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5. Recommendations to address respondent burden associated with patient-reported outcome assessment

Author

Aiyegbusi, Olalekan Lee, Cruz Rivera, Samantha, Roydhouse, Jessica, Kamudoni, Paul, Alder, Yvonne, Anderson, Nicola, Baldwin, Robert Mitchell, Bhatnagar, Vishal, Black, Jennifer, Bottomley, Andrew, Brundage, Michael, Cella, David, Collis, Philip, Davies, Elin-Haf, Denniston, Alastair K., Efficace, Fabio, Gardner, Adrian, Gnanasakthy, Ari, Golub, Robert M., Hughes, Sarah E., Jeyes, Flic, Kern, Scottie, King-Kallimanis, Bellinda L., Martin, Antony, McMullan, Christel, Mercieca-Bebber, Rebecca, Monteiro, Joao, Peipert, John Devin, Quijano-Campos, Juan Carlos, Quinten, Chantal, Rantell, Khadija Rerhou, Regnault, Antoine, Sasseville, Maxime, Schougaard, Liv Marit Valen, Sherafat-Kazemzadeh, Roya, Snyder, Claire, Stover, Angela M., Verdi, Rav, Wilson, Roger, and Calvert, Melanie J.

Published
2024
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12. An analysis of the shape of the spine and torso in those with and without scoliosis

Author

Gardner, Adrian Christopher

Subjects
QM Human anatomy, RD Surgery, RJ101 Child Health. Child health services
Abstract

The shape of the spine and torso are central to the management of scoliosis, a condition with a three-dimensional rotation in the spine associated with asymmetry of the torso. It is not clear what the variability in shape and symmetry of both the spine and the torso is in a non-scoliotic cohort. Using ISIS2 surface topography, the torsos of a non-scoliotic cohort were measured yearly for seven years, allowing true longitudinal analysis. Parameters of growth and symmetry were measured and analysed to demonstrate the variability of normal shape during the adolescent growth spurt using linear mixed effect modelling and data ellipses, examining for the effects of age and sex. This demonstrated a range of normal shape and the differences between males and females. The non-scoliotic shape was then analysed alongside a group of matched pre and post-operative scoliotic subjects using data ellipses and Procrustes analysis. This showed that scoliosis increases the asymmetry of the spine and torso as an amplification of the variability in the non-scoliotic cohort. This asymmetry is reduced by surgery in nearly all parameters measured. However, some appreciable differences remain when compared to the non-scoliotic cohort.

Published
2020

14. Presentation, management, and outcomes of cauda equina syndrome up to one year after surgery, using clinician and participant reporting: a multi-centre prospective cohort study

Author

Abdelsadg, Mohamed, Abulaila, Motaz MS, Ahmed, Usman, Ajmi, Qasim, Al-Mahfoudh, Rafid, Ali, Chadi, Amarouche, Meriem, Andalib, Amin, Arora, Mohit, Arora, Mukul, Awan, Mariam, Baig Mirza, Asfand, Bateman, Antony, Bennett, Iwan, Bhatti, Imran, Bodkin, Peter, Bommireddy, Lalasa, Bonanos, George, Borg, Anouk, Boukas, Alexandros, Bourne, James, Brennan, Rachael, Brown, Jennifer, Brown, Katie, Burton, Oliver, Busby, Christopher, Chiverton, Neil, Clark, Simon, Copley, Phillip C, Cudlip, Simon, Cunningham, Yan, Dardis, Ronan, Darwish, Stacey, Davies, Benjamin, Demetriades, Andreas K, Deore, Saurabh, Derham, Chris, Dherijha, Muhammad, Dobson, Gareth, Duncan, James, Durnford, Andrew, Durst, Alexander ZE, Dyson, Edward W, Eames, Niall, Edlmann, Ellie, Edwards-Bailey, Andrew, Elserius, Anne, Elson, Becca, Fadelalla, Mohammed, Fountain, Daniel M, Gardner, Adrian, Ghosh, Arnab, Gill, James R, Glasmacher, Stella A, Gordon, Robin, Grahovac, Gordan, Grenfell, Rebecca, Habeebullah, Awais, Haliasos, Nikolaos, Hammett, Tim, Hannan, Cathal John, Hill, Ciaran Scott, Hoeritzauer, Ingrid, Holmes, David, Hossain-Ibrahim, Kismet, Hughes, Laura, Hussain, Muhammad, Hussain, Shakir, Ibrahim, Ramez, Jamjoom, Aimun AB, John, Bethan, Joshi, Shabin, Jung, Josephine, Kennion, Oliver, Khan, Muhammad, Klejnotowska, Adriana, Kumaria, Ashwin, LaCava, Roberta, Lammy, Simon, Lawrence, Alistair, Lea, Matthew, Leung, Andraay HC, Liew, Ignatius, Luo, Weisang, MacCormac, Oscar, Manfield, James, Mannion, Richard, Merola, Joseph, Mishra, Pranav, Mohmoud, Khalid Abubaker, Moon, Richard, Morrison, Rory, Murray, Odhran, Nader-Sepahi, Ali, Nnandi, Colin, Pandit, Anand, Patel, Nitin, Philip, Anita, Poon, Michael TC, Prasad, Kuskoor Seethram Manjunath, Pronin, Savva, Pujara, Shyam, Purushothaman, Balaji, Rajwani, Kapil, Rasul, Fahid Tariq, Roy, Holly, Sadek, Ahmed-Ramadan, Schramm, Moritz, Scicluna, Gabrielle, Sell, Philip J, Shafafy, Roozbeh, Sharma, Himanshu, Sheikh, Asim, Sivasubramaniam, Vinothan, Sofela, Agbolahan, Spink, George, Srikandarajah, Nisaharan, Statham, Patrick FX, Stokes, Stuart, Strachan, Euan, Thakar, Chrishan, Thanabalasundaram, Gopiga, Thorpe, Paul, Ulbricht, Christian, Watts, Anna, Whitcher, Alison, White, David, Whitehouse, Kathrin, Wilby, Martin, Woodfield, Julie, Zolnourian, Ardalan, Jamjoom, Aimun A.B., Hannan, Cathal J., Moon, Richard D.C., Copley, Phillip C., Poon, Michael T.C., Demetriades, Andreas K., Sell, Philip J., and Statham, Patrick F.X.

Published
2023
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18. Implementing a mobile diagnostic unit to increase access to imaging and laboratory services in western Kenya

Author

Dhoot, Roshni, Humphrey, John M, O'Meara, Patrick, Gardner, Adrian, McDonald, Clement J, Ogot, Kelvin, Antani, Sameer, Abuya, Joseph, and Kohli, Marc

Subjects
Health Services and Systems, Health Sciences, Health Services, Clinical Research, Rural Health, Good Health and Well Being, Kenya, diagnostic x ray, mobile health units, radiology, rural, sub-saharan Africa, tuberculosis, Health services and systems, Public health
Abstract

Access to basic imaging and laboratory services remains a major challenge in rural, resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2016, the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare programme in western Kenya implemented a mobile diagnostic unit (MDU) outfitted with a generator-powered X-ray machine and basic laboratory tests to address the lack of these services at rural, low-resource, public health facilities. The objective of this paper is to describe the design, implementation, preliminary impact and operational challenges of the MDU in western Kenya. Since implementing the MDU at seven rural health facilities serving a catchment of over half a million people, over 4500 chest radiographs have been performed, with one or more abnormalities detected in approximately 30% of radiographs. We observed favorable feedback and uptake of MDU services by healthcare workers and patients. However, various operational challenges in the design and construction of the MDU and the transmission and reporting of radiographs in remote areas were encountered. Our experience supports the feasibility of deploying an MDU to increase access to basic radiology and laboratory services in rural, resource-limited settings.

Published
2018

22. Lengthening Behavior of Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods in Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Multicenter Study

Author

Heyer, Jessica H., Anari, Jason B., Baldwin, Keith D., Mitchell, Stuart L., Luhmann, Scott J., Sturm, Peter F., Flynn, John M., Cahill, Patrick J., Abdulfattah Abdullah, Abdullah Saad, Ahn, Edward, Akbarnia, Behrooz, Akoto, Harry, Albanese, Stephen, Anari, Jason, Anderson, John, Anderson, Richard, Andras, Lindsay, Bauer, Jennifer, Bellaire, Laura, Betz, Randy, Birch, Craig, Blakemore, Laurel, Boachie-Adjei, Oheneba, Bonfield, Chris, Bouton, Daniel, Brassard, Felix, Brockmeyer, Douglas, Brooks, Jaysson, Bumpass, David, Cahill, Pat, Chemaly, Olivier, Cheung, Jason, Cheung, Kenneth, Cho, Robert, Christman, Tyler, Beauchamp, Eduardo Colom, Couture, Daniel, Crawford, Haemish, Crawford, Alvin, Dahl, Benny, Demirkiran, Gokhan, Devito, Dennis, Diab, Mohammad, El Sebaie, Hazem, El-Hawary, Ron, Emans, John, Erickson, Mark, Fabregas, Jorge, Farley, Frances, Farrington, David, Fedorak, Graham, Fitzgerald, Ryan, Fletcher, Nicholas, Floccari, Lorena, Flynn, Jack, Gabos, Peter, Gardner, Adrian, Garg, Sumeet, Gerow, Frank, Glotzbecker, Michael, Gomez, Jaime, Gonda, David, Guillaume, Tenner, Gupta, Purnendu, Halvorson, Kyle, Hammerberg, Kim, Hardesty, Christina, Hedequist, Daniel, Heffernan, Michael, Heflin, John, Helenius, Ilkka, Herrera, Jose, Hogue, Grant, Holt, Josh, Howard, Jason, Hresko, Michael Timothy, Hwang, Steven, Ihnow, Stephanie, Ilharreborde, Brice, Illingworth, Kenneth, Jain, Viral, Jea, Andrew, Johnson, Megan, Johnston, Charles, Jones, Morgan, Karlen, Judson, Karlin, Lawrence, Katz, Danielle, Kawakami, Noriaki, Kelly, Brian, Kelly, Derek, Knapp, Raymond, Koljonen, Paul, Kwan, Kenny, Labelle, Hubert, Lark, Robert, Larson, A. Noelle, Lavelle, William, Lenke, Lawrence, Lew, Sean, Li, Gertrude, Louer, Craig, Luhmann, Scott, Mac-Thiong, Jean-Marc, Mackenzie, Stuart, MacKintosh, Erin, Mangano, Francesco, Marks, David, Marquez, Sanchez, Martin, Jonathan, Martus, Jeffrey, Matamalas, Antonia, Mayer, Oscar, McCarthy, Richard, McIntosh, Amy, McQuerry, Jessica, Mehta, Jwalant, Metz, Lionel, Miller, Daniel, Miyanji, Firoz, Mundis, Greg, Murphy, Josh, Murphy, Robert, Myung, Karen, Nelson, Susan, Newton, Peter, Ede, Matthew Newton, Nguyen, Cynthia, Nunez, Susana, Oetgen, Matthew, Oswald, Timothy, Ouellet, Jean, Pahys, Josh, Palomino, Kathryn, Parent, Stefan, Garcia, Alejandro Peiro, Pellise, Ferran, Perra, Joseph, Phillips, Jonathan, Pizones, Javier, Poon, Selina, Price, Nigel, Ramirez-Lluch, Norman, Ramo, Brandon, Redding, Gregory, Ritzman, Todd, Rodriguez, Luis, Rodriguez-Olaverri, Juan Carlos, Roye, David, Roye, Benjamin, Saiman, Lisa, Samdani, Amer, Perez-Grueso, Francisco Sanchez, Sanders, James, Sawyer, Jeffrey, Sayama, Christina, Schmitz, Michael, Schulz, Jacob, Schwend, Richard, Shah, Suken, Shapiro, Jay, Shufflebarger, Harry, Skaggs, David, Smit, Kevin, Smith, John, Snyder, Brian, Sponseller, Paul, Stephen, George, Stone, Joe, Sturm, Peter, Sukkarieh, Hamdi, Swarup, Ishaan, Szczodry, Michal, Thometz, John, Thompson, George, Tomoko, Tanaka, Truong, Walter, Vialle, Raphael, Vitale, Michael, Vorhies, John, Wall, Eric, Wang, Shengru, Warner, Bill, Weinstein, Stuart, Welborn, Michelle, White, Klane, Wrubel, David, Wu, Nan, Yankey, Kwadwo, Yaszay, Burt, Yazici, Muharrem, and Zhang, Terry Jianguo

Published
2022
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26. A Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and SPECT-CT Imaging in Complex Spine Pathology: Does SPECT-CT Provide Additional Diagnostic Information Over Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

Author

Thurston, Daniel, Hurley, Patrick, Raheel, Falaq, James, Steven, Gadvi, Rakesh, Botchu, Rajesh, Gardner, Adrian C., and Mehta, Jwalant S.

Subjects
MAGNETIC resonance imaging, RADIONUCLIDE imaging, ZYGAPOPHYSEAL joint, PSEUDARTHROSIS, METALWORK
Abstract

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Objective: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is often regarded as the gold standard for spinal pathology, as it provides good structural visualisation. SPECT-CT, however, provides combined structural and functional information. There is a paucity of literature comparing SPECT-CT with MRI in the spine. Our aim was to determine whether SPECT-CT provides additional information to MRI in individuals with complex spinal pathology, including deformity, which altered management. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all individuals seen at our tertiary spinal unit that were investigated with both MRI and SPECT-CT of the spine between 2007-2020. We reviewed imaging reports, and collated diagnoses, surgical treatment and the relative contributions of MRI and SPECT-CT to management decisions. Results: 104 individuals identified, with a mean age of 30 years (89 females and 15 males). Diagnostic categories were adolescent, adult, and congenital deformity, degenerative pathology, and miscellaneous pathology. MRI returned positive findings in 58 (55.8%), and SPECT-CT in 41 (39.4%) cases. SPECT-CT identified 10 cases of facet joint degeneration, 5 of increased uptake around metalwork suggestive of loosening, 1 pseudoarthrosis, 1 partial failure of fusion and 1 osteoid osteoma which were not reported on MRI, all in individuals who had previously undergone spinal instrumentation. Despite this, SPECT-CT only altered management for 6 individuals (5.8%). Conclusion: MRI is less useful in the setting of previous instrumentation due to metal artefact. Where MRI is inconclusive, particularly in individuals with previous spinal instrumentation, SPECT-CT may provide a diagnosis, but is not recommended as primary imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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28. Cost-effectiveness of surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy in the United Kingdom

Author

Goacher, Edward, primary, Yardanov, Stefan, additional, Phillips, Richard, additional, Budu, Alexandru, additional, Dyson, Edward, additional, Ivanov, Marcel, additional, Barton, Gary, additional, Hutton, Mike, additional, Gardner, Adrian, additional, Quraishi, Nasir A., additional, Grahovac, Gordan, additional, Jung, Josephine, additional, Demetriades, Andreas K., additional, Vergara, Pierluigi, additional, Pereira, Erlick, additional, Arzoglou, Vasileios, additional, Francis, Jibin, additional, Trivedi, Rikin, additional, Davies, Benjamin M., additional, and Kotter, Mark R.N., additional

Published
2024
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33. The Mechanical Properties of the Spinal Cord: A Systematic Review

Author

Stanners, Megan, O'Riordan, Marguerite, Theodosiou, Eirini, Souppez, Jean-Baptiste R. G., Gardner, Adrian, Stanners, Megan, O'Riordan, Marguerite, Theodosiou, Eirini, Souppez, Jean-Baptiste R. G., and Gardner, Adrian

Abstract

BACKGROUND CONTENT: Spinal cord compression is a source of pathology routinely seen in clinical practice. However, there remain unanswered questions surrounding both the understanding of pathogenesis and the best method of treatment. This arises from limited real-life testing of the mechanical properties of the spinal cord, either through cadaveric human specimens or animal testing, both of which suffer from methodological, as well as ethical, issues. PURPOSE: To conduct a review of the literature on the mechanical properties of the spinal cord. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A systematic review of the literature on the mechanical properties of the spinal cord is undertaken. PATIENT SAMPLE: All literature reporting the testing of the mechanical properties of the spinal cord. OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported physiological mechanical properties of the spinal cord. METHODS: The methodological quality of the studies has been assessed within the ARRIVE guidelines using the CAMARADES framework and SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. This paper details the methodologies and results of the reported testing. RESULTS: We show that (1) the research quality of previous work does not follow published guidelines on animal treatment or risk of bias, (2) no standard protocol has been employed for sample preparation or mechanical testing, (3) this leads to a wide distribution of results for the tested mechanical properties, not applicable to the living human or animal, and (4) animal testing is not a good proxy for human application. CONCLUSIONS: The findings summarize the sum of current knowledge inherent to the mechanical properties of the spinal cord and may contribute to the development of a physical model which is applicable to the living human for analysis and testing in a controlled and repeatable fashion. Such a model would be the basis for further clinical research to improve outcomes from spinal cord compression.

Published
2024

39. Airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury: Guidelines from the Difficult Airway Society (DAS), Association of Anaesthetists (AoA), British Society of Orthopaedic Anaesthetists (BSOA), Intensive Care Society (ICS), Neuro Anaesthesia and Critical Care Society (NACCS), Faculty of Prehospital Care and Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM)

Author

Wiles, Matthew D., Iliff, Helen A., Brooks, Katherine, Da Silva, Egidio J., Donnellon, Mike, Gardner, Adrian, Harris, Matthew, Leech, Caroline, Mathieu, Steve, Moor, Paul, Prisco, Lara, Rivett, Kate, Tait, Frances, and El‐Boghdadly, Kariem

Subjects
CERVICAL vertebrae, EMERGENCY medical services, CRITICAL care medicine, LARYNGEAL masks, EMERGENCY medicine, SPINAL surgery, ANESTHESIOLOGISTS
Abstract

Summary: Background: There are concerns that airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury may exacerbate an existing neurological deficit, cause a new spinal cord injury or be hazardous due to precautions to avoid neurological injury. However, there are no evidence‐based guidelines for practicing clinicians to support safe and effective airway management in this setting. Methods: An expert multidisciplinary, multi‐society working party conducted a systematic review of contemporary literature (January 2012–June 2022), followed by a three‐round Delphi process to produce guidelines to improve airway management for patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury. Results: We included 67 articles in the systematic review, and successfully agreed 23 recommendations. Evidence supporting recommendations was generally modest, and only one moderate and two strong recommendations were made. Overall, recommendations highlight key principles and techniques for pre‐oxygenation and facemask ventilation; supraglottic airway device use; tracheal intubation; adjuncts during tracheal intubation; cricoid force and external laryngeal manipulation; emergency front‐of‐neck airway access; awake tracheal intubation; and cervical spine immobilisation. We also signpost to recommendations on pre‐hospital care, military settings and principles in human factors. Conclusions: It is hoped that the pragmatic approach to airway management made within these guidelines will improve the safety and efficacy of airway management in adult patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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40. Thermally Stabilised Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibrous Materials Produced by Scalable Electrospinning: Applications in Tissue Engineering.

Author

Homer, W. Joseph A., Lisnenko, Maxim, Hauzerova, Sarka, Heczkova, Bohdana, Gardner, Adrian C., Kostakova, Eva K., Topham, Paul D., Jencova, Vera, and Theodosiou, Eirini

Subjects
TISSUE engineering, HEAT treatment, TENSILE strength, EXTRACELLULAR matrix, CHEMICAL structure, POLYVINYL alcohol
Abstract

Electrospinning is a widely employed manufacturing platform for tissue engineering applications because it produces structures that closely mimic the extracellular matrix. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) electrospun nanofibers as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Nanofibers were created by needleless direct current electrospinning from PVA with two different degrees of hydrolysis (DH), namely 98% and 99% and subsequently heat treated at 180 °C for up to 16 h to render them insoluble in aqueous environments without the use of toxic cross-linking agents. Despite the small differences in the PVA chemical structure, the changes in the material properties were substantial. The higher degree of hydrolysis resulted in non-woven supports with thinner fibres (285 ± 81 nm c.f. 399 ± 153 nm) that were mechanically stronger by 62% (±11%) and almost twice as more crystalline than those from 98% hydrolysed PVA. Although prolonged heat treatment (16 h) did not influence fibre morphology, it reduced the crystallinity and tensile strength for both sets of materials. All samples demonstrated a lack or very low degree of haemolysis (<5%), and there were no notable changes in their anticoagulant activity (≤3%). Thrombus formation, on the other hand, increased by 82% (±18%) for the 98% hydrolysed samples and by 71% (±10%) for the 99% hydrolysed samples, with heat treatment up to 16 h, as a direct consequence of the preservation of the fibrous morphology. 3T3 mouse fibroblasts showed the best proliferation on scaffolds that were thermally stabilised for 4 and 8 h. Overall these scaffolds show potential as 'greener' alternatives to other electrospun tissue engineering materials, especially in cases where they may be used as delivery vectors for heat tolerant additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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41. Spectroscopy of substituted benzene molecules and metal rare gas interactions

Author

Gardner, Adrian Michael

Subjects
547.611
Abstract

The consistency of the labelling and assignments of the vibrations of the monosubstituted benzenes in the ground electronic state are investigated in this thesis. In doing so, many inconsistencies are uncovered, the origin of which is determined to be a result of the inherent problems in the previously employed assignment schemes. As a consequence, a new assignment scheme based on the vibrations of tluorobenzene is proposed. The SI electronic states of toluene and a -trideuterated toluene (toluene-d3) are investigated using resonance enhanced multi photon ionization, REMPI, spectroscopy. Using many of the observed SI vibrational levels as intermediates, two-colour, zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy has been employed in order to investigate the cationic ground states of these two toluene isotopologues. The vibrations are assigned using the nomenclature proposed in this thesis, and the activity of the vibrations in the REMPI and ZEKE spectra are discussed. Using high level ab initio techniques, potential energy curves, PECs, are calculated for the metal cation/rare gas, M+-RG (M = B, AI, Ga, and In) complexes. From these, spectroscopic parameters are derived, which are compared to previously reported experimental and theoretical values. The interactions between the moieties are examined by analyzing the orbital wavefunctions. The trends in the spectroscopic parameters determined for these complexes are compared with those previously determined for the RG complexes of the alkali metal, and the alkaline earth metal cations. Finally, the PECs of the ground electronic states of the coinage metal/rare gas complexes are calculated using high level ab initio techniques, with the interactions which occur within these complexes investigated

Published
2013

44. Viral suppression among children and their caregivers living with HIV in western Kenya

Author

Humphrey, John M., Genberg, Becky L., Keter, Alfred, Musick, Beverly, Apondi, Edith, Gardner, Adrian, Hogan, Joseph W., and Wools-Kaloustian, Kara

Subjects
Care and treatment, Usage, Analysis, Risk factors, Health aspects, HIV infections -- Care and treatment, Disease transmission -- Risk factors, Child care -- Analysis, Caregivers -- Health aspects, Antiretroviral agents -- Usage
Abstract

1 | INTRODUCTION The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has improved survival of both children living with HIV and their parents and caregivers living with HIV [1]. [...], Introduction: Despite the central role of caregivers in managing HIV treatment for children living with HIV, viral suppression within caregiver-child dyads in which both members are living with HIV is not well described. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of children living with HIV Results: Of 7667 children who received care at AMPATH during the study period, 1698 were linked to a caregiver living with HIV and included as caregiver-child dyads. For caregivers, 94% were mothers, median age at ART initiation 32.8 years, median CD4 count at ART initiation 164 cells/[mm.sup.3] and 23% were not virally suppressed. For children, 52% were female, median age at ART initiation 4.2 years, median CD4 values at ART initiation were 15% (age < 5 years) and 396 cells/[mm.sup.3] (age [greater than or equal to] 5 years), and 38% were not virally suppressed. In the multivariable model, children were found more likely to not be virally suppressed if their caregivers were not suppressed compared to children with suppressed caregivers (aOR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.86 to 3.10). Other characteristics associated with child viral non-suppression included caregiver ART regimen change prior to the VL, caregiver receipt of a non-NNRTI-based regimen at the time of the VL, younger child age at ART initiation and child tuberculosis treatment at the time of the VL. Conclusions: Children were at higher risk of viral non-suppression if their caregivers were not virally suppressed compared to children with suppressed caregivers. A child&apos;s viral suppression status should be closely monitored if his or her caregiver is not suppressed. Keywords: HIV; child; caregiver; viraemia; adherence; sub-Saharan Africa

Published
2019
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46. Bracing Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (BASIS) study – night-time versus full-time bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: study protocol for a multicentre, randomized controlled trial

Author

Swaby, Lizzie, primary, Perry, Daniel C., additional, Walker, Kerry, additional, Hind, Daniel, additional, Mills, Andrew, additional, Jayasuriya, Raveen, additional, Totton, Nikki, additional, Desoysa, Lauren, additional, Chatters, Robin, additional, Young, Bridget, additional, Sherratt, Frances, additional, Latimer, Nick, additional, Keetharuth, Anju, additional, Kenison, Laura, additional, Walters, Stephen, additional, Gardner, Adrian, additional, Ahuja, Sashin, additional, Campbell, Laura, additional, Greenwood, Sarah, additional, and Cole, Ashley, additional

Published
2023
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