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[Resumen]: La conducta adaptativa se refiere a la eficacia con la que una persona responde a las demandas naturales y sociales de su ambiente. Este concepto se fue modificando, y actualmente nos referimos a ella como el conjunto de habilidades conceptuales, sociales y prácticas que el sujeto aprende y que le permiten responder a las circunstancias de su vida diaria. Es uno de los criterios más relevantes que determinan el grado de discapacidad y constituye uno de los síntomas más representativos a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico del TEA.El objetivo general del estudio fue analizar, a través de los indicadores del GARS-2 e ICAP, lar elación entre la conducta adaptativa, con las diferentes destrezas que la componen, y el diagnóstico de TEA, así como determinar su relación con el género, la edad y otras variables personales y sociofamiliares. Para ello se utilizó una muestra de 209 personas, de ellas, un grupo(n= 111) habían sido diagnosticadas de TEA (37 mujeres y 74 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre los 2 y 20 años. Un segundo grupo (n= 98), estaba formado por personas normotípicas (56 mujeres y 42 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 23 años. Los datos fueron analizados a través de contrastes y correlaciones no paramétricas, así como con un procedimiento de Árbol de decisión.Los resultados no sólo muestran la existencia de un perfil identificable de conducta adaptativa en los participantes con TEA, sino que refuerzan la posibilidad de reconocer el riesgo de TEA partiendo de las dimensiones y destrezas de GARS-2 e ICAP, [Resumo]: A conducta adaptativa refírese á eficacia coa que unha persoa responde ás demandas naturaies e sociais do seu ambiente. Este concepto foise modificando, eactualmente referímonos a ela como o conxunto de habilidades conceptuais, sociais e prácticasque o suxeto aprende e que lle permiten responder ás circunstancias da sua vida diaria. É un doscriterios máis relevantes que determinan o grao de discapacidade e constituen un dos síntomas máis representativos a ter en conta no diagnóstico do TEA. O obxetivo xeral do estudio foi analizar, a través dos indicadores do GARS-2 e ICAP, a relación entre a conducta adaptativa, coas diferentes destrezas que a compoñen, e o diagnóstico de TEA, así como determinar a súa relación con xénero, a idade e outras variables personais e sociofamiliares. Para elo, utilizouse unha mostra de 209 persoas, de elas, un grupo (n= 111) habían sido diagnosticadas de TEA (37mulleres e 74 homes) con idades comprendidas entre os 2 e os 20 anos. Un segundo grupo (n=98), estaba formado por persoas normotípicas (56 mulleres e 42 homes) con idade scomprendidas entre 3 e 23 anos. Os datos foron analizados a través de contrastes e correlacións non paramétricas, así como cun análisis de clasificación de árbore.Os resultados non só mostran a existencia dun perfil identificable de conducta adaptativa nos participantes con TEA, sinon que reforzan a posibilidade de recoñecer o risgo deTEA partindo das dimensións e destrezas de GARS-2 e ICAP., [Abstract]: Adaptive behaviour refers to the effectiveness with which a person responds to then atural and social demands of their environment. This concept has been modified, and nowadays we refer to it as the set of conceptual, social and practical skills that the subject learns and that allow him/her to respond to the circumstances of his/her daily life. It is one of the mos trelevant criteria that determine the degree of disability and constitutes one of the most representative symptoms to be taken into account in the diagnosis of ASD. The general objective of the study was to analyse, through the GARS-2 and ICAP indicators, the relations hipbetween adaptive behaviour, with the different skills that comprise it, and the diagnosis of ASD,as well as to determine its relationship with gender, age and other personal and socio-familial variables. For this purpose, a sample of 209 people was used, of whom one group (n= 111) had been diagnosed with ASD (37 women and 74 men) aged between 2 and 20 years. A second group(n= 98) consisted of normotypical individuals (56 females and 42 males) aged between 3 and 23years. The data were analysed by means of non-parametric contrasts and correlations, as wellas the tree classification test.The results not only show the existence of an identifiable profile of adaptive behaviour in participants with ASD, but also reinforce the possibility of recognising the risk of ASD on the basis of ASD dimensions.

[Resumen]: La conducta adaptativa se refiere a la eficacia con la que una persona responde a las demandas naturales y sociales de su ambiente. Este concepto se fue modificando, y actualmente nos referimos a ella como el conjunto de habilidades conceptuales, sociales y prácticas que el sujeto aprende y que le permiten responder a las circunstancias de su vida diaria. Es uno de los criterios más relevantes que determinan el grado de discapacidad y constituye uno de los síntomas más representativos a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico del TEA.El objetivo general del estudio fue analizar, a través de los indicadores del GARS-2 e ICAP, lar elación entre la conducta adaptativa, con las diferentes destrezas que la componen, y el diagnóstico de TEA, así como determinar su relación con el género, la edad y otras variables personales y sociofamiliares. Para ello se utilizó una muestra de 209 personas, de ellas, un grupo(n= 111) habían sido diagnosticadas de TEA (37 mujeres y 74 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre los 2 y 20 años. Un segundo grupo (n= 98), estaba formado por personas normotípicas (56 mujeres y 42 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 23 años. Los datos fueron analizados a través de contrastes y correlaciones no paramétricas, así como con un procedimiento de Árbol de decisión.Los resultados no sólo muestran la existencia de un perfil identificable de conducta adaptativa en los participantes con TEA, sino que refuerzan la posibilidad de reconocer el riesgo de TEA partiendo de las dimensiones y destrezas de GARS-2 e ICAP, [Resumo]: A conducta adaptativa refírese á eficacia coa que unha persoa responde ás demandas naturaies e sociais do seu ambiente. Este concepto foise modificando, eactualmente referímonos a ela como o conxunto de habilidades conceptuais, sociais e prácticasque o suxeto aprende e que lle permiten responder ás circunstancias da sua vida diaria. É un doscriterios máis relevantes que determinan o grao de discapacidade e constituen un dos síntomas máis representativos a ter en conta no diagnóstico do TEA. O obxetivo xeral do estudio foi analizar, a través dos indicadores do GARS-2 e ICAP, a relación entre a conducta adaptativa, coas diferentes destrezas que a compoñen, e o diagnóstico de TEA, así como determinar a súa relación con xénero, a idade e outras variables personais e sociofamiliares. Para elo, utilizouse unha mostra de 209 persoas, de elas, un grupo (n= 111) habían sido diagnosticadas de TEA (37mulleres e 74 homes) con idades comprendidas entre os 2 e os 20 anos. Un segundo grupo (n=98), estaba formado por persoas normotípicas (56 mulleres e 42 homes) con idade scomprendidas entre 3 e 23 anos. Os datos foron analizados a través de contrastes e correlacións non paramétricas, así como cun análisis de clasificación de árbore.Os resultados non só mostran a existencia dun perfil identificable de conducta adaptativa nos participantes con TEA, sinon que reforzan a posibilidade de recoñecer o risgo deTEA partindo das dimensións e destrezas de GARS-2 e ICAP., [Abstract]: Adaptive behaviour refers to the effectiveness with which a person responds to then atural and social demands of their environment. This concept has been modified, and nowadays we refer to it as the set of conceptual, social and practical skills that the subject learns and that allow him/her to respond to the circumstances of his/her daily life. It is one of the mos trelevant criteria that determine the degree of disability and constitutes one of the most representative symptoms to be taken into account in the diagnosis of ASD. The general objective of the study was to analyse, through the GARS-2 and ICAP indicators, the relations hipbetween adaptive behaviour, with the different skills that comprise it, and the diagnosis of ASD,as well as to determine its relationship with gender, age and other personal and socio-familial variables. For this purpose, a sample of 209 people was used, of whom one group (n= 111) had been diagnosed with ASD (37 women and 74 men) aged between 2 and 20 years. A second group(n= 98) consisted of normotypical individuals (56 females and 42 males) aged between 3 and 23years. The data were analysed by means of non-parametric contrasts and correlations, as wellas the tree classification test.The results not only show the existence of an identifiable profile of adaptive behaviour in participants with ASD, but also reinforce the possibility of recognising the risk of ASD on the basis of ASD dimensions.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by the bite of infected Culicoides midges that affects domestic and wild ruminants producing great economic losses. The infection induces an IFN response, followed by an adaptive immune response that is essential in disease clearance. BTV can nonetheless impair IFN and humoral responses. The main goal of this study was to gain a more detailed understanding of BTV pathogenesis and its effects on immune cell populations. To this end, we combined flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses of several immune cells at different times post-infection (pi). Four sheep were infected with BTV serotype 8 and blood samples collected at days 0, 3, 7 and 15pi to perform transcriptomic analysis of B-cell marker+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ sorted peripheral mononuclear cells. The maximum number of differentially expressed genes occurred at day 7pi, which coincided with the peak of infection. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that genes belonging to virus sensing and immune response initiation pathways were enriched at day 3 and 7 pi in all 4 cell population analyzed. Transcriptomic analysis also showed that at day 7pi T cell exhaustion pathway was enriched in CD4+ cells, while CD8+ cells downregulated immune response initiation pathways. T cell functional studies demonstrated that BTV produced an acute inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation at the peak of replication. This coincided with PD-L1 upregulation on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as monocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that BTV could exploit the PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to impair T cell responses. These findings identify several mechanisms in the interaction between host and BTV, which could help develop better tools to combat the disease.

The frequency and intensity of drought events are increasing worldwide, challenging the adaptive capacity of several tree species. Here, we evaluate tree growth patterns and climate sensitivity to precipitation, temperature, and drought in the relict Moroccan fir Abies marocana. We selected two study sites, formerly stated as harboring contrasting A. marocana taxa (A. marocana and A. tazaotana, respectively). For each tree, dendrochronological methods were applied to quantify growth patterns and climate–growth sensitivity. Further, ddRAD-seq was performed on the same trees and close saplings to obtain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and related genotype–phenotype associations. Genetic differentiation between the two studied remnant populations of A. marocana was weak. Growth patterns and climate–growth relationships were almost similar at the two sites studied, supporting a negative effect of warming. Growth trends and tree size showed associations with SNPs, although there were no relationships with phenotypes related to climatic sensitivity. We found significant differences in the SNPs subjected to selection in the saplings compared to the old trees, suggesting that relict tree populations might be subjected to genetic differentiation and local adaptation to climate dryness. Our results illustrate the potential of tree rings and genome-wide analysis to improve our understanding of the adaptive capacity of drought-sensitive forests to cope with ongoing climate change., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN), Junta de Andalucía, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Visibilidad de las Prácticas Externas como medio eficaz y necesario para la formación académica y el futuro laboral del alumnado. Mediante las experiencias de otros/as compañeros/as que ya las han realizado e instituciones ofertadas.

Ongoing climatic change is threatening the survival of drought-sensitive tree species, such as silver fir (Abies alba). Drought-induced dieback had been previously explored in this conifer, although the role played by tree-level genetic diversity and its relationship with growth patterns and soil microsite conditions remained elusive. We used double digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to describe different genetic characteristics of five silver fir forests in the Spanish Pyrenees, including declining and non-declining trees. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to investigate the relationships between genetics, dieback, intraspecific trait variation (functional dendrophenotypic traits and leaf traits), local bioclimatic conditions, and rhizosphere soil properties. While there were no noticeable genetic differences between declining and non-declining trees, genome–environment associations with selection signatures were abundant, suggesting a strong influence of climate, soil physicochemical properties, and soil microbial diversity on local adaptation. These results provide novel insights into how genetics and diverse environmental factors are interrelated and highlight the need to incorporate genetic data into silver fir forest dieback studies to gain a better understanding of local adaptation.

Local differentiation at distribution limits may influence species' adaptive capacity to environmental changes. However, drivers, such gene flow and local selection, are still poorly understood. We focus on the role played by range limits in mountain forests to test the hypothesis that relict tree populations are subjected to genetic differentiation and local adaptation. Two alpine treelines of mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Ram. ex DC) were investigated in the Spanish Pyrenees. Further, an isolated relict population forming the species' southernmost distribution limit in north-eastern Spain was also investigated. Using genotyping by sequencing, a genetic matrix conformed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was obtained. This matrix was used to perform genotype-environment and genotype-phenotype associations, as well as to model risk of non-adaptedness. Increasing climate seasonality appears as an essential element in the interpretation of SNPs subjected to selective pressures. Genetic differentiations were overall weak. The differences in leaf mass area and radial growth rate, as well as the identification of several SNPs subjected to selective pressures, exceeded neutral predictions of differentiation among populations. Despite genetic drift might prevail in the isolated population, the Fst values (0.060 and 0.066) showed a moderate genetic drift and Nm values (3.939 and 3.555) indicate the presence of gene flow between the relict population and both treelines. Nonetheless, the SNPs subjected to selection pressures provide evidences of possible selection in treeline ecotones. Persistence in range boundaries seems to involve several selective pressures in species' traits, which were significantly related to enhanced drought seasonality at the limit of P. uncinata distribution range. We conclude that gene flow is unlikely to constrain adaptation in the P. uncinata rear edge, although this species shows vulnerability to future climate change scenarios involving

Forest tree species are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. As sessile organisms with long generation times, their adaptation to a local changing environment may rely on epigenetic modifications when allele frequencies are not able to shift fast enough. However, the current lack of knowledge on this field is remarkable, due to many challenges that researchers face when studying this issue. Huge genome sizes, absence of reference genomes and annotation, and having to analyze huge amounts of data are among these difficulties, which limit the current ability to understand how climate change drives tree species epigenetic modifications. In spite of this challenging framework, some insights on the relationships among climate change-induced stress and epigenomics are coming. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies and an increasing number of studies dealing with this topic must boost our knowledge on tree adaptive capacity to changing environmental conditions. Here, we discuss challenges and perspectives in the epigenetics of climate change-induced forests decline, aiming to provide a general overview of the state of the art., Las especies de árboles forestales, como organismos sésiles con largos tiempos de generación, son muy vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático. Por ello, su adaptación a un ambiente que está cambiando puede depender de modificaciones epigenéticas cuando las frecuencias alélicas no pueden cambiar lo suficientemente rápido. Sin embargo, la falta de conocimiento actual en este campo es notable, debido a los múltiples desafíos que presenta: los enormes tamaños de los genomas de estas especies, la ausencia de genomas de referencia y sus anotaciones, y los altos volúmenes de datos a analizar. A pesar de ello, los avances en las tecnologías de secuenciación de ADN y un número cada vez mayor de estudios que abordan este tema están ayudando a incrementar nuestro conocimiento sobre el papel de la epigenética en la adaptación de los árboles a las nuevas condiciones ambientales. En esta review, discutimos los desafíos y perspectivas en el estudio epigenético del declive de los bosques inducido por el cambio climático, con el objetivo de proporcionar una descripción general de cómo está el tema actualmente y servir de guía para futuras investigaciones., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

El objetivo principal del proyecto es la puesta a punto de recursos educativos en abierto (REA) dirigidos a los alumnos de secundaria. La propuesta pretende desarrollar habilidades, para la resolución de problemas científicos, a través de retos que despierten el interés y la imaginación de los alumnos de secundaria. En esta propuesta la resolución de los problemas planteados estaría basada en la aplicación de una herramienta que ha revolucionado la genética y biología, la reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa, conocida como PCR.

Purpose of Review Restrictive diets, such as low-calorie diets, are difficult to maintain in the long term. For this reason, their popularity has decreased compared to non-restrictive approaches, which instead promote healthy eating strategies. Since both strategies may entail different neurobiological mechanisms, this review will examine the current evidence on the effects of restrictive and non-restrictive interventions on neurobehavioral factors. Recent Findings Restrictive diets appear to improve eating behaviors, and the evidence reviewed argues against the notion that they may worsen the severity of binge eating. Moreover, they may lead to short-term changes in brain structure and improvements in cerebrovascular markers which, in turn, could impact eating behaviors. Non-restrictive interventions may have a positive effect on weight management and eating behaviors. However, evidence of their neural effects is scarce. Summary Small sample sizes, short follow-ups, and the absence of control groups are limitations of the studies targeting both interventions. Rigorous long-term randomized studies are needed to examine the neurobehavioral effects of restrictive and non-restrictive approaches.

Viruses have evolved numerous strategies to impair immunity so that they can replicate more efficiently. Among those, the immunosuppressive effects of morbillivirus infection can be particularly problematic, as they allow secondary infections to take hold in the host, worsening disease prognosis. In the present work, we hypothesized that the highly contagious morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) could target monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) to contribute to the immunosuppressive effects produced by the infection. Monocytes isolated from healthy sheep, a natural host of the disease, were able be infected by PPRV and this impaired the differentiation and phagocytic ability of immature monocyte-derived DC (MoDC). We also assessed PPRV capacity to infect differentiated MoDC. Ovine MoDC could be productively infected by PPRV, and this drastically reduced MoDC capacity to activate allogeneic T cell responses. Transcriptomic analysis of infected MoDC indicated that several tolerogenic DC signature genes were upregulated upon PPRV infection. Furthermore, PPRV-infected MoDC could impair the proliferative response of autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cell to the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA), which indicated that DC targeting by the virus could promote immunosuppression. These results shed new light on the mechanisms employed by morbillivirus to suppress the host immune responses. IMPORTANCE Morbilliviruses pose a threat to global health given their high infectivity. The morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) severely affects small-ruminant-productivity and leads to important economic losses in communities that rely on these animals for subsistence. PPRV produces in the infected host a period of severe immunosuppression that opportunistic pathogens exploit, which worsens the course of the infection. The mechanisms of PPRV immunosuppression are not fully understood. In the present work, we demonstrate that PPRV can infect professional antigen-present