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2. Neonatal BCG Vaccination for Prevention of Allergy in Infants: The MIS BAIR Randomised Controlled Trial

Author

Messina, NL, Gardiner, K, Pittet, LF, Forbes, EK, Francis, KL, Freyne, B, Zufferey, C, Abruzzo, V, Morison, C, Turner, H, Allen, KJ, Flanagan, KL, Ponsonby, A-L, Robins-Browne, R, Shann, F, Vuillermin, P, Donath, S, Casalaz, D, Curtis, N, Messina, NL, Gardiner, K, Pittet, LF, Forbes, EK, Francis, KL, Freyne, B, Zufferey, C, Abruzzo, V, Morison, C, Turner, H, Allen, KJ, Flanagan, KL, Ponsonby, A-L, Robins-Browne, R, Shann, F, Vuillermin, P, Donath, S, Casalaz, D, and Curtis, N

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The beneficial off-target effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination potentially include protection against allergy. OBJECTIVE: In the MIS BAIR trial, we aimed to determine whether neonatal BCG vaccination reduces atopic sensitisation and clinical food allergy in infants. METHODS: In this randomised controlled trial, 1272 neonates were allocated to BCG-Denmark vaccine (0.05 mL intradermal dose) or no BCG at birth. Randomisation was stratified by recruitment site, mode of delivery and plurality of birth. The primary outcome was the incidence of atopic sensitisation determined by skin prick test at 1 year of age. Food allergy was determined by 3-monthly online questionnaires and oral food challenges. Data were analysed by intention-to-treat using binary regression. CLINICALTRIALS: gov (NCT01906853). RESULTS: Atopic sensitisation during the first year of life was 22.9% among infants in the BCG group and 18.9% in the control group (adjusted risk difference (aRD) 3.8% (95% CI -1.5 to 9.1) after multiple imputation). Clinical food allergy was similar between infants in the BCG and control groups (9.8% vs. 9.6%; aRD 0.2, 95% CI -3.4 to 3.8). An interaction was observed between the primary outcome and maternal history of BCG vaccination. No interaction was observed for the additional prespecified potential effect modifiers tested (sex, delivery mode, family history of any allergy, season of birth, hepatitis B vaccination at randomisation, BCG scar and age at BCG administration). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Neonatal BCG-Denmark vaccination does not protect against atopic sensitisation or clinical food allergy in the first year of life.

Published
2024

3. An observational cross-sectional study of pharmaceutical waste disposal practices in Australian medical imaging departments: A comparison of community versus hospital practice.

Author

MacDonald, K., Taylor, M., Gardiner, K., Gunn, T., and Singleton, J.

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals are used widely in radiography practice but pose an environmental risk. This study explored Australian radiographers' environmental attitude, pharmaceutical waste disposal practices, and knowledge and concern regarding the environmental impact of these pharmaceuticals. This study utilised an anonymous, online questionnaire developed from two validated questionnaires. Participants (n = 150) held current registration with the Medical Radiation Practice Board of Australia and were working eight or more hours per week in a medical imaging practice (public or private). Participants did not answer all questions, hence percentages reported reflect the number of counts for each question. Most participants (71.4%; 105/147) disposed of contaminated pharmaceutical waste in clinical waste bins with 17.1% (15/146) disposing of it down drains. More hospital radiographers 13.54% (13/96) reported this disposal compared with 2.08% (1/48) of community-based radiographers (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.035). There was no difference in disposal of non-contaminated waste between practice settings - general waste bin (68.5%; 100/150), recycling bin (28.8%; 42/146), and clinical waste bin (41.8%; 61/146). Participants lacked knowledge of impacts on the food chain and the health of humans and wildlife. Only 34.7% (48/138) of participants expressed concern regarding the impacts of human excreted pharmaceuticals on the environment compared with 65.8% (98/149) regarding impacts from incorrect disposal. Many (18.4%; 25/136) reported having received no information on correct disposal of pharmaceutical waste. This study highlighted participants' lack of knowledge on how pharmaceuticals enter the natural environment and the subsequent impacts on the environment and on the health of humans, and flora and fauna. They lacked knowledge of correct pharmaceutical waste disposal methods, but most agreed it was their professional responsibility to dispose of waste correctly. Improving radiographers' pharmaceutical waste disposal practices through education and professional support will reduce environmental impacts and also provide financial co-benefits if non-contaminated waste is recycled where possible and not incinerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Randomized Trial of BCG Vaccine to Protect against Covid-19 in Health Care Workers

Author

Pittet, L.F., Messina, N.L., Orsini, F., Moore, C.L., Abruzzo, V., Barry, S., Bonnici, R., Bonten, M., Campbell, J., Croda, J., Dalcolmo, M., Gardiner, K., Gell, G., Germano, S., Gomes-Silva, A., Goodall, C., Gwee, A., Jamieson, T., Jardim, B., Kollmann, T.R., Lacerda, M.V.G., Lee, K.J., Lucas, M., Lynn, D.J., Manning, L., Marshall, H.S., McDonald, E., Munns, C.F., Nicholson, S., O'Connell, A., Oliveira, R.D. de, Perlen, S., Perrett, K.P., Prat-Aymerich, C., Richmond, P.C., Rodriguez-Baño, J., Santos, G. Dos, Silva, P.V. da, Teo, J.W., Villanueva, P., Warris, A., Wood, N.J., Dijkstra, H.I., Eggenhuizen, E.G.P.J., Huijs, Lucas, Moorlag, S.J.C.F.M., Netea, M.G., Pranger, Eva, Taks, E.J.M., Oever, J. ten, Heine, R. ter, Davidson, A., Curtis, N., Pittet, L.F., Messina, N.L., Orsini, F., Moore, C.L., Abruzzo, V., Barry, S., Bonnici, R., Bonten, M., Campbell, J., Croda, J., Dalcolmo, M., Gardiner, K., Gell, G., Germano, S., Gomes-Silva, A., Goodall, C., Gwee, A., Jamieson, T., Jardim, B., Kollmann, T.R., Lacerda, M.V.G., Lee, K.J., Lucas, M., Lynn, D.J., Manning, L., Marshall, H.S., McDonald, E., Munns, C.F., Nicholson, S., O'Connell, A., Oliveira, R.D. de, Perlen, S., Perrett, K.P., Prat-Aymerich, C., Richmond, P.C., Rodriguez-Baño, J., Santos, G. Dos, Silva, P.V. da, Teo, J.W., Villanueva, P., Warris, A., Wood, N.J., Dijkstra, H.I., Eggenhuizen, E.G.P.J., Huijs, Lucas, Moorlag, S.J.C.F.M., Netea, M.G., Pranger, Eva, Taks, E.J.M., Oever, J. ten, Heine, R. ter, Davidson, A., and Curtis, N.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, BACKGROUND: The bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has immunomodulatory "off-target" effects that have been hypothesized to protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). METHODS: In this international, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned health care workers to receive the BCG-Denmark vaccine or saline placebo and followed them for 12 months. Symptomatic Covid-19 and severe Covid-19, the primary outcomes, were assessed at 6 months; the primary analyses involved the modified intention-to-treat population, which was restricted to participants with a negative test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at baseline. RESULTS: A total of 3988 participants underwent randomization; recruitment ceased before the planned sample size was reached owing to the availability of Covid-19 vaccines. The modified intention-to-treat population included 84.9% of the participants who underwent randomization: 1703 in the BCG group and 1683 in the placebo group. The estimated risk of symptomatic Covid-19 by 6 months was 14.7% in the BCG group and 12.3% in the placebo group (risk difference, 2.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.7 to 5.5; P = 0.13). The risk of severe Covid-19 by 6 months was 7.6% in the BCG group and 6.5% in the placebo group (risk difference, 1.1 percentage points; 95% CI, -1.2 to 3.5; P = 0.34); the majority of participants who met the trial definition of severe Covid-19 were not hospitalized but were unable to work for at least 3 consecutive days. In supplementary and sensitivity analyses that used less conservative censoring rules, the risk differences were similar but the confidence intervals were narrower. There were five hospitalizations due to Covid-19 in each group (including one death in the placebo group). The hazard ratio for any Covid-19 episode in the BCG group as compared with the placebo group was 1.23 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.59). No safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with BC

Published
2023

8. MEMS Mobile GIS: A Spatially Enabled Fish Habitat Management System

Author

Rizzini, A., Gardiner, K., Bertolotto, M., Carswell, J., Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Dough, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Carswell, James D., editor, and Tezuka, Taro, editor

Published
2006
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11. Prevention of infant eczema by neonatal bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination: The MIS BAIR randomized controlled trial

Author

Pittet, LF, Messina, NL, Gardiner, K, Freyne, B, Abruzzo, V, Francis, KL, Morrison, C, Zufferey, C, Vuillermin, P, Allen, KJ, Ponsonby, A-L, Robins-Browne, R, Shann, F, Flanagan, KL, Phillips, R, Donath, S, Casalaz, D, Curtis, N, Pittet, LF, Messina, NL, Gardiner, K, Freyne, B, Abruzzo, V, Francis, KL, Morrison, C, Zufferey, C, Vuillermin, P, Allen, KJ, Ponsonby, A-L, Robins-Browne, R, Shann, F, Flanagan, KL, Phillips, R, Donath, S, Casalaz, D, and Curtis, N

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine could play a role in counteracting the rising prevalence of atopic diseases, through its beneficial off-target effects. We aimed to determine whether neonatal BCG vaccination reduces the incidence of eczema in infants. METHODS: Randomized controlled trial with 1272 infants allocated to receive BCG-Denmark or no BCG at birth. The primary outcome was the 12-month incidence of eczema based on 3-monthly questionnaires. Eczema was also assessed at a 12-month clinic visit. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01906853. RESULTS: The 12-month eczema incidence was 32.2% in the BCG group compared with 36.6% in the control group (adjusted risk difference (aRD) -4.3%, 95% CI -9.9% to 1.3%, multiple imputation model). In addition, comparing infants in the BCG group with the control group, 15.7% vs. 19.2% had eczema lesions at the 12-month visit (aRD -3.5%, 95% CI -8.0% to 1.0%); 35.7% vs. 39.0% reported using topical steroids (aRD -3.3, 95% CI -9.2 to 2.7); and 7.3% vs. 10.2% had severe eczema scores (aRD -3.0%, 95% CI -8.8% to 2.7%). In 344 high-risk infants (two atopic parents), the 12-month eczema incidence was 35.3% in the BCG group compared with 46.8% in the control group (aRD -11.5%, 95% CI -21.9% to -1.2%; number needed to treat 8.7, 95% CI 4.6 to 83.3). CONCLUSION: There is insufficient evidence to recommend neonatal BCG vaccination in all infants for the prevention of eczema in the first year of life; however, a modest beneficial effect was observed among high-risk infants. A single dose of BCG-Denmark soon after birth could reduce the incidence of eczema in infants with two atopic parents.

Published
2022

23. Neonatal Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination and Infections in the First Year of Life: The MIS BAIR Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Messina, NL, Pittet, LF, Gardiner, K, Freyne, B, Francis, KL, Zufferey, C, Abruzzo, V, Morrison, C, Allen, KJ, Katie L Flanagan, Ponsonby, AL, Robins-Browne, R, Shann, F, South, M, Vuillermin, Peter, Donath, S, Casalaz, D, Curtis, N, Messina, NL, Pittet, LF, Gardiner, K, Freyne, B, Francis, KL, Zufferey, C, Abruzzo, V, Morrison, C, Allen, KJ, Katie L Flanagan, Ponsonby, AL, Robins-Browne, R, Shann, F, South, M, Vuillermin, Peter, Donath, S, Casalaz, D, and Curtis, N

Abstract

Abstract Background Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination has beneficial off-target effects that may include protecting against non-mycobacterial infectious diseases. We aimed to determine whether neonatal BCG vaccination reduces lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants in the Melbourne Infant Study: BCG for Allergy and Infection Reduction (MIS BAIR) trial. Methods In this investigator-blinded trial, neonates in Australia were randomized to receive BCG-Denmark vaccination or no BCG at birth. Episodes of LRTI were determined by symptoms reported in parent-completed, 3-month questionnaires over the first year of life. Data were analyzed by intention-to-treat using binary regression. Results A total of 1272 neonates were randomized to the BCG vaccination (n = 637) or control (n = 635) group. The proportion of participants with an episode of LRTI in the first year of life among BCG-vaccinated infants was 54.8% compared to 58.0% in the control group, resulting in a risk difference of −3.2 (95% confidence interval, −9.0 to 2.6) after multiple imputation. There was no interaction observed between the primary outcome and sex, maternal BCG, or the other prespecified effect modifiers. Conclusions Based on the findings of this trial, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of neonatal BCG vaccination to prevent LRTI in the first year of life in high-income settings.

Published
2021

24. BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in healthcare workers: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial (BRACE trial)

Author

Pittet, LF, Messina, NL, Gardiner, K, Orsini, F, Abruzzo, V, Bannister, S, Bonten, M, Campbell, JL, Croda, J, Dalcolmo, M, Elia, S, Germano, S, Goodall, C, Gwee, A, Jamieson, T, Jardim, B, Kollmann, TR, Guimaraes Lacerda, MV, Lee, KJ, Legge, D, Lucas, M, Lynn, DJ, McDonald, E, Manning, L, Munns, CF, Perrett, KP, Aymerich, CP, Richmond, P, Shann, F, Sudbury, E, Villanueva, P, Wood, NJ, Lieschke, K, Subbarao, K, Davidson, A, Curtis, N, Pittet, LF, Messina, NL, Gardiner, K, Orsini, F, Abruzzo, V, Bannister, S, Bonten, M, Campbell, JL, Croda, J, Dalcolmo, M, Elia, S, Germano, S, Goodall, C, Gwee, A, Jamieson, T, Jardim, B, Kollmann, TR, Guimaraes Lacerda, MV, Lee, KJ, Legge, D, Lucas, M, Lynn, DJ, McDonald, E, Manning, L, Munns, CF, Perrett, KP, Aymerich, CP, Richmond, P, Shann, F, Sudbury, E, Villanueva, P, Wood, NJ, Lieschke, K, Subbarao, K, Davidson, A, and Curtis, N

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: BCG vaccination modulates immune responses to unrelated pathogens. This off-target effect could reduce the impact of emerging pathogens. As a readily available, inexpensive intervention that has a well-established safety profile, BCG is a good candidate for protecting healthcare workers (HCWs) and other vulnerable groups against COVID-19. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This international multicentre phase III randomised controlled trial aims to determine if BCG vaccination reduces the incidence of symptomatic and severe COVID-19 at 6 months (co-primary outcomes) compared with no BCG vaccination. We plan to randomise 10 078 HCWs from Australia, The Netherlands, Spain, the UK and Brazil in a 1:1 ratio to BCG vaccination or no BCG (control group). The participants will be followed for 1 year with questionnaires and collection of blood samples. For any episode of illness, clinical details will be collected daily, and the participant will be tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The secondary objectives are to determine if BCG vaccination reduces the rate, incidence, and severity of any febrile or respiratory illness (including SARS-CoV-2), as well as work absenteeism. The safety of BCG vaccination in HCWs will also be evaluated. Immunological analyses will assess changes in the immune system following vaccination, and identify factors associated with susceptibility to or protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other infections. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical and governance approval will be obtained from participating sites. Results will be published in peer-reviewed open-access journals. The final cleaned and locked database will be deposited in a data sharing repository archiving system. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04327206.

Published
2021

25. Irish society of gastroenterology: Proceedings of meeting held Friday 12th and Saturday 13th June, 1998

Author

Ryan, B. M., McKiernan, S., Keeling, P. W. N., Byrne, P. J., Quill, R., McCallion, K., Mitchell, R. M. S., Watson, R. G. P., Collins, J. S. A., Gardiner, K. R., Winter, D. C., O’Sullivan, G. C., Taylor, C. T., Fanning, N. F., Redmond, H. P., O’Donoghue, D. P., Baird, A. W., Harvey, B. J., Brannigan, A. E., O’Connell, P. R., Regan, M. C., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Watson, R. W. G., Lemass, H., Ryan, E., MacMathuna, P., Crowe, J., O’Keane, J. C., Goh, J., MacMathuna, P., Baird, A., Maher, L., Godson, C., Brady, H. R., Petasis, N. A., Fokin, V. V., O’Keane, J. C., Barry, M. K., Grant, D. C., Sheahan, K., O’Donoghue, D. P., Hyland, J. M. P., Sheehan, K. M., Sheahan, K., O’Donoghue, D. P., Fitzgerald, D. J., Murray, F. E., Heaney, A., Collins, J. S. A., Bamford, K. B., Watson, R. G. P., McFarland, R. J., Tham, T. C. K., McNamara, D., Franelli, S., Whelan, H., Hamilton, H., Beattie, S., O’Morain, C., Ryan, B. M., Keeling, P. W. N., Brennan, E. G., O’Hare, N., McDermott, R., Byrne, P. J., McDougall, N. I., Collins, J. S. A., Gieeson, C. M., Russell, S. E. H., Sloan, J. M., Morrisey, D., Murphy, L., Kiely, B., Fitzgerald, G., Daly, C., O’Sullivan, G., Shanahan, F., Collins, J. K., Marteau, P., Johnston, S. D., Watson, R. G. P., Coates, C., Feighery, C., O’Keeffe, J., Whelan, A., Lynch, S., Weir, D. G., Abuzakouk, M., Feighery, C., Barnes, L., O’Gorman, N., McKenna, M., Freaney, R., Young, M., Gaines, S., Brady, D., Drudy, D., O’Farrelly, C., Gilleece, A., Fenelon, L., McPartlin, J., Goh, J., MacMathuna, P., Baird, A., Godson, C., Brady, H. R., Petasis, N. A., Fokin, V. V., Hopkins, A. M., Myers, A., Moynagh, P., Baird, A. W., O’Donoghue, D. P., Kirby, J. M., Tham, T. C. K., Allen, M. J., Best, B., Calvert, H., Kirk, S., McKelvey, S. T. D., Moorehead, R. J., Varghese, J. C., Sookhai, S., Murray, F. E., Walsh, T., Osborne, H., Broe, P., Lee, M. J., Moriarty, D., Baird, A. W., Watson, R. W. G., Brannigan, A. E., Coffey, R., Murphy, E., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Shah, A. A., Murray, F. E., Murray, E., Thjodleifsson, B., Bjarnason, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Sheehan, K. M., Murray, E., Shah, A. A., Murray, F. E., Thjodleifsson, B., Bjarnason, I., Fitzgerald, D. J., Montague, S., McNamara, D., Forkin, C., O’Morain, C., O’Toole, G. C., Grant, D. C., Barry, M. K., Sheahan, K., O’Donoghue, D. P., Hyland, J. M. P., Gallagher, C. M., Grant, D. C., Connell, P., Barry, M. K., Traynor, O., Hyland, J. M. P., Barry, M. K., Grant, D. C., Sheahan, K., O’Donoghue, D. P., Hyland, J. M. P., Ling, T. C., Johnston, B., Byrne, M. F., Farrell, M. A., Varghese, J. C., Lee, M. J., Murray, F. E., Goulding, C. A., Albloushi, S. S., O’Connell, P., Murray, F. E., Graham, L. E., Robinson, T. J., Graham, L. E., Robinson, T. J., Jabeen, T., Cannon, B., Jenkins, D., Whelton, M. J., Bohra, S., Cannon, B., Whelton, M. J., Keohane, C., Duggan, M., Bohra, S., Cannon, B., Whelton, M. J., Siddheshwar, R. K., Wilson, R. G., Hainsworth, P. J., Campbell, F. C., Kelly, S. B., Kirby, J. M., Tham, T. C. K., Best, B., Calvert, H., Moorehead, R. J., Kirk, S., Heaney, A., Collins, J. S. A., Watson, R. G. P., Heaney, A., Collins, J. S. A., Watson, R. G. P., Bamford, K. B., McFarland, R. J., Tham, T. C. K., Egan, B. M., Grant, D. C., Barry, M. K., Traynor, O., Hyland, J. M. P., Simutowe, C., McNamara, D. A., Collins, N., Walsh, T. N., Mukherjee, A., Scott, M., Pohl, C., Duggan, E., Wasi, M., Sarkar, A., Donnell, L. O., Eustace, P. W., Johnston, J. G., Waldron, R., Barrett, S., Ryan, E., MacMathuna, P., Crowe, J., Callagy, G., Keane, J. C. O., Coughlan, B., Crowe, J., Sheehan, J., Hickey, A., Carr, A., Kell, M. R., Lynch, M., Ryan, D., Winter, D. C., Rajpal, P., Kirwan, W. O., Redmond, H. P., Larkin, C. J., Sloan, J. M., Watson, R. G. P., Ardill, J. E. S., Collins, J. S. A., Buchanan, K. D., Lim, P. L., Gibbons, M., Crawford, E. J., Johnston, B. T., Mitchell, R. M. S., Watson, R. G. P., Gardiner, K. R., Collins, J. S. A., McCallion, K., Mitchell, R. M. S., Collins, J. S. A., Watson, R. G. P., McCallion, K., Gardiner, K. R., McCallion, K., Gardiner, K. R., Mitchell, R. M. S., Watson, R. G. P., Collins, J. S. A., Rodgers, C., Johnston, S., Watson, R. G. P., Crone, B. M., Love, A. H. G., Feighery, L., Feighery, C., Jackson, J., Abuzakouk, M., Lynch, S., Weir, D. G., Yassin, M. M. I., Harkin, D. W., Barros D’sa, A. A. B., Parks, T. G., Curry, M. P., Hegarty, J. E., Golden-Mason, L., O’Farrelly, C., Hannigan, E., and Parfrey, N.

Published
1998
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30. Neonatal BCG Vaccination Reduces Interferon-gamma Responsiveness to Heterologous Pathogens in Infants From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Freyne, B., Messina, N.L., Donath, S., Germano, S., Bonnici, R., Gardiner, K., Casalaz, D., Robins-Browne, R.M., Netea, M.G., Flanagan, K.L., Kollmann, T., Curtis, N., Freyne, B., Messina, N.L., Donath, S., Germano, S., Bonnici, R., Gardiner, K., Casalaz, D., Robins-Browne, R.M., Netea, M.G., Flanagan, K.L., Kollmann, T., and Curtis, N.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 220695.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), BACKGROUND: BCG vaccination has beneficial nonspecific (heterologous) effects that protect against nonmycobacterial infections. We have previously reported that BCG vaccination at birth alters in vitro cytokine responses to heterologous stimulants in the neonatal period. This study investigated heterologous responses in 167 infants in the same trial 7 months after randomization. METHODS: A whole-blood assay was used to interrogate in vitro cytokine responses to heterologous stimulants (killed pathogens) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. RESULTS: Compared to BCG-naive infants, BCG-vaccinated infants had increased production of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) (CXCL9) in response to mycobacterial stimulation and decreased production of IFN-gamma in response to heterologous stimulation and TLR ligands. Reduced IFN-gamma responses were attributable to a decrease in the proportion of infants who mounted a detectable IFN-gamma response. BCG-vaccinated infants also had increased production of MIG (CXCL9) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), and decreased production of IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and MIP-1beta, the pattern of which varied by stimulant. IL-1Ra responses following TLR1/2 (Pam3CYSK4) stimulation were increased in BCG-vaccinated infants. Both sex and maternal BCG vaccination status influenced the effect of neonatal BCG vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: BCG vaccination leads to changes in IFN-gamma responsiveness to heterologous stimulation. BCG-induced changes in other cytokine responses to heterologous stimulation vary by pathogen.

Published
2020

31. Biological sex influences antibody responses to routine vaccinations in the first year of life

Author

Zimmermann, P, Perrett, KP, Ritz, N, Flanagan, KL, Robins-Browne, R, van der Klis, FRM, Curtis, N, Abruzzo, V, Allen, K, Bonnici, R, Casalaz, D, Elborough, H, Freyne, B, Gardiner, K, Germano, S, Kollmann, T, Messina, N, Morrison, C, Nakaya, H, Ponsonby, AL, Shann, F, South, M, Vuillermin, P, Zimmermann, P, Perrett, KP, Ritz, N, Flanagan, KL, Robins-Browne, R, van der Klis, FRM, Curtis, N, Abruzzo, V, Allen, K, Bonnici, R, Casalaz, D, Elborough, H, Freyne, B, Gardiner, K, Germano, S, Kollmann, T, Messina, N, Morrison, C, Nakaya, H, Ponsonby, AL, Shann, F, South, M, and Vuillermin, P

Abstract

AIM: We investigated the effect of early-life factors, namely sex, delivery mode, feeding method and antibiotic exposure, on antibody responses to routine vaccinations administered during the first year of life. METHODS: One and seven months after the primary course of routine vaccines and 1 month after routine vaccines at 12 months of age, antibodies against 26 vaccine antigens were measured in 398 healthy infants. The geometric mean concentration (GMC) of antibodies (adjusted for effect modifiers with multiple linear regression) and the seroprotection rate for each vaccine were compared for each early-life factor. RESULTS: Sex had an influence on GMCs. Antibody concentrations were significantly lower at 7 months of age in females for tetanus and filamentous haemagglutinin and at 13 months of age for pertactin. In contrast, at 13 months of age, antibody concentrations were significantly higher in females for polio type 3, pneumococcal serotype 6A and measles. Sex did not have an influence on seroprotection rates. Delivery mode, feeding method and antibiotic exposure did not exert a substantial influence on vaccine antibody concentrations. CONCLUSION: There is a difference between males and females in the humoral response to routine vaccinations in the first year of life.

Published
2020

32. Larval transport, vertical distribution, and localized recruitment in anadromous rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)

Author

Bradbury, I.R., Gardiner, K., Snelgrove, P.V.R., Campana, S.E., Bentzen, P., and Guan, L.

Subjects
Smelts -- Research, Animals -- Dispersal, Animals -- Research, Fishes -- Larvae, Fishes -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

Abstract: We examined larval dispersal and behaviour in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) from the Salmonier River estuary, Newfoundland, during 2003-2005. Riverine ichthyoplankton surveys indicate that larval transport into the estuary [...]

Published
2006

38. The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21

Author

Hattori, M., Fujiyama, A., Taylor, T. D., Watanabe, H., Yada, T., Park, H.-S., Toyoda, A., Ishii, K., Totoki, Y., Choi, D.-K., Soeda, E., Ohki, M., Takagi, T., Sakaki, Y., Taudien, S., Blechschmidt, K., Polley, A., Menzel, U., Delabar, J., Kumpf, K., Lehmann, R., Patterson, D., Reichwald, K., Rump, A., Schillhabel, M., Schudy, A., Zimmermann, W., Rosenthal, A., Kudoh, J., Shibuya, K., Kawasaki, K., Asakawa, S., Shintani, A., Sasaki, T., Nagamine, K., Mitsuyama, S., Antonarakis, S. E., Minoshima, S., Shimizu, N., Nordsiek, G., Hornischer, K., Brandt, P., Scharfe, M., Schon, O., Desario, A., Reichelt, J., Kauer, G., Blocker, H., Ramser, J., Beck, A., Klages, S., Hennig, S., Riesselmann, L., Dagand, E., Haaf, T., Wehrmeyer, S., Borzym, K., Gardiner, K., Nizetic, D., Francis, F., Lehrach, H., Reinhardt, R., and Yaspo, M.-L.

Subjects
Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): M. Hattori [1]; A. Fujiyama [1]; T. D. Taylor [1]; H. Watanabe [1]; T. Yada [1]; H.-S. Park [1]; A. Toyoda [1]; K. Ishii [1]; Y. Totoki [1]; D.-K. [...]

Published
2000
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40. Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand

Author

Goetghebuer T, Hainaut M, Van der Kelen E, Delforge M, Warszawski J, Le Chenadec J, Ramos E, Dialla O, Wack T, Laurent C, Selmi L, Leymarie I, Benali F, Brossard M, Boufassa L, Floch-Tudal C, Firtion G, Hau I, Chace A, Bolot P, Blanche S, Granier M, Labrune P, Lachassine E, Dollfus C, Levine M, Fourcade C, Heller-Roussin B, Runel-Belliard C, Tricoire J, Monpoux F, Chirouze C, Reliquet V, Brouard J, Kebaili K, Fialaire P, Lalande M, Mazingue F, Partisani M, Koenigs C, Schultze-Strasser S, Baumann U, Niehues T, Neubert J, Kobbe R, Feiterna-Sperling C, Buchholz B, Notheis G, Spoulou V, Tovo P, Galli L, Chiappini E, Patrizia O, Larovere D, Ruggeri M, Faldella G, Baldi F, Badolato R, Montagnani C, Venturini E, Lisi C, Di Biagio A, Taramasso L, Giacomet V, Erba P, Esposito S, Lipreri R, Salvini F, Tagliabue C, Cellini M, Bruzzese E, Lo Vecchio A, Rampon O, Dona D, Romano A, Dodi I, Maccabruni A, Consolini R, Bernardi S, Genovese O, Olmeo P, Cristiano L, Mazza A, Garazzino S, Pellegatta A, Pajkrt D, Scherpbier H, Weijsenfeld A, van der Plas A, Jurriaans S, Back N, Zaaijer H, Berkhout B, Cornelissen M, Schinkel C, Wolthers K, Fraaij P, van Rossum A, van der Knaap L, Visser E, Boucher C, Koopmans M, van Kampen J, Pas S, Henriet S, de Flier M, van Aerde K, Strik-Albers R, Rahamat-Langendoen J, Stelma F, Scholvinck E, de Groot-de Jonge H, Niesters H, van Leer-Buter C, Knoester M, Bont L, Geelen S, Wolfs T, Nauta N, Ang C, van Houdt R, Pettersson A, Vandenbroucke-Grauls C, Reiss P, Bezemer D, van Sighem A, Smit C, Wit F, Boender T, Zaheri S, Hillebregt M, de Jong A, Bergsma D, Grivell S, Jansen A, Raethke M, Meijering R, de Groot L, van den Akker M, Bakker Y, Claessen E, El Berkaoui A, Koops J, Kruijne E, Lodewijk C, Munjishvili L, Peeck B, Ree C, Regtop R, Ruijs Y, Rutkens T, Schoorl M, Timmerman A, Tuijn E, Veenenberg L, van der Vliet S, Wisse A, Woudstra T, Tuk B, Marczynska M, Oldakowska A, Popielska J, Coupland U, Doroba M, Marques L, Teixeira C, Fernandes A, Prata F, Ene L, Gingaras C, Radoi R, Okhonskaia L, Voronin E, Miloenko M, Labutina S, Soler-Palacin P, Antoinette Frick M, Perez-Hoyos S, Mur A, Lopez N, Mendez M, Mayol L, Vallmanya T, Calavia O, Garcia L, Coll M, Pineda V, Rius N, Rovira N, Duenas J, Fortuny C, Noguera-Julian A, Jose Mellado M, Escosa L, Garcia Hortelano M, Sainz T, Isabel Gonzalez-Tome M, Rojo P, Blazquez D, Tomas Ramos J, Prieto L, Guillen S, Luisa Navarro M, Saavedra J, Santos M, Angeles Munoz M, Ruiz B, Fernandez Mc Phee C, Jimenez de Ory S, Alvarez S, Angel Roa M, Beceiro J, Martinez J, Badillo K, Apilanez M, Pocheville I, Garrote E, Colino E, Gomez Sirvent J, Garzon M, Roman V, Montesdeoca A, Mateo M, Jose Munoz M, Angulo R, Neth O, Falcon L, Terol P, Luis Santos J, Moreno D, Lendinez F, Grande A, Jose Romero F, Perez C, Lillo M, Losada B, Herranz M, Bustillo M, Guerrero C, Collado P, Antonio Couceiro J, Perez A, Isabel Piqueras A, Breton R, Segarra I, Gavilan C, Jareno E, Montesinos E, Dapena M, Alvarez C, Gloria Andres A, Marugan V, Ochoa C, Alfayate S, Isabel Menasalvas A, de Miguel E, Naver L, Soeria-Atmadja S, Hagas V, Aebi-Popp K, Asner S, Aubert V, Battegay M, Baumann M, Bernasconi E, Boni J, Brazzola P, Bucher H, Calmy A, Cavassini M, Ciuffi A, Duppenthaler A, Dollenmaier G, Egger M, Elzi L, Fehr J, Fellay J, Francini K, Furrer H, Fux C, Grawe C, Gunthard H, Haerry D, Hasse B, Hirsch H, Hoffmann M, Hosli I, Kahlert C, Kaiser L, Keiser O, Klimkait T, Kovari H, Kouyos R, Ledergerber B, Martinetti G, de Tejada M, Metzner K, Muller, Nicca D, Paioni P, Pantaleo G, Polli C, Posfay-Barbe K, Rauch A, Rudin C, Schmid P, Scherrer A, Speck R, Tarr P, Lecompte T, Trkola A, Vernazza P, Wagner N, Wandeler G, Weber R, Wyler C, Yerly S, Techakunakorn P, Prachanukroh C, Hansudewechakul R, Wanchaitanawong V, Theansavettrakul S, Nanta S, Ngampiyaskul C, Phanomcheong S, Hongsiriwon S, Karnchanamayul W, Chacheongsao B, Kwanchaipanich R, Kanjanavanit S, Prapinklao S, Kamonpakorn N, Nantarukchaikul M, Adulyadej B, Layangool P, Mekmullica J, Lucksanapisitkul P, Watanayothin S, Lertpienthum N, Warachit B, Hanpinitsak S, Potchalongsin S, Thanasiri P, Krikajornkitti S, Attavinijtrakarn P, Srirojana S, Bunjongpak S, Puangsombat A, Na-Rajsima S, Ananpatharachai P, Akarathum N, Phuket V, Lawtongkum W, Kheunjan P, Suriyaboon T, Saipanya A, Than-in-at K, Jaisieng N, Suaysod R, Chailoet S, Naratee N, Kawilapat S, Kaleeva T, Baryshnikova Y, Soloha S, Bashkatova N, Raus I, Glutshenko O, Ruban Z, Prymak N, Kiseleva G, Bailey H, Lyall H, Butler K, Doerholt K, Foster C, Klein N, Menson E, Riordan A, Shingadia D, Tudor-Williams G, Tookey P, Welch S, Collins I, Cook C, Dobson D, Fairbrother K, Gibb D, Judd A, Harper L, Parrott F, Tostevin A, Van Looy N, Walsh A, Scott S, Vaughan Y, Laycock N, Bernatoniene J, Finn A, Hutchison L, Sharpe G, Williams A, Lyall E, Seery P, Lewis P, Miles K, Subramaniam B, Hutchinson L, Ward P, Sloper K, Gopal G, Doherty C, Hague R, Price V, Bamford A, Bundy H, Clapson M, Flynn J, Novelli V, Ainsley-Walker P, Tovey P, Gurtin D, Garside J, Fall A, Porter D, Segal S, Ball C, Hawkins S, Chetcuti P, Dowie M, Bandi S, McCabe A, Eisenhut M, Handforth J, Roy P, Flood T, Pickering A, Liebeschuetz S, Kavanagh C, Murphy C, Rowson K, Tan T, Daniels J, Lees Y, Kerr E, Thompson F, Le Provost M, Cliffe L, Smyth A, Stafford S, Freeman A, Reddy T, Fidler K, Christie S, Gordon A, Rogahn D, Harris S, Collinson A, Jones L, Offerman B, Van Someren V, Benson C, Riddell A, O'Connor R, Brown N, Ibberson L, Shackley F, Faust S, Hancock J, Donaghy S, Prime K, Sharland M, Storey S, Gorman S, Monrose C, Walters S, Cross R, Broomhall J, Scott D, Stroobant J, Bridgwood A, McMaster P, Evans J, Gardiner T, Jones R, Gardiner K, European Pregnancy Paediat HIV Coh, Stichting HIV Monitoring, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Department of Sciences for Woman and Child's Health, Florence University, Dipartimento di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Pharmacie (UGA UFRP), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Pediatrics, and Virology

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Time Factors, HIV, antiretroviral therapy, children, second-line, switch, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.medical_treatment, Drug Resistance, INFANTS, HIV Infections, Cohort Studies, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Interquartile range, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, ADOLESCENTS, Cumulative incidence, Viral, Treatment Failure, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Antiretroviral therapy, Children, Second-line, Switch, Age Factors, Anti-HIV Agents, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Viral, Drug Substitution, Europe, Female, Humans, Infant, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Thailand, Viral Load, Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, Immunosuppression, OPEN-LABEL, VIROLOGICAL FAILURE, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Viral load, medicine.drug, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Efavirenz, Nevirapine, SCALE-UP, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, medicine, Highly Active, Preschool, business.industry, HIV-1 DRUG-RESISTANCE, ADULTS, 030112 virology, RANDOMIZED-TRIAL, Regimen, INFECTED CHILDREN, VIRAL LOAD, chemistry, business
Abstract

Background. Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand.Methods. Children aged = 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors p[NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor p[NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor p[PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of >= 1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks.Results. Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch.Conclusions. One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch.

Published
2017

41. The rise and development of the Korean kingdom of Koguryo, from the earliest times to A.D. 313

Author

Gardiner, K. H. J.

Subjects
951.9
Abstract

Information concerning the origin and early development of the mediaeval Korean kingdom of Koguryo is found in a variety of ancient sources, - brief accounts in the Chinese dynastic histories, occasional references in various other Chinese works, legendary material retold in Sino-Korean chronicles of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and a very few early inscriptions. So far, although much work has been done, notably by Japanese scholars from 1911 to the present day, in analysing individual aspects of this material or in examining particular sources no attempt has been made to write any kind of continuous history of the beginnings of Koguryo. The present study tries to remedy this deficiency, bringing together what is known or can be surmised concerning the early development of Koguryo until that kingdom succeeded in overrunning the last Chinese commanderies in Korea in 313 A.D. In the course of this synthesis, occupying chapters four to fifteen of the thesis, and dealing in roughly chronological order with various phases in the development of Koguryo, the ancient sources are compared and analysed, with the object of throwing new light on the early history of the kingdom. However, owing to the limitations of the available source material, it is still scarcely possible to do more than trace the changing relations of Koguryo with China; for other aspects of the early history of Koguryo - social, economic, cultural - nothing more can be done than to offer a few suggestions based on the rare indications of the Chinese sources. Three introductory chapters set the rise of Koguryo in perspective by listing the early sources and summarizing the historical background in Korea - the Chinese conquest of 108 B.C. and the establishment of the commaderies. These factors must inevitably be taken into consideration in any account of early Koguryo, which grew in power as the commanderies themselves declined.

Published
1964
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42. The origin and rise of the Korean kingdom of Koguryo, from the 1st century to A.D. 313

Author

Gardiner, K. H. J.

Subjects
951.901
Abstract

Information concerning the origin and early development of the mediaeval Korean kingdom of Koguryo is found in a variety of ancient sources, - brief accounts in the Chinese dynastic histories, occasional references in various other Chinese works, legendary material retold in Sino-Korean chronicles of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and a very few early inscriptions. 8o far, although much work has been done, notably by Japanese scholars from 1911 to the present day, in analysing individual aspects of this material or in examining particular sources, no attempt has been made to write any kind of continuous history of the beginnings of Kogury6. The present study tries to remedy this deficiency, bringing together what is known or can be surmised concerning the early development of Koguryo until that kingdom succeeded in overrunning the last Chinese commanderies in Korea in 313 A.D. In the course of this synthesis , occupying chapters four to fifteen of the thesis , and dealing in roughly chronological order with various phases in the development of Koguryo, the ancient sources are compared and analysed, with the object of throwing new light on the early history of the kingdom. However, owing to the limitations of the available source material, it is still scarcely possible to do more than trace the changing relations of Koguryo with China; for other aspects of the early history of Koguryo - social, economic, cultural - nothing more can be done than to offer a few suggestions based on the rare indications of the Chinese sources. Three introductory chapters set the rise of Koguryo in perspective by listing the early sources and summarizing the historical background in Korea the Chinese conquest of 108 B.C. and the establishment of the commanderies. These factors must inevitably be taken into consideration in any account of early Keguryo, which grew in power as the commanderies themselves declined.

Published
1964

45. The Global State of the Genetic Counseling Profession

Author

Abacan, M., Alsubaie, L., Barlow-Stewart, K., Caanen, B., Cordier, C., Courtney, E., Davoine, E., Edwards, J., Elackatt, N.J., Gardiner, K., Guan, Y., Huang, L.H., Malmgren, C.I., Kejriwal, S., Kim, H.J., Lambert, D., Lantigua-Cruz, P.A., Lee, JMH, Lodahl, M., Lunde, Å., Macaulay, S., Macciocca, I., Margarit, S., Middleton, A., Moldovan, R., Ngeow, J., Obregon-Tito, A.J., Ormond, K.E., Paneque, M., Powell, K., Sanghavi, K., Scotcher, D., Scott, J., Juhé, C.S., Shkedi-Rafid, S., Wessels, T.M., Yoon, S.Y., and Wicklund, C.

Subjects
Congresses as Topic, Counselors/education, Counselors/standards, Counselors/statistics & numerical data, Employment/statistics & numerical data, Genetic Counseling/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Societies, Medical, education
Abstract

The profession of genetic counseling (also called genetic counselling in many countries) began nearly 50 years ago in the United States, and has grown internationally in the past 30 years. While there have been many papers describing the profession of genetic counseling in individual countries or regions, data remains incomplete and has been published in diverse journals with limited access. As a result of the 2016 Transnational Alliance of Genetic Counseling (TAGC) conference in Barcelona, Spain, and the 2017 World Congress of Genetic Counselling in the UK, we endeavor to describe as fully as possible the global state of genetic counseling as a profession. We estimate that in 2018 there are nearly 7000 genetic counselors with the profession established or developing in no less than 28 countries.

Published
2019

50. Irish society of gastroenterology: Proceedings of meeting held in Craigavon on 28th and 29th May, 1993

Author

Gardiner, K. R., Barclay, G. R., McCaigue, M. D., Erwin, P. J., Halliday, M. I., Maxwell, R. J., Rowlands, B. J., Whiteside, M. C. R., Anderson, N., Wilson, R. H., Kee, F., Moorehead, R. J., H Russell, S. E., Clements, B., Hamilton, P., Cameron, S., Evoy, D. A., Regan, M., Attwood, S. E. A., Keeling, P. W. N., Stephens, R. B., Caldwell, M. T. P., Marks, P., Byrne, P. J., Walsh, T. N., Hennessy, T. P. J., O’Broin, E., Donohoe, J., Mealy, K., Kerin, M., Gillen, P., Tanner, W. A., Keane, F. B. V., O’Malley, K., Neligan, M., McEntee, G., Bouchier Hayes, D., Morrin, M., Kelly, M., Khan, F., Barrett, N., Williams, N., Delaney, P., Goggins, M. G., Mahmud, N., Hall, N., O’Connell, M., Weir, D. G., Kelleher, D., Thornton, G., O’Sullivan, M., O’Sullivan, G., Collins, J. K., Cahill, R. J., Beattie, S., Hamilton, H., O’Morain, C. A., Chua, A., Dinan, T. G., Noonan, N., Rovati, L. C., Keating, J., Somasundaram, S., Smithson, J., Menzies, I., Francis, N., Bjarnason, I., Gazzard, B. G., O’Donovan, D., Kelly, C., Bouchier-Hayes, D. M., Watson, W., Redmond, P., Burke, P., Bouchier-Hayes, D. J., O’Mahony, A. M., Erwin, P., McCaigue, M., Halliday, I., Rowlands, B., Golden, B., Loughnane, F., Brindley, N., Dudley, S., Drebin, J., Geraghty, J., Broe, P., Stinson, J., Feely, J., Fan, X. J., Fan, X. G., Caldwell, T. P., Evoy, D., Lawlor, P., Attwood, S. E., Gilvarry, J., O’Morain, C., Stafford Johnson, D. B., Keeling, F., Kent, P., Hennebry, T., Burke, J., Mooney, E., McMathuna, P., Crowe, J., Fitzpatrick, J. M., Gorey, T. F., Malone, F., Reynolds, J., Walsh, B., Ellias, Y., Traynor, O., Couse, N., Burke, G., Fallon, C., Kidney, D., Murray, E., Buckley, M., McCarthy, M., O’Donovan, N., Stack, W. A., Keely, S., O’Donoghue, D. P., Baird, A. W., Duggan, A., O’Brien, F., Abuzakouk, M., Feighery, C., Bergin, C., Casey, E., Weir, D., O’Farrelly, C., Mulcahy, H., Jeffers, M., O’Dowd, G., Stagg, M., Toner, M., Fenlon, H., Ashbury, K., O’ Brien, M., Ireland, A., and Morain, C. O.

Published
1993
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