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The notion of compensation generates criticism, especially in the U.S. around unpaid internships in particular -- the country's principal form of work-integrated learning (WIL). The distinction between unpaid and paid internships remains understudied and therefore, serves as the primary motivator to compare students' perceptions of unpaid and paid WIL experiences, using a large U.S. data set. The purpose of this study is to compare interns' perceptions of unpaid and paid experiences to gain a better understanding of how these experiences frame interns' supervisory support interactions, perceptions of advancement opportunities, career confirmation, and conversion intentions. The study is U.S. centric, surveying students who had recently completed their internships. Results indicated that regardless of pay (i.e., paid vs. unpaid), interns had similar expectations regarding supervisory support, career confirmation, and conversion intentions. Hence, confirming that both unpaid and paid internships provide a strong platform for students to obtain the support they need to launch their future careers.

The sudden termination of nearly 40% of U.S. WIL experiences during the summer of 2020 caused employers to quickly adapt to virtual WIL experiences. What employers learned from these adjustments to their traditional WIL practices and perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of virtual experiences form the basis of this paper. Over 350 employers provided comments to a special set of questions pertaining to virtual WIL experiences in their organizations. A strong virtual experience required constant communicate, set schedules, structured workflow, and prepared supervisors to handle remote student employees. The advantages included more innovative practices, safe experiences, and cost savings for both students and the organization. Virtual experiences present challenges, including organizational enculturation, loss of serendipitous connections, and inability to provide hands-on learning opportunities. For virtual experiences to play a more prominent role, issues around tacit knowledge acquisition, trust building, serendipity, and mentoring need to be addressed.

U.S. organizations seek to provide interns with positive socialization experiences such that their internships may lead to job offer acceptances. This study presents a process model examining how developmental relationships shape interns' experiences and outcomes. Utilizing a sample of 6,802 recent graduates from across 200 U.S. colleges and universities who completed an internship, the study found that supervisor support indirectly influences an intern's decision to accept a job offer through learning and intern satisfaction. Findings further show that interns benefit from developmental relationships such as mentors since mentor status buffered the decrements in learning when supervisor support was low. This study contributes to the growing internship literature that draws upon early socialization and newcomer adaptation by examining the critical role developmental relationships play in the experiences of interns.

This study sought to fill a gap in the literature by considering the role of motivation in post-secondary aspirations of adult learners, specifically full versus part-time status, previous level of educational attainment, years of work experience, and the selection of an academic program. The data from this study came from adult students ages 25 and older at 8 institutions in the Midwest. Statistical analysis determined there were significant differences in gender motivation, level of education is predictive of type of educational credential being pursued, and type of adult learner motivation influences which degree, academic program, and enrollment status is pursued by adult learners. Furthermore, this research revealed as adults acquire more work experience, their postsecondary educational aspirations are more likely motivated by extrinsic factors. These findings have meaningful implications for linking motivation with continuance and graduation from collegiate programs for which this paper identifies and discusses in the context of postsecondary education.

This study examines the selection of online course taking by adult learners. Specifically, this study evaluates the relationship between adult learner characteristics and their choice of online, hybrid, or all in-class programs to identify emerging trends in course-taking preferences. Using survey data from 7,861 adult students age 24 and older from 8 institutions in the Midwest, this paper identifies significant differences in adult learner course-taking preferences based on such factors as age, marital status, presence of children, motivation to attend college, and part-time versus full-time enrollment status combined with work. These findings have meaningful implications for promoting adult learner degree completion through online program enrollment, especially in a post-COVID-19 world.

This article presents the results of a 2014 survey of more than 2,100 U.S. employers on their requirements for multilingual employees. The survey found a significant discrepancy: On the one hand, 93% of respondents "value[d] employees who…are able to work effectively with customers, clients, and businesses from a range of different countries and cultures." On the other, 66% of respondents reported identifying foreign language skills in the hiring process, 41% reported giving advantage to multilingual applicants, and only 10% of respondents indicated that new hires "needed to speak at least one language besides English." In addition, the survey revealed employer characteristics related to demand for language ability: Industries with the greatest demand were government and public administration, information services, educational services, health care, and the administrative sector. Language skills were sought in combination with other skill sets, notably customer service, sales, vendor management, and marketing. Finally, the survey identified college majors sought in conjunction with foreign language ability. The study is unique in its size; its coverage of small, medium, and large businesses; and its focus on college recruitment and hiring. The results are critical to educational programs seeking to understand the value of language in the job market.

This article, titled "Little Halo," is a poem written by Philip Gardner. The poem describes the speaker's experience of looking through a toy telescope and finding a small halo of hope on a dying star. The speaker also mentions breathing in the fresh air from someone else's lungs and hiding their presence in an ancient garment. Philip Gardner is a therapist in New York City and is associated with the National Institute for the Psychotherapies. [Extracted from the article]

Following its late nineteenth-century emergence as an important element within federalist thinking across the British Empire, the idea of Greater Britain lost much of its political force in the years following the Boer War. The concept however continued to retain considerable residual currency in other fields of Imperial debate, including those concerning policies and practices of education across the Empire. This paper explores aspects of such debate by examining the intellectual contexts, theoretical assertions and conceptual formulations deployed in relation to questions about education, leadership, Imperial unity and racial identity in the early twentieth century. These issues are illuminated by an analysis of proposals by the Imperial theorist E.B. Sargant for the educational "colonisation" of the Empire of white settlement by "daughter" schools transposed from the traditional public schools of the metropole and staffed by teachers conceived as "the regulars of the State". (Contains 131 footnotes.)

A significant but seldom explored feature of social change brought about by popular education in the modern period lies in its intimate and complex association with the humanizing idea of the "lifelong". At a moment when the idea of "lifelong learning" exercises a considerable policy influence, it is perhaps timely to reflect on the relation of education with the "lifelong" in an explicitly historical way. In this paper, the notion of this concept is seen to exert an immensely attractive but fundamentally unstable influence over educational activity. Across time, its hegemonic potential may be seen to be readily available to one or other of the two sides of the act of education--teaching and learning--but seldom to both simultaneously. The paper traces a historical trajectory which describes the eclipse of nineteenth-century lifelong learning in terms of an intellectual migration towards lifelong teaching in the twentieth century. At the end of that century and into the twenty-first, we see that a new incarnation of lifelong learning has been paralleled by the decline of a century-long tradition of teaching as the guardian of the "lifelong" in education. (Contains 4 figures and 69 footnotes.)

The notion of compensation generates criticism, especially in the U.S. around unpaid internships in particular -- the country's principal form of work-integrated learning (WIL). The distinction between unpaid and paid internships remains understudied and therefore, serves as the primary motivator to compare students' perceptions of unpaid and paid WIL experiences, using a large U.S. data set. The purpose of this study is to compare interns' perceptions of unpaid and paid experiences to gain a better understanding of how these experiences frame interns' supervisory support interactions, perceptions of advancement opportunities, career confirmation, and conversion intentions. The study is U.S. centric, surveying students who had recently completed their internships. Results indicated that regardless of pay (i.e., paid vs. unpaid), interns had similar expectations regarding supervisory support, career confirmation, and conversion intentions. Hence, confirming that both unpaid and paid internships provide a strong platform for students to obtain the support they need to launch their future careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For historians who seek to engage the educational past primarily as a record of the actions of individuals and groups within particular historical contexts, rather than primarily as a series of linguistic or discursive effects, research convention offers two principal alternatives. The first, and far older, tradition settles its sights upon the elevated world of the great educational policy-maker or the mould-breaking administrator. The second approach, associated chiefly with the progressive turn to social theory and to feminist analysis in the later decades of the twentieth century, looks instead to the educational experiences and aspirations of broader social constituencies, most obviously organized labour and women and, in particular relation to schooling itself, classroom teachers, school pupils and parents. One consequence of the operation of these two broad approaches has been the establishment of an analytical division between the great symbolic poles of "policy" and "practice", which has probably come to assume a greater significance than it should. One way to explore this distinction further is to concentrate particularly on historical figures who appear poised somewhere between the conventional "downward" and "upward" models, whose working lives may be seen actively to link the spheres of policy and practice in complex or unexpected ways.

Explores the challenge presented by the exercise of memory, through oral history, as an historical method. Notes the use of historical data generated by memory projects. Concludes that memory recollection, as a historical medium, can be a resource for bearing witness to history's power to shape lives as individuals experience it. (KDR)

Examined factors responsible for gender differences in Internet use. Surveys of college students indicated that women and men used the Internet equally but differently, with men connecting more frequently to the Web than women and women using e-mail more than men. Computer self-efficacy, loneliness, and depression accounted in part for gender differences, but gender had a direct effect on computer use after these factors were considered. (SM)

Examines teachers' perceptions of evacuation that prevailed at the outbreak of World War II. Focuses on the teachers' press, central government policy documents, and contemporary evacuation surveys. Explores four issues impinging upon the teachers' role related to the national identity. (CMK)

Analyzes teacher responses to changes in the structure and functioning of education and teacher education in England and Wales from 1876 to 1996. The paper identifies three generations of teachers and suggests broad patterns in terms of differential responses to change. At the core of the responses are accounts that teachers have constructed over time about the nature of their profession. (Author/SM)

Analysis of 600 work diaries from engineers who graduated 1979-90 found the following: 35% had cooperative education experience; only 33% worked for their co-op employer; co-op graduates entered work at the same level and were promoted at the same pace as others, except those with no prior career-related experience; and co-op graduates had an early salary advantage. (SK)

Describes a survey that compares entry-level job requirements to on-the-job performances of new hires. Looks at ways employers define job requirements, important skills for new hires, and compares performance requirements to preparedness. Reviews problems employers see in preparedness and ways schools can address these problems. (RJM)