of atherosclerosis. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) is an acute-phase inflammatory mediator mainly regulated by interleukin (IL)-6 in the liver and [...], High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a marker of low-grade sustained inflammation. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and are associated with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plasma n-3 fatty acid concentration is related to hs-CRP concentration. A total of 124 free-living adults, were divided into tertiles of plasma hs-CRP (3.0mg/l). Body composition and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Hs-CRP was analysed using immunoassays and fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. Plasma hs-CRP concentration was negatively correlated with total n-3 fatty acids (P=0.05), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; P=0.002) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; P=0.01). The highest hs-CRP tertile (>3.0mg/l) had significantly lower concentrations of total n-3 fatty acids, EPA and DPA, when compared with the other tertiles (P doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.20; published online 8 April 2009 Keywords: C-reactive protein; omega-3 fatty acids; cardiovascular disease; inflammation

Published
2009

21. Corrigendum: WHO draft guidelines on dietary saturated and trans fatty acids: Time for a new approach?

Author

Astrup, A, Bertram, H.C.S., Bonjour, J.P., de Groot, L.C.P., De Oliveira Otto, M.C., Feeney, E.L., Garg, M.L., Givens, I., Kok, F.J., Krauss, R.M., Lamarche, B., Lecerf, J.M., Legrand, P., Mckinley, M.C., Micha, R., Michalski, M.C., Mozaffarian, D, Soedamah-Muthu, S.S, and Medical and Clinical Psychology

Subjects
education
Abstract

While revising this Analysis article (BMJ 2019;366:l4137, doi:10.1136/bmj.l4137) the authors mistakenly included a section on the reanalysis of the Minnesota Coronary Experiment. The authors had originally agreed among themselves not to include the section in the final manuscript for two reasons. First, the key message of the article is to move from recommendations of single nutrients into food based recommendations because saturated fat is a heterogeneous group of fatty acids with divergent health effects, and the effect is furthermore dependent on the food matrix they exist in. For that reason, the authors felt the section was redundant. Second, for a discussion of the health effects of polyunsaturated fat, the authors did not feel that the section provided a balanced and complete analysis of the issue. Soon after publication the authors contacted The BMJ to notify the journal of the mistake and request correction of the article by removing the following paragraphs, which does not substantially change the message or argument of the Analysis: “Reanalysis of the Minnesota Coronary Experiment (a double blind randomised controlled trial that tested whether replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat reduced coronary heart disease and death) also supports the claim that serum cholesterol is not a valid surrogate biomarker for cardiovascular disease risk when making dietary changes.10 Despite the finding that the polyunsaturated fat diet produced a 13% greater reduction in serum cholesterol than the saturated fat diet, there was no reduction in cardiovascular disease endpoints.10 “The reanalysis found a 22% higher mortality for each 0.78 mmol/L reduction in serum cholesterol caused by the polyunsaturated diet.10 A meta-analysis found that cholesterol lowering using polyunsaturated fat diets did not show any evidence of benefit on mortality from coronary heart disease (1.13, 0.83 to 1.54) or all cause mortality (1.07, 0.90 to 1.27).10” These paragraphs have been removed from the article online.

Published
2019

31. Elevated plasma ferritin in elderly individuals with high neocortical amyloid-β load

Author

Goozee, K., Chatterjee, P., James, I., Shen, K., Sohrabi, H.R., Asih, P.R., Dave, P., ManYan, C., Taddei, K., Ayton, S.J., Garg, M.L., Kwok, J.B., Bush, A.I., Chung, R., Magnussen, J.S., Martins, R.N., Goozee, K., Chatterjee, P., James, I., Shen, K., Sohrabi, H.R., Asih, P.R., Dave, P., ManYan, C., Taddei, K., Ayton, S.J., Garg, M.L., Kwok, J.B., Bush, A.I., Chung, R., Magnussen, J.S., and Martins, R.N.

Abstract

Ferritin, an iron storage and regulation protein, has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, it has not been investigated in preclinical AD, detected by neocortical amyloid-β load (NAL), before cognitive impairment. Cross-sectional analyses were carried out for plasma and serum ferritin in participants in the Kerr Anglican Retirement Village Initiative in Aging Health cohort. Subjects were aged 65–90 years and were categorized into high and low NAL groups via positron emission tomography using a standard uptake value ratio cutoff=1.35. Ferritin was significantly elevated in participants with high NAL compared with those with low NAL, adjusted for covariates age, sex, apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carriage and levels of C-reactive protein (an inflammation marker). Ferritin was also observed to correlate positively with NAL. A receiver operating characteristic curve based on a logistic regression of the same covariates, the base model, distinguished high from low NAL (area under the curve (AUC)=0.766), but was outperformed when plasma ferritin was added to the base model (AUC=0.810), such that at 75% sensitivity, the specificity increased from 62 to 71% on adding ferritin to the base model, indicating that ferritin is a statistically significant additional predictor of NAL over and above the base model. However, ferritin’s contribution alone is relatively minor compared with the base model. The current findings suggest that impaired iron mobilization is an early event in AD pathogenesis. Observations from the present study highlight ferritin’s potential to contribute to a blood biomarker panel for preclinical AD.

Published
2018

34. Alterations in erythrocyte fatty acid composition in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease

Author

Goozee, K., Chatterjee, P., James, I., Shen, K., Sohrabi, H.R., Asih, P.R., Dave, P., Ball, B., ManYan, C., Taddei, K., Chung, R., Garg, M.L., Martins, R.N., Goozee, K., Chatterjee, P., James, I., Shen, K., Sohrabi, H.R., Asih, P.R., Dave, P., Ball, B., ManYan, C., Taddei, K., Chung, R., Garg, M.L., and Martins, R.N.

Abstract

Brain and blood fatty acids (FA) are altered in Alzheimer’s disease and cognitively impaired individuals, however, FA alterations in the preclinical phase, prior to cognitive impairment have not been investigated previously. The current study therefore evaluated erythrocyte FA in cognitively normal elderly participants aged 65–90 years via trans-methylation followed by gas chromatography. The neocortical beta-amyloid load (NAL) measured via positron emission tomography (PET) using ligand 18F-Florbetaben, was employed to categorise participants as low NAL (standard uptake value ratio; SUVR < 1.35, N = 65) and high NAL or preclinical AD (SUVR ≥ 1.35, N = 35) wherein, linear models were employed to compare FA compositions between the two groups. Increased arachidonic acid (AA, p < 0.05) and decreased docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, p < 0.05) were observed in high NAL. To differentiate low from high NAL, the area under the curve (AUC) generated from a ‘base model’ comprising age, gender, APOEε4 and education (AUC = 0.794) was outperformed by base model + AA:DPA (AUC = 0.836). Our findings suggest that specific alterations in erythrocyte FA composition occur very early in the disease pathogenic trajectory, prior to cognitive impairment. As erythrocyte FA levels are reflective of tissue FA, these alterations may provide insight into the pathogenic mechanism(s) of the disease and may highlight potential early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.

Published
2017

40. Autologous serum eye drops for ocular surface disorders- a clinical study

Author

Sahu, Vijaya, Pandey, Nidhi, Chandrakar, A K, Garg, M.L., Sahu, Vijaya, Pandey, Nidhi, Chandrakar, A K, and Garg, M.L.

Abstract

Introduction: Tears have antimicrobial, nourishing, mechanical and optical properties. Several tear factors that have been identified to be, of importance in the maintenance of normal corneal and conjunctiva epithelium. A lack of these factors results in severe ocular surface disorders. Autologous serum in the form of eye drops has been reported as an effective treatment for severe ocular surface disorders. The present study was designed to determine the efficacy and safety of autologous serum application in various ocular surface disorders. Methods: This is a prospective case analysis of 30 eyes of 18 patients between June 2009 & November 2010. The following tests were performed: Schirmer I, Basic secretion test, Tear film Breakup time, Fluorescein staining, Rose Bengal Staining. 20% concentration of Serum eye drop was used for 30 days and no other tear substitutes were prescribed to patients while during treatment. Results: After one month treatment marked improvement was observed - 19 eyes in Schirmer I, 18 eyes in Basic tear secretion, 23 eyes in tear film Break up time, 21 eyes in Fluorescein staining pattern and 29 eye in Rose Bengal staining pattern. Conclusion: It was observed that Hypovitaminosis A and Neurotrophic keratitis showed 100% improvement, kerato conjunctivitis sicca, sjogren's syndrome, persistent epithelial defect, Recurrent erosion syndrome, Marginal corneal ulcer also showed excellent results but Stevens - Johnson syndrome showed very poor response to treatment.

Published
2015

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