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From a technological point of view, a huge potential can be found in building information modeling (BIM) in order to significantly improve the performance of a project. However, the literature review could not provide conclusive results on the impact that contractual practices may have on how effective BIM may result in technological terms, as well as outcomes within a project itself. The aim of this research is to determine the impact contractual conditions have on the link between BIM use effectiveness and the performance of a project. A self-administered survey was distributed to project design managers within architecture, engineering and construction engineering (AEC) firms. Using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method, 92 answers were analyzed, finding contractual conditions to be mediating. These results show that appropriate conditions set in a contract with regard to handling BIM technology have a positive impact on the performance and outcomes of a project. The results, however, are only based on Spanish companies, meaning they may not necessarily be applied in global terms due to the cultural differences there may be within countries and continents, which should also be taken into account in the construction phase. Senior managers and policymakers could greatly benefit from the abovementioned findings with regard to improving contractual conditions in project design management in a BIM context, helping remove any source of conflict. It has been suggested by researchers that a gap has been found in BIM contractual practices literature, affecting not only BIM implementation but also project performance, thereby contributing to an improvement in BIM practices in construction contexts.

[ES] DESCRIPCIÓN: En la actualidad, las zonas urbanas en crecimiento tienen la necesidad de satisfacer la demanda de infraestructura existente por parte de las empresas que buscan espacios dignos donde establecerse, compatibilizando factores económicos, medio ambientales y sociales enmarcados dentro de los principios de sostenibilidad. Es por ello que el presente trabajo busca analizar desde el punto de vista sostenible las dos alternativas de diseño planteadas en proyecto de urbanización ¿Finca Zambrana¿ en Guarroman, Jáen, lo cual permitirá identificar aquellas unidades de obra con sus respectivos materiales y maquinarias que mayor impacto tienen en el proyecto. Seguido se propondrá una nueva alternativa con una serie de materiales a emplear que permitan mejorar la sostenibilidad de las alternativas, ajustándose al contexto del proyecto. Finalmente, se aplicará un proceso de toma de decisiones para seleccionar la alternativa más sostenible. ALCANCE: El alcance del presente estudio es el análisis de las dos alternativas de diseño planteadas en el proyecto de urbanización ¿Finca Zambrana¿ en Guarromán, Jaén. OBJETIVOS: - Objetivo general: El objetivo general es analizar las alternativas de diseño planteadas en el proyecto de proyecto de urbanización ¿Finca Zambrana¿ en Guarromán, Jaén bajo criterios de sostenibilidad. - Objetivos específicos: 1. Identificar y clasificar los criterios sostenibles empleados en proyectos de ingeniería civil de acuerdo con la revisión bibliográfica. 2. Definir criterios sociales, ambientales y económicos para el análisis de las alternativas en etapa de diseño del proyecto en estudio. 3. Analizar las alternativas existentes en el proyecto bajo criterios de sostenibilidad. 4. Proponer una alternativa más ambientalmente sostenible. 5. Llevar a cabo una toma de decisiones con el fin de seleccionar aquella alternativa sostenible. METODOLOGÍA: 1. Revisión de la literatura para la definición de criterios. 2. Definición de criterios sostenibles

[ES] El presente trabajo fin de máster analiza los riesgos que provocan retraso y sobrecoste durante la fase de ejecución de obras de suministro de agua potable y saneamiento en Perú. Para ello se partió de una revisión de literatura en la cual se identificaron 74 riesgos de retraso y sobrecoste en proyectos de construcción alrededor del mundo. Teniendo como base estos riesgos, se llevó a cabo una revisión de documentos modificatorios de obra. Se encontró que 20 de los riesgos recogidos en la revisión de la literatura se encuentran presentes en las obras de suministro de agua potable y saneamiento en Perú; además, se identificaron 7 nuevos riesgos que son propios de este tipo de obras y del contexto peruano. Luego, mediante el análisis y realización de una matriz de probabilidad e impacto, se seleccionaron 9 riesgos como los más significativos tanto para retraso como sobrecoste. A partir de una muestra de 318 contratos finalizados y la definición de 128 variables de estudio, se realizaron varios análisis estadísticos: (1) chi-cuadrado, que sirvió para determinar el grado de asociación entre el retraso y sobrecoste de cada uno de los riesgos; (2) regresión logística binaria, que permitió identificar las características de contratación que influyen significativamente en la ocurrencia de retraso y sobrecoste en los contratos, además de aquellas características que influyen en la ocurrencia de los riesgos más importantes de retraso y sobrecoste; (3) regresión lineal múltiple, que determinó las características de contratación que influyen significativamente en la magnitud de retraso y sobrecoste de los contratos. Todos estos análisis sirvieron para encontrar las características de contratación y sus categorías que presentan diferencias significativas en la ocurrencia de los riesgos más importantes. Con ello, se propusieron directrices para la simulación del retraso y sobrecoste de las obras según escenarios de contratación. Los resultados permitieron conocer que los ries, [EN] The present Master's thesis analyses the risks that cause delays and cost overruns during the construction phase of Drinking Water Supply and Sewerage projects in Peru. A literature review was carried out to identify 74 risks of delay and cost overruns in constructions projects around the world. Based on this information, a review of governmental documental, containing reasons to delay a project, was conducted. This research found that 20 of the collected risks in the literature review are present in those projects in Peru; in addition, 7 new risks were identified. These new risks are typically related to the type of projects and to the Peruvian cultural context. Afterwards, by analysing and carrying out a Probability and Impact Matrix, 9 risks were selected as the most significant for both, the delay and the cost overrun. From a sample of 318 completed projects and the identification of 128 variables, several statistical analyses were carried out: (1) Chi-Squared, which aims to determine the degree of association between the delay and de cost overrun of each risk; (2) a Binary and Logistic Regression, which made it possible to identify the contracting characteristics that significantly influence the occurrence of the most important risks of delay and cost overruns; (3) Multiple Linear Regression, which aims to identify the contracting characteristics that significantly influence the magnitude of the delay and the cost overruns of each project contract. All of the analysis were aimed to identify the contracting characteristics and their categories that significantly present differences in the occurrence of the most important risks. To summarise, guidelines were proposed for the simulations of the delays and cost overruns of the projects according to contracting scenarios. The result revealed that the risks of "Land availability problems", "Approval of modification during the construction phase of projects", and "Re-designing due to changes in the original proje

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in International Journal of Pavement Engineering on 2022, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10298436.2020.1837827, [EN] Pavement management systems can be used to efficiently allocate limited maintenance budgets to better align with pavement deterioration. However, pavement deterioration is subject to uncertain factors that complicate the prediction of future pavement conditions accurately, entailing differences in the optimum maintenance strategy. This paper addresses this challenge by introducing a method to aid local engineers in optimising the scheduling of maintenance activities under uncertain pavement deterioration conditions. Markov chains are used to simulate the variability of life-cycle performance. Moreover, a multi-objective optimisation of an urban network is carried out to find the maintenance programme that minimises the mean life-cycle cost, maximises the mean user benefit, and minimises the standard deviation of life-cycle cost. This third objective enables the optimisation routine to minimise the possibility of unintentionally increasing the life-cycle cost due to system variability. This approach results in a reduction of the life-cycle cost variability by up to 62%, provides pavement strategies that benefit road users as a result of better pavement conditions, and reduces the risk of resorting to costly future maintenance activities.

[ES] La gestión del mantenimiento de pavimentos urbanos necesita de un Sistema de Gestión de Pavimentos (SGP) eficiente que permita mantener la red viaria en un nivel de servicio aceptable, al menor coste económico, social y ambiental posible. Para ello, es necesario contar con herramientas que permitan evaluar las distintas alternativas de planificación del pavimento atendiendo a distintos criterios desde una perspectiva sostenible. Surge así la necesidad del desarrollo de una herramienta que permita establecer un mantenimiento óptimo y eficiente del pavimento de la red urbana, siendo este el objetivo del Trabajo Final de Máster. La herramienta trata de minimizar el coste de mantenimiento, las emisiones y afecciones a los usuarios de la red, y maximizar el estado del pavimento durante el periodo de análisis; todo ello bajo un presupuesto preestablecido y asegurando un nivel de condición mínimo para todas las vías. La metodología propuesta se divide en cinco fases: (i) elección de la metodología de análisis multicriterio, (ii) desarrollo del modelo estableciendo las funciones objetivo asociadas a los criterios, la relación entre ellos y las restricciones al modelo, (iii) elección del algoritmo de optimización para la evaluación de las alternativas y adaptación al modelo, (iv) calibración del modelo y de los algoritmos a emplear y (v) aplicación práctica para la demostración de su utilidad. Se ha elaborado una base de datos que recoge los costes económicos, ambientales y sociales de las actuaciones de mantenimiento para alimentar el modelo propuesto; además, se han empleado modelos predictivos del deterioro del pavimento con el paso del tiempo y se han seleccionado las características de la red viaria necesarias para realizar la toma de decisiones, como son la distribución espacial de la secciones viales, la demanda de tráfico y su nivel de importancia en la red. La herramienta ha sido aplicada para determinar el plan de mantenimiento óptimo del pavimento en el Distr, [EN] The urban management pavement maintenance requires an efficient Pavement Management System (PMS) that allows the urban road network to be maintained at an acceptable service level, at the lowest economic, social, and environmental cost. To this end, it is necessary to have tools that allow the evaluation of the different alternatives for pavement planning considering different criteria from a sustainable perspective. Therefore, it is necessary the development of a tool that allows making an optimal and efficient urban pavement maintenance, being this the objective of this Master Thesis. The tool aims at minimizing the maintenance cost and the emissions and conditions to the users network, and maximizing the pavement condition during the analysis period; all this under a pre-established budget and assuring a minimum pavement condition for all road sections. The methodology is divided into five steps: (i) the multi-criteria analysis methodology choice, (ii) development of the model development establishing the objective functions associated with the criteria, the relationship between them and the model constrains, (iii) the optimization algorithm choice for the alternatives evaluation and adaptation to the model, (iv) model calibration and algorithms to be used and (v) practical application to prove that its usefulness. For model development, a database was created to collect the economic, environmental, and social costs of the maintenance activities; moreover, pavement prediction models were used and the road network characteristics necessary for making decisions ¿geometric road features, the traffic demand, and its network importance level¿ were chosen. The calibrated tool was applied to the District of Quatre Carreres in the city of Valencia (Spain). To do that, a data collection regarding the characteristics of the road network was needed. As a result, a multi-criteria optimization tool was calibrated for planning and managing urban pavement maintenance. The

[EN] Senior management support is a key dynamic capacity for design companies in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, given the fact that they must identify changes in the competitive environment, which are increasingly becoming more and more technological. In addition, senior management support is obliged to react in the most efficient and effective way. Currently, the project design teams that have adopted building information modeling (BIM) are subject to constant changes in the technological environment, of which the activity is influenced by the behavior of senior management support. This research focuses on this issue by analyzing the role played by the variables of technological learning, collaborative culture, and support provided by senior management as precedents of BIM technology effectiveness. The data set has been obtained from 92 AEC companies in Spain. Using partial least squares (PLS), this research finds evidence of the previously mentioned relationships and the existence of partial mediation effects generated by technological learning and collaborative culture within the support of senior management in BIM technology effectiveness. In addition, this model achieves an appropriate level of predictive validation to explain BIM technology effectiveness in engineering project designs. The results highlight that senior management support needs to promote a technological learning and collaborative culture to improve the technological capabilities. The contribution and original value of the paper is to provide empirical evidence that the effectiveness of BIM factors in project design teams is influenced by the behavior of top management support.

[EN] Concrete is the primary building material worldwide with a substantial impact on the built environment sustainability. Hence, it is necessary to assess concrete¿s combined functionality, economic and environmental impact. In this paper, two concrete sustainability assessment frameworks, MARS-SC and CONCRETop, were studied. Building on the identified gaps, a new framework, ECO2 was developed. ECO2 is a multi-criteria decision analysis framework that accounts for carbon sequestration of concrete, impact allocation of raw materials, and the impact from the use and end-of-life phases. Hence, it could be used to optimize the proportions of a concrete mix based on a user-defined sustainability objective. A case study concluded that, due to the whole life cycle scope, the environmental impact calculated through ECO2 is 20% higher than that by MARS-SC and CONCRETop. In case of reinforced concrete, where service life requirements are different, the ranking of the alternatives according to ECO2 will significantly change comparatively.

[ES] Resumen Las vías urbanas son un elemento clave para el correcto funcionamiento de la ciudad. La movilidad urbana es esencial para el crecimiento de las ciudades. Para que esta acción se realice en las mejores condiciones, va a depender de las redes de infraestructura desarrolladas, donde es tan importante una red vial urbana como interurbana, siendo ambas la columna vertebral para la economía de una determinada región. Un estado deficiente de la red urbana es perjudicial y de gran impacto para la seguridad de sus ciudadanos; ya que puede derivar en un aumento de los casos de accidentabilidad, los niveles de ruidos y las emisiones de gases contaminantes. Es por estos motivos que surge la necesidad de crear un plan de gestión de pavimentos urbanos integral en base a una serie de objetivos que den respuesta a las necesidades presentes y futuras, como es satisfacer la necesidad de los usuarios del transporte vehicular y peatonal en vías en buenas condiciones, que se reduzca en lo posible la cantidad de recursos invertidos en acciones de mantenimiento y que además dichas acciones sean sostenibles ambiental y socialmente. En el presente TFM se realiza una revisión de la literatura respecto a la gestión de pavimentos, sistemas de gestión de pavimentos urbanos del tipo públicos y privados, implementación de estos sistemas, procesos para evaluación de pavimentos urbanos, toma de datos de deterioros del pavimento y modelado de rendimiento. Se utiliza como punto de partida el del proyecto de investigación ¿Sistema Integral de Mantenimiento de Pavimentos Urbanos¿ (SIMEPU), el cual utiliza algoritmos heurísticos para la optimización multiobjetivo de la planificación del mantenimiento. En base a este sistema, se propone un modelo de toma de decisiones que permita obtener resultados similares sin la necesidad de realizar una optimización, y por lo tanto, con menos tiempo de cálculo. Se determinan los criterios y restricciones que forman el modelo de decisión para posteriormen

[ES] Los proyectos de inversión que desarrolla una ciudad en un país en vías de desarrollo son en repetidas ocasiones realizados con estudios previos insuficientes, los cuales son incapaces de determinar el grado de afectación que puede generar la implementación de una obra de inversión. Esto se debe principalmente a la falta de planeamiento por parte de los entes públicos, los cuales desconocen las necesidades de los ciudadanos, la ausencia de diferentes alternativas y por supuesto los costes derivados de su implementación. Todo ello trae consigo detrimentos patrimoniales para la ciudad o departamento. En distintas ciudades a lo largo del territorio colombiano se encuentran obras sin terminar, abandonadas o con déficits muy altos por funcionamiento, siendo estas las consecuencias de una mala evaluación inicial de la obra realizada. En Colombia, uno de los sectores que mayores problemas presenta es la infraestructura vial y la movilidad en las principales ciudades. Un ejemplo de ello es que Bogotá, Medellín, y Cali, entre otras ciudades, han tomado medidas de restricción vehicular por horas debido a la insuficiencia en sus mallas viales. A esto se le suman los impopulares medios de transporte público que a día de hoy están obsoletos. El presente trabajo analiza por medio del análisis coste-beneficio (ACB) tres posibles soluciones al problema de tránsito en la Comuna 4 de la ciudad de Villavicencio (Colombia): (1) un sistema de transporte público eléctrico (tranvía), (2) un sistema de transporte público de autobuses que tenga horarios y facilidades a los usuarios, y (3) una ampliación de calzada que brinde mayor espacio para el tránsito de vehículos particulares. La evaluación se realiza toma como referencia los costes tomados de estudios de mercado, y la opinión de un panel de expertos. Por su parte se cuenta con información suministrada por la Alcaldía de Villavicencio, entidad en la cual realiza sus labores profesionales el autor de este trabajo. El estudio conclu, [EN] Investment projects developed in a city located in a developing country are repeatedly carried out with insufficient prior studies, which are unable to determine the degree of impact that the implementation of an investment project may generate, mainly due to the lack of planning by public entities that are unaware of the needs of citizens, the absence of different alternatives and, of course, the costs derived from its implementation. All this brings with it patrimonial detriments for the city or department. In different cities throughout the Colombian territory there are unfinished, abandoned works or with very high deficits for operation, being these the consequences of a bad initial evaluation of the work carried out. In Colombia, one of the sectors that presents the greatest problems is road infrastructure and mobility in the main cities. An example of this is that Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali, among other cities, have taken measures of vehicular restriction for hours due to the insufficiency in their road meshes. Added to this is the unpopular means of public transport that today are obsolete. The present work analyzes through the cost-benefit analysis (ACB) three possible solutions to the traffic problem in Comuna 4 of the city of Villavicencio (Colombia): (1) an electric public transport system, (2) a public bus transport system that has schedules and facilities for users, and (3) a road extension that provides greater space for the transit of private vehicles. The evaluation is carried out taking as a reference the costs taken from market studies, and the opinion of a panel of experts. In addition, there are information provided by the Mayor's Office of Villavicencio, an entity in which the author of this work carries out his professional work. The study concluded that rail transportation systems generate greater social benefit than those fossil fuel bus systems currently operating. However, the investment costs are infinitely higher, which would generat

[EN] Today, critical deficiencies hinder the effective inclusion of social criteria in public-works procurement. The primary reasons for this are the lack of information and objective social assessment methods in the construction industry. Hence, this paper proposes a method to assist agencies in including indicators and objective assessments of social sustainability in public-works procurement. This method applies to civil engineering projects in the infrastructure life-cycle construction stage using design-bid-build delivery. Eight social categories and 22 factors are organized into two organizational levels (project and company). Quantitative and semi-quantitative indicators are proposed to assess the social commitment of construction companies in their organizations and projects. Additionally, two aggregation formulas are established as assessment criteria in public-works procurement. The results highlight that the indicators' importance in assessing social commitment in a project can be defined depending on the local context. Moreover, the method to assess corporate social responsibility can also measure and compare a company's performance, regardless of size. The proposed method can be used in procurement procedures, helping public-works procurers develop transparent decision processes.

Senior management support is a key dynamic capacity for design companies in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, given the fact that they must identify changes in the competitive environment, which are increasingly becoming more and more technological. In addition, senior management support is obliged to react in the most efficient and effective way. Currently, the project design teams that have adopted building information modeling (BIM) are subject to constant changes in the technological environment, of which the activity is influenced by the behavior of senior management support. This research focuses on this issue by analyzing the role played by the variables of technological learning, collaborative culture, and support provided by senior management as precedents of BIM technology effectiveness. The data set has been obtained from 92 AEC companies in Spain. Using partial least squares (PLS), this research finds evidence of the previously mentioned relationships and the existence of partial mediation effects generated by technological learning and collaborative culture within the support of senior management in BIM technology effectiveness. In addition, this model achieves an appropriate level of predictive validation to explain BIM technology effectiveness in engineering project designs. The results highlight that senior management support needs to promote a technological learning and collaborative culture to improve the technological capabilities. The contribution and original value of the paper is to provide empirical evidence that the effectiveness of BIM factors in project design teams is influenced by the behavior of top management support.

Tesis por compendio, [EN] Currently, there is a trend towards sustainability, especially in developed countries, where the concerns of society about environmental degradation and social problems have increased. Following this trend, the construction sector is one of the most influential sectors due to its high economic, environmental, and social impacts. At the same time, there is an increase in the demand for transport, which drives a need to develop and maintain the necessary infrastructure for this purpose. Taking all these factors into account, bridges become a key structure and therefore assessment of sustainability throughout their whole life-cycle is essential. The main objective of this thesis is to propose a methodology that allows assessment of the sustainability of a bridge under uncertain initial conditions (subjectivity of the decision-maker or variability of initial parameters) and optimization of the design to obtain a robust optimal bridge. To this end, an extensive bibliographic review of all the works that perform assessments of the sustainability of bridges through the valuation of criteria related to their main pillars (economic, environmental, or social) has been carried out. In this review, it has been observed that the most comprehensive way to evaluate the environmental and social pillars is through the use of life-cycle impact assessment methods. These methods allow sustainability assessment to be performed for the whole life-cycle of the bridge. This process provides valuable information to decision-makers for the assessment and selection of the most sustainable bridge. However, the decision-makers' subjective assessments of the relative importance of the criteria influence the final assessment of sustainability. For this reason, it is necessary to create a methodology that reduces the associated uncertainty and seeks robust solutions according to the opinion of decision-makers. In addition, for bridges, the design and decision-making are conditioned by the ini, [ES] Actualmente existe una tendencia hacia la sostenibilidad, especialmente en los países desarrollados donde la preocupación de la sociedad por el deterioro ambiental y los problemas sociales ha aumentado. Siguiendo esta tendencia, el sector de la construcción es uno de los sectores que mayor influencia tiene debido a su alto impacto económico, ambiental y social. Al mismo tiempo, existe un incremento en la demanda de transporte que provoca la necesidad de desarrollo y mantenimiento de las infraestructuras necesarias para tal fin. Con todo esto, los puentes se convierten en una estructura clave, y por tanto, la valoración de la sostenibilidad a lo largo de toda su vida es esencial. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es proponer una metodología que permita valorar la sostenibilidad de un puente bajo condiciones iniciales inciertas (subjetividad del decisor o variabilidad de parámetros iniciales) y optimizar el diseño para obtener puentes óptimos robustos. Para ello, se ha realizado una extensa revisión bibliográfica de todos los trabajos en los que se realiza un análisis de la sostenibilidad mediante la valoración de criterios relacionados con sus pilares principales (económico, medio ambiental o social). En esta revisión, se ha observado que la forma más completa de valorar los pilares medioambientales y sociales es mediante el uso de métodos de análisis de ciclo de vida. Estos métodos permiten llevar a cabo la valoración de la sostenibilidad durante todas las etapas de la vida de los puentes. Todo este procedimiento proporciona información muy valiosa a los decisores para la valoración y selección del puente más sostenible. No obstante, las valoraciones subjetivas de los decisores sobre la importancia de los criterios influyen en la evaluación final de la sostenibilidad. Por esta razón, es necesario crear una metodología que reduzca la incertidumbre asociada y busque soluciones robustas frente a las opiniones de los agentes implicados en la toma de decisiones. A, [CA] Actualment existeix una tendència cap a la sostenibilitat, especialment en els països desenrotllats on la preocupació de la societat pel deteriori ambiental i els problemes socials ha augmentat. Seguint aquesta tendència, el sector de la construcció és un dels sectors que major influència té a causa del seu alt impacte econòmic, ambiental i social. Al mateix temps, existeix un increment en la demanda de transport que provoca la necessitat de desenrotll i manteniment de les infraestructures necessàries per a tal fi. En tot açò, els ponts es converteixen en una estructura clau, i per tant, la valoració de la sostenibilitat al llarg de tota la seua vida és essencial. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi doctoral és proposar una metodologia que permeta valorar la sostenibilitat d'un pont baix condicions inicials incertes (subjectivitat del decisor o variabilitat dels paràmetres inicials) i optimitzar el disseny per a obtenir ponts òptims robusts. Per a això, s'ha realitzat una extensa revisió bibliogràfica de tots els treballs en els quals es realitza un anàlisis de la sostenibilitat mitjançant la valoració de criteris relacionats amb els seus pilars principals (econòmic, ambiental o social). En aquesta revisió s'ha observat que la forma més completa de valorar els pilars ambientals i socials és mitjançant l'ús de mètodes d'anàlisis de cicle de vida. Aquests mètodes permeten realitzar la valoració de la sostenibilitat al llarg de totes les etapes de la vida dels ponts. Tot aquest procediment proporciona informació molt valuosa als decisors per a la valoració i selecció del pont més sostenible. No obstant això, les valoracions subjectives dels decisors sobre la importància dels criteris influeixen en l'avaluació final de la sostenibilitat. Per aquesta raó, és necessari crear una metodologia que reduïsca la incertesa associada i busque solucions robustes enfront de les opinions dels agents implicats en la presa de decisions. A més, el disseny i la presa de decisions e

A pesar de que en España es obligatorio el uso de BIM (Building Information Modeling) en licitaciones públicas de edificación (desde el 17/12/2018) y en licitaciones públicas de infraestructuras (desde el 26/07/2019), siguen existiendo actualmente barreras hacía su adopción tecnológica. La literatura acepta como barreras a dicha adopción, por ejemplo: la falta de formación en “software” y la elevada inversión inicial, falta de procesos colaborativos, recursos legales, propiedad intelectual, etc. A través de un cuestionario elaborado por los autores, se llevó a cabo una encuesta a los gerentes de 96 empresas proyectistas de AEC (Arquitectura, Ingeniería y Construcción) que todavía no han adoptado BIM en la fase de diseño proyectual. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los resultados para obtener el estado actual de las barreras BIM en España. Se destaca que el 75,8% de las empresas proyectistas de la muestra analizada reconocen que en un futuro se adaptarán a BIM, estimándose que únicamente 6,6% se adaptará a BIM en un rango temporal menor a un año, el 34,2% en un rango entre 2 y 3 años, el 27,6% en un rango entre 3 y 5 años, adaptándose el resto en más de 5 años., To this day, there are still many barriers against the adoption of BIM (Building Information Modelling) despite it being mandatory in Spain in public building tenders (since 17/12/2018) and in public infrastructure tenders (since 26/07/2019). According to literature, some examples of such barriers could be; a high initial investment, a lack in software training, absence of many collaborative processes, legal resources, intellectual property, etc. A survey was carried out by the authors through a questionnaire they had prepared for the managers of 96 AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) design companies who had not yet adopted BIM technology in their project design stage. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis of the results was carried out to obtain the current state of BIM barriers in Spain. It should be noted that 75.8% of planning companies in the analysed sample admit to adapting to BIM in the future, leading to the estimate of only 6.6% of them actually adapting to BIM in under a year, 34.2 % taking from 2 to 3 years, 27.6% will take from 3 to 5 years and the rest will probably take over 5 years' time.

[EN] Various studies have been recently conducted to predict pavement condition, but most of them were developed in a certain region where climate conditions were kept constant and/or the research focused on specific road distresses using single parameters. Thus, this research aimed at determining the influence of pavement structure, traffic demand, and climate factors on urban flexible pavement condition over time. To do this, the Structural Number was used as an indicator of the pavement capacity, various traffic and climate variables were defined, and the Pavement Condition Index was used as a surrogate measure of pavement condition. The analysis was focused on the calibration of regression models by using the K-Fold Cross Validation technique. As a result, for a given pavement age, pavement condition worsens as the Equivalent Single Axle Load and the Annual Average Height of Snow increased. Likewise, a cold Annual Average Temperature (5¿15 °C) and a large Annual Average Range of Temperature (20¿30 °C) encourage a more aggressive pavement deterioration process. By contrast, warm climates with low temperature variations, which are associated with low precipitation, lead to a longer pavement service life. Additionally, a new classification of climate zones was proposed on the basis of the weather influence on pavement deterioration.

This material may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the American Society of Civil Engineers. This material may be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482889.023, [Otros] Architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) firms need to innovate in order to increase their business¿ competitiveness. Many companies around the world are considering the possibility of implementing building information modelling (BIM) in their projects without knowing its actual benefits for the business. The current literature recognizes certain barriers to BIM implementation; therefore, considering these barriers, this work proposes a holistic model that allows managers to explain how BIM can play an important role for the success of the AEC companies. The pillars of the model are a collaborative culture and training of employees in order to break down technological barriers. This way, BIM can help AEC companies to innovate. This proposal takes into consideration the three phases of the infrastructure life-cycle. In the design phase, the model considers 3D shape, scheduling (4D), costs (5D), and sustainability (6D). In the construction phase, the model focuses on supply chain and quality management. During the operation phase, the model is related to the virtual management of maintenance activities. Drivers of innovation should consider several facets: marketing, technology, organization, processes, and products. This model aims to enlighten the positive effects of a good strategic management using BIM on innovation activities in each of the phases of the infrastructure life-cycle

[EN] The design of a structure is generally carried out according to a deterministic approach. However, all structural problems have associated initial uncertain parameters that can differ from the design value. This becomes important when the goal is to reach optimized structures, as a small variation of these initial uncertain parameters can have a big influence on the structural behavior. The objective of robust design optimization is to obtain an optimum design with the lowest possible variation of the objective functions. For this purpose, a probabilistic optimization is necessary to obtain the statistical parameters that represent the mean value and variation of the objective function considered. However, one of the disadvantages of the optimal robust design is its high computational cost. In this paper, robust design optimization is applied to design a continuous prestressed concrete box-girder pedestrian bridge that is optimum in terms of its cost and robust in terms of structural stability. Furthermore, Latin hypercube sampling and the kriging metamodel are used to deal with the high computational cost. Results show that the main variables that control the structural behavior are the depth of the cross-section and compressive strength of the concrete and that a compromise solution between the optimal cost and the robustness of the design can be reached.

[EN] In recent years, there is a trend toward the construction of sustainable structures. The goal of sustainability in structures involves several criteria that are normally opposed, leading to a decision-making process. In this process, there is a subjective portion that cannot be eliminated, such as qualitative criteria assessment of and assigning criteria importance. In these cases, decision-makers become part of the decision-making process, assessing it according to their preferences. In this work, a methodology to reduce the participation of decision-makers in achieving the goal of sustainability in structures is proposed. For this purpose, principal component analysis, kriging-based optimization, and the analytical hierarchy process are used. Principal component analysis is used to reduce the complexity of the problem according to the highly correlated criteria. Kriging-based optimization obtains sustainable solutions depending on all the perspectives of sustainability. Finally, the analytical hierarchy process is applied to reduce the optimized sustainable solutions according to the decision-maker's views. This methodology is applied a continuous concrete box-girder pedestrian bridge deck to reach sustainable designs. This methodology allows a reduction of the complexity of the decision-making problem and also obtains sustainable robust solutions.

[EN] Most of the definitions of sustainability include three basic pillars: economic, environmental, and social. The economic pillar has always been evaluated but not necessarily in the sense of economic sustainability. On the other hand, the environmental pillar is increasingly being considered, while the social pillar is weakly developed. Focusing on the environmental and social pillars, the use of methodologies to allow a wide assessment of these pillars and the integration of the assessment in a few understandable indicators is crucial. This article is structured into two parts. In the first part, a review of life cycle impact assessment methods, which allow a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and social pillars, is carried out. In the second part, a complete environmental and social sustainability assessment is made using the ecoinvent database and ReCiPe method, for the environmental pillar, and SOCA database and simple Social Impact Weighting method, for the social pillar. This methodology was used to compare three optimized bridges: two box-section post-tensioned concrete road bridges with a variety of initial and maintenance characteristics, and a pre-stressed concrete precast bridge. The results show that there is a high interrelation between the environmental and social impact for each life cycle stage.

[EN] The growing importance of international construction activity forces companies to find out what competitive advantages to provide and barriers to overcome to achieve success, considering the particular characteristics of their origin and destination countries. Seventy six articles regarding success in the international construction market in the period 2008-2017 are reviewed to identify the barriers and the competitive advantages that most affect the international success of contractors. The Chi-Square (chi(2)) statistical test is used to verify the influence of the origin and destination countries on these variables. The literature identifies the provision of trained human resources as the most important competitive advantage and cultural differences and political risks as the main barriers. The Chi-Square (chi(2)) test indicates a dependency relationship between the origin country and the competitive advantage "managerial ability" to achieve international success, and between the external barriers "link between countries", "political environment" and "economic environment" with the target market. Results of this paper provide valuable information for any construction company seeking international success.

[ES] La Agenda 2030 sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible fue aprobada por la ONU en el año 2015 con 17 objetivos de desarrollo sostenible que abarcan cambio climático, igualdad de género, economía, entre otros. Estos objetivos pretenden ser alcanzados para el año 2030, por lo que cada país se enfrenta a retos específicos en búsqueda del desarrollo sostenible según su situación. El sector de la construcción es clave para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los países. Por ello resulta clave integrar la sostenibilidad en los procedimientos de contratación pública a través de la inclusión de criterios de sostenibilidad. Sin embargo, existen barreras que impiden la inclusión efectiva de dichos criterios, como lo son la falta de conocimiento de cómo considerarlos y la falta de métodos para evaluar y monitorear los mismos. Dicho problema existe en la República Dominicana, donde la legislación del país no promociona explícitamente la consideración de criterios de sostenibilidad en las compras y contrataciones públicas. Este hecho fundamenta el problema a tratar en el desarrollo de este trabajo, que es la falta de conocimiento de qué criterios sostenibles deben ser considerados en las licitaciones de obra del país y con qué nivel de importancia deberían ser considerados. Para ello, se toma como base de datos el SDG Index and Dashboards 2018, en el que se proporcionan los valores de los índices de los 17 objetivos y los valores de los indicadores de cada uno de estos. Se consideran 83 países en el estudio, que son todos los países de la base de datos pertenecientes a la región de América y la región de Europa, debido a que el estudio se enfoca en la República Dominicana que pertenece a América Central y se pretende comparar con países de su misma región y países desarrollados. A través del método PROMETHEE se pretende realizar un análisis comparativo de todos los indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de los países en estudio, con el fin de identificar las debilidades o, [EN] The 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development, which is an action plan in favor of people and the planet, was approved by the UN in 2015. This agenda has 17 sustainable development goals that encompass climate change, gender equality, economy, among others, which are intended to licitadobe achieved by 2030. Each country faces specific challenges in search of sustainable development according to its situation. In the construction sector, which is one of the most important for all countries in growth and development, the integration of sustainability has begun, both in the construction itself and in the inclusion of sustainable criteria in contracting for public administration, however, there are barriers that don¿t allow the effectiveness of the inclusion of the criteria, such as the lack of knowledge of how to consider them and the lack of methods to evaluate and monitor them. Most of the infrastructures of a city, roads, hospitals, educational centers, bridges and all for the use of society and their satisfaction are tendered, therefore, they should be taken into account from the tender stage, sustainable criteria that lead the works to be environmentally, economically and socially friendly, thus contributing to sustainable development. The purpose of this work is to study the Dominican Republic, and the country's legislation does not explicitly promote the consideration of sustainability criteria in public procurement and contracting, but its incorporation is not prohibited. From the aforementioned, the problem arises in the development of this work, which is the lack of knowledge of which sustainable criteria are to be considered in the country's work tenders and with what level of importance they should be considered. The SDG Index and Dashboards 2018 will be taken as a database, in which the values of the indexes of the 17 objectives and the values of the indicators of each of these are provided. 83 countries are considered in the study, which are all the cou

[EN] Delays and cost overruns in the construction works are a global phenomenon, their appearance is so common that it has come to assert that they are an integral part of the projects. Despite of the numerous efforts realized to mitigate this type of issues, the same ones that remain constant in construction projects throughout the world, but especially they are presented in greater magnitude in developing countries. It is very common that construction projects in Ecuador exceed the levels of time and budget established specifically. Due to this, the present investigation seeks to characterize the current situation of the country in relation to the delay and cost overruns in the works, as well as the influence of the characteristics of both, the companies and the projects in the appearance of these phenomena. Based on a literary review, more than 70 causes of delays and cost overruns were collected, which were classified according to their distinction in the articles in which they were found. Based on this, experts from the sector in Ecuador are locked in to validate the most important causes that occur in this country. Thus, 21 cases were divided into 5 categories for their participation in the study. The study aims to find, on the one hand, the most influential causes in the delays and cost overruns of the works, and, on the other hand, the variables of both the company and the project that influence the delay and the extra cost. Once these variables are found, the relationship between them and the causes of delay and cost overrun is studied. Subsequently, the relationship between the categories of each of these causes of delay and cost overrun with the categories of the company and project variables is analyzed. In addition, the classification of the causes of delay and cost overrun is analyzed and the relationship between them is obtained. 53 projects executed in Ecuador that have been affected by different causes causing delays and / or cost overruns have been, [ES] Descripcion: La presente investigación pretende estudiar proyectos de construcción que han sido afectados por diferentes causas que han generado retrasos y sobrecostes en los mismos. A partir de una revisión literaria se puede observar que las causas que generan estos problemas en los proyectos son de diferentes tipos, destacando algunas que suceden con mayor periodicidad y tienen un mayor impacto. A esta revisión, se suma la opinión de expertos de la región de estudio que corroborarán la aparición de estas causas en los proyectos ejecutados. Ambos resultados serán el punto de partida para la elaboración de un fichero base para realizar entrevistas a empresas constructoras de Ecuador. Dicha entrevista servirá para caracterizar la situación, permitiendo estudiar a los factores que actualmente influyen en los proyectos causando retrasos y sobrecostes. Con la ayuda de análisis estadísticos se pretende analizar la influencia de las características de las empresas sobre los diferentes factores que causan estos impactos negativos en sus proyectos, dependiendo del tipo de proyecto, monto, lugar de ubicación, etc. Teniendo como variable de respuesta al porcentaje de retrasos y sobrecoste que se generan. Con estos resultados claros, se generarán una serie de conclusiones sobre las cuales se pretende realizar una serie de recomendaciones para mejorar el sistema y evitar al máximo la ocurrencia de estas causas que generan pérdidas a las empresas de este tipo. Objetivos: - Identificar las causas de retraso y sobrecoste más influyentes existentes en la literatura. - Determinar las causas de retraso y sobrecoste más importantes en Ecuador. - Analizar y evaluar el impacto de las causas de retraso y sobrecoste en los proyectos de micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de construcción en Ecuador. - Proponer recomendaciones para minimizar los retrasos y por ende sobrecostes en los proyectos. Alcance: El presente estudio analizará proyectos constructivos de las empresas de la región