1. Total fluid and water consumption and the joint effect of exposure to disinfection by-products on risk of bladder cancer
- Author
-
Michaud, Dominique S., Kogevinas, Manolis, Cantor, Kenneth P., Villanueva, Cristina M., Garcia-Closas, Monteserrat, Rothman, Nathaniel, Malats, Nuria, Real, Francisco X., Serra, Consol, Garcia-Closas, Reina, Tardon, Adonina, Carrato, Alfredo, Dosemeci, Mustafa, and Silverman, Debra T.
- Subjects
Bladder cancer -- Risk factors ,Bladder cancer -- Research ,Disinfection and disinfectants -- Health aspects ,Disinfection and disinfectants -- Research ,Water consumption -- Spain ,Water consumption -- Health aspects - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Findings on water and total fluid intake and bladder cancer are inconsistent; this may, in part, be due to different levels of carcinogens in drinking water. High levels of arsenic and chlorinated by-products in drinking water have been associated with elevated bladder cancer risk in most studies. A pooled analysis based on six case-control studies observed a positive association between tap water and bladder cancer but none for nontap fluid intake, suggesting that contaminants in tap water may be responsible for the excess risk. OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between total fluid and water consumption and bladder cancer risk, as well as the interaction between water intake and trihalomethane (THM) exposure, in a large case-control study in Spain. METHODS: A total of 397 bladder cancer cases and 664 matched controls were available for this analysis. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression, controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Total fluid intake was associated with a decrease in bladder cancer risk [OR = 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.40-0.95 for highest vs. lowest quintile comparison]. A significant inverse association was observed for water intake (for > 1,399 vs. < 400 mL/day, OR = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.33-0.66; p for trend < 0.0001), but not for other individual beverages. The inverse association between water intake and bladder cancer persisted within each level of THM exposure; we found no statistical interaction (p for interaction = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest that water intake is inversely associated with bladder cancer risk, regardless of THM exposure level. KEY WORDS: bladder cancer, case-control study, chlorination by-products, fluid intake, water intake. Environ Health Perspect 115:1569-1572 (2007). doi:10.1289/ehp.10281 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 29 August 2007], Established risk factors for bladder cancer, including smoking and high-risk occupational exposures (Silverman et al. 2006), contain known carcinogenic compounds (e.g., aromatic amines) that may form DNA adducts in the [...]
- Published
- 2007