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The Galactic bulge hosts the Milky Way's oldest stars, possibly coming from disrupted globular clusters (GCs) or the bulge's primordial building blocks, making these stars witnesses to the Galaxy's early chemical enrichment. The Galactic bar currently dominates the bulge's region, altering the orbits of objects formed before its formation and complicating the trace of the field stars' original clusters. Here, we present the discovery of a fossil record of this evolution, SOS1 -- a star trapped in the bar, exhibiting significant enhancements in nitrogen, sodium, and aluminum, typical of second-generation GC stars. SOS1 also shows an s-process Ce enhancement, suggesting an old age and early enrichment by fast-rotating massive stars in the Galaxy's earliest phases. With the purpose of finding the SOS1's parent GC, we derive its precise chemodynamical properties by combining high-precision proper motions from Gaia with APOGEE detailed chemical abundances. Our analysis suggests that SOS1 was possibly stripped from the GC Terzan 5 by the Galactic bar's gravitational influence approximately 350 Myr ago. We also found chemical similarities suggesting that SOS1 belonged to the most metal-poor, ancient, and peripheral stellar population of Terzan 5. These results not only support the hypothesis that Terzan 5 is a remnant of a primordial building block of the Galactic bulge, but also suggest this cluster continues losing stars to the bar. Our method highlights how powerful the use of chemodynamical properties in the Gaia era is for tracing the Galaxy's evolutionary history., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters. 13 pages, 4 Figures (+ 3 in Appendix), and 1 Table (+ 1 in Appendix)

Solar magnetic activity follows regular cycles of about 11 years with an inversion of polarity in the poles every 22 years. This changing surface magnetism impacts the properties of the acoustic modes. The acoustic mode frequency shifts are a good proxy of the magnetic cycle. In this Letter we investigate solar magnetic activity cycles 23 and 24 through the evolution of the frequency shifts of low-degree modes (l= 0, 1, and 2) in three frequency bands. These bands probe properties between 74 and 1575 km beneath the surface. The analysis was carried out using observations from the space instrument Global Oscillations at Low Frequency and the ground-based Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network and Global Oscillation Network Group. The frequency shifts of radial modes suggest that changes in the magnetic field amplitude and configuration likely occur near the Sun's surface rather than near its core. The maximum shifts of solar cycle 24 occurred earlier at mid and high latitudes (relative to the equator) and about 1550 km beneath the photosphere. At this depth but near the equator, this maximum aligns with the surface activity but has a stronger magnitude. At around 74 km deep, the behaviour near the equator mirrors the behaviour at the surface, while at higher latitudes, it matches the strength of cycle 23., Comment: Letter accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 10 pages, 5 figures

We evaluate the impact of the rotation on the stochastic excitation of acoustic (p) modes in solar-like pulsators. First, we derive the forced wave equation taking rotation into account and we compute the source terms, which inject energy into the oscillations. We make use of the Rotating Mixing Length Theory (R-MLT) to assess how the convective root mean square velocities are modified by the Coriolis acceleration. Finally, we use the stellar structure and evolution code MESA combined with the stellar pulsation code GYRE to show that the resulting modes amplitudes are inhibited by rotation., Comment: 3 pages, 1 figures, Proceeding of SF2A annual conference

In the third APOKASC catalog, we present data for the complete sample of 15,808 evolved stars with APOGEE spectroscopic parameters and Kepler asteroseismology. We used ten independent asteroseismic analysis techniques and anchor our system on fundamental radii derived from Gaia $L$ and spectroscopic $T_{\rm eff}$. We provide evolutionary state, asteroseismic surface gravity, mass, radius, age, and the spectroscopic and asteroseismic measurements used to derive them for 12,418 stars. This includes 10,036 exceptionally precise measurements, with median fractional uncertainties in \nmax, \dnu, mass, radius and age of 0.6\%, 0.6\%, 3.8\%, 1.8\%, and 11.1\% respectively. We provide more limited data for 1,624 additional stars which either have lower quality data or are outside of our primary calibration domain. Using lower red giant branch (RGB) stars, we find a median age for the chemical thick disk of $9.14 \pm 0.05 ({\rm ran}) \pm 0.9 ({\rm sys})$ Gyr with an age dispersion of 1.1 Gyr, consistent with our error model. We calibrate our red clump (RC) mass loss to derive an age consistent with the lower RGB and provide asymptotic GB and RGB ages for luminous stars. We also find a sharp upper age boundary in the chemical thin disk. We find that scaling relations are precise and accurate on the lower RGB and RC, but they become more model dependent for more luminous giants and break down at the tip of the RGB. We recommend the usage of multiple methods, calibration to a fundamental scale, and the usage of stellar models to interpret frequency spacings., Comment: 43 pages, 25 figures, submitted ApJSupp. Comments welcome. Data tables available on request from pinsonneault.1@osu.edu

We report on the discovery and spectroscopic confirmation of TOI-2458 b, a transiting mini-Neptune around an F-type star leaving the main-sequence with a mass of $M_\star=1.05 \pm 0.03$ M$_{\odot}$, a radius of $R_\star=1.31 \pm 0.03$ R$_{\odot}$, an effective temperature of $T_{\rm eff}=6005\pm50$ K, and a metallicity of $-0.10\pm0.05$ dex. By combining TESS photometry with high-resolution spectra acquired with the HARPS spectrograph, we found that the transiting planet has an orbital period of $\sim$3.74 days, a mass of $M_p=13.31\pm0.99$ M$_{\oplus}$ and a radius of $R_p=2.83\pm0.20$ R$_{\oplus}$. The host star TOI-2458 shows a short activity cycle of $\sim$54 days revealed in the HARPS S-index and H$\alpha$ times series. We took the opportunity to investigate other F stars showing activity cycle periods comparable to that of TOI-2458 and found that they have shorter rotation periods than would be expected based on the gyrochronology predictions. In addition, we determined TOI-2458's stellar inclination angle to be $i_\star\,=\,10.6_{-10.6}^{+13.3}$ degrees. We discuss that both phenomena (fast stellar rotation and planet orbit inclination) could be explained by in situ formation of a hot Jupiter interior to TOI-2458 b. It is plausible that this hot Jupiter was recently engulfed by the star. Analysis of HARPS spectra has identified the presence of another planet with a period of $P\,=\,16.55\pm0.06$ days and a minimum mass of $M_p \sin i=10.22\pm1.90$ M$_{\oplus}$. Using dynamical stability analysis, we constrained the mass of this planet to the range $M_{c} \simeq (10, 25)$ M$_{\oplus}$., Comment: 25 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The solar-type subgiant $\beta$ Hyi has long been studied as an old analog of the Sun. Although the rotation period has never been measured directly, it was estimated to be near 27 days. As a southern hemisphere target it was not monitored by long-term stellar activity surveys, but archival International Ultraviolet Explorer data revealed a 12 year activity cycle. Previous ground-based asteroseismology suggested that the star is slightly more massive and substantially larger and older than the Sun, so the similarity of both the rotation rate and the activity cycle period to solar values is perplexing. We use two months of precise time-series photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) to detect solar-like oscillations in $\beta$ Hyi and determine the fundamental stellar properties from asteroseismic modeling. We also obtain a direct measurement of the rotation period, which was previously estimated from an ultraviolet activity-rotation relation. We then use rotational evolution modeling to predict the rotation period expected from either standard spin-down or weakened magnetic braking (WMB). We conclude that the rotation period of $\beta$ Hyi is consistent with WMB, and that changes in stellar structure on the subgiant branch can reinvigorate the large-scale dynamo and briefly sustain magnetic activity cycles. Our results support the existence of a "born-again" dynamo in evolved subgiants -- previously suggested to explain the cycle in 94 Aqr Aa -- which can best be understood within the WMB scenario., Comment: ApJ accepted. 8 pages including 6 figures and 2 tables

Asteroseismology of dwarf stars cooler than the Sun is very challenging due to the low amplitudes and rapid timescales of oscillations. Here, we present the asteroseismic detection of solar-like oscillations at 4-minute timescales ($\nu_{\mathrm{max}}\sim4300\mu$Hz) in the nearby K-dwarf $\sigma$ Draconis using extreme precision Doppler velocity observations from the Keck Planet Finder and 20-second cadence photometry from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. The star is the coolest dwarf star to date with both velocity and luminosity observations of solar-like oscillations, having amplitudes of $5.9\pm0.8\,$cm$\,\text{s}^{-1}$ and $0.8\pm0.2$ ppm, respectively. These measured values are in excellent agreement with established luminosity-velocity amplitude relations for oscillations and provide further evidence that mode amplitudes for stars with $T_{\mathrm{eff}}<\,5500\,$K diminish in scale following a $(L/M)^{1.5}$ relation. By modeling the star's oscillation frequencies from photometric data, we measure an asteroseismic age of $4.5\pm0.9\,\rm{(ran)} \pm 1.2\,\rm{(sys)}$ Gyr. The observations demonstrate the capability of next-generation spectrographs and precise space-based photometry to extend observational asteroseismology to nearby cool dwarfs, which are benchmarks for stellar astrophysics and prime targets for directly imaging planets using future space-based telescopes., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Motivated by closed string perturbation theory arguments by S. Shenker, we consider non-perturbative effects of characteristic strength $\mathcal{O}(e^{-1/g_{s}})$, with $g_{s}$ the closed string coupling constant, in supersymmetric critical heterotic string theories. We argue that in 10D such effects arise from heterotic "D-instantons," i.e. heterotic disk diagrams, whose existence relies on a non-trivial interplay between worldsheet and spacetime degrees of freedom. In compactifications of the $\mathrm{SemiSpin}(32)$ heterotic string, we argue that similar effects can arise from wrapped Euclidean non-BPS "D-strings." Two general principles arise: The first is that the consistency of those heterotic branes on which the fundamental string can end relies on an inflow mechanism for spacetime degrees of freedom. The second is that Shenker's argument, taken to its logical conclusion, implies that all closed string theories must exhibit open strings as well., Comment: 8 pages

We report the discovery and characterization of a small planet, TOI-1408 c, on a 2.2-day orbit located interior to a previously known hot Jupiter, TOI-1408 b ($P=4.42$ d, $M=1.86\pm0.02\,M_\mathrm{Jup}$, $R=2.4\pm0.5\,R_\mathrm{Jup}$) that exhibits grazing transits. The two planets are near 2:1 period commensurability, resulting in significant transit timing variations (TTVs) for both planets and transit duration variations (TDVs) for the inner planet. The TTV amplitude for TOI-1408 c is 15% of the planet's orbital period, marking the largest TTV amplitude relative to the orbital period measured to date. Photodynamical modeling of ground-based radial velocity (RV) observations and transit light curves obtained with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and ground-based facilities leads to an inner planet radius of $2.22\pm0.06\,R_\oplus$ and mass of $7.6\pm0.2\,M_\oplus$ that locates the planet into the Sub-Neptune regime. The proximity to the 2:1 period commensurability leads to the libration of the resonant argument of the inner planet. The RV measurements support the existence of a third body with an orbital period of several thousand days. This discovery places the system among the rare systems featuring a hot Jupiter accompanied by an inner low-mass planet., Comment: Accepted to ApJL, 17 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables

Building on the success of previous missions, asteroseismic modelling will play a key role in future space-based missions, such as PLATO, CubeSpec, and Roman. Despite remarkable achievements, asteroseismology has revealed significant discrepancies in the physics of theoretical stellar models, which have the potential to bias stellar characterisation at the precision level demanded by PLATO. The current modelling strategies largely overlook magnetic activity, assuming that its effects are masked by filtering the so-called surface effects. Given the presence of activity cycles in multiple solar-like oscillators, and activity variations in a significant fraction of Kepler observations of main-sequence stars (Santos et al. 2019b, 2021, 2023), we measured the impact of magnetic activity on the asteroseismic characterisation of the Sun based on 26.5 years of GOLF and BiSON observations. While magnetic activity is partially absorbed in the treatment of surface effects, we found a discernible imprint of the activity cycle in the determination of the solar age. Notably, this imprint persists across both BiSON and GOLF datasets, with significant variations of up to 6.5% observed between solar minima and maxima. Considering that the Sun exhibits low levels of activity, our study underscores the looming challenge posed by magnetic activity for future photometry missions, and prompts a potential reevaluation of the asteroseismic characterisation of Kepler's most active targets., Comment: Accepted for publication as a Letter in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Extracting non-Gaussian information from the next generation weak lensing surveys will require fast and accurate full-sky simulations. This is difficult to achieve in practice with existing simulation methods: ray-traced $N$-body simulations are computationally expensive, and approximate simulation methods (such as lognormal mocks) are not accurate enough. Here, we present GANSky, an interpretable machine learning method that uses Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to produce fast and accurate full-sky tomographic weak lensing maps. The input to our GAN are lognormal maps that approximately describe the late-time convergence field of the Universe. Starting from these lognormal maps, we use GANs to learn how to locally redistribute mass to achieve simulation-quality maps. This can be achieved using remarkably small networks ($\approx 10^3$ parameters). We validate the GAN maps by computing a number of summary statistics in both simulated and GANSky maps. We show that GANSky maps correctly reproduce both the mean and $\chi^2$ distribution for several statistics, specifically: the 2-pt function, 1-pt PDF, peak and void counts, and the equilateral, folded and squeezed bispectra. These successes makes GANSky an attractive tool to compute the covariances of these statistics. In addition to being useful for rapidly generating large ensembles of artificial data sets, our method can be used to extract non-Gaussian information from weak lensing data with field-level or simulation-based inference., Comment: 14 pages, 10 Figures, comments welcome

PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) is ESA's M3 mission designed to detect and characterise extrasolar planets and perform asteroseismic monitoring of a large number of stars. PLATO will detect small planets (down to <2 R_(Earth)) around bright stars (<11 mag), including terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. With the complement of radial velocity observations from the ground, planets will be characterised for their radius, mass, and age with high accuracy (5 %, 10 %, 10 % for an Earth-Sun combination respectively). PLATO will provide us with a large-scale catalogue of well-characterised small planets up to intermediate orbital periods, relevant for a meaningful comparison to planet formation theories and to better understand planet evolution. It will make possible comparative exoplanetology to place our Solar System planets in a broader context. In parallel, PLATO will study (host) stars using asteroseismology, allowing us to determine the stellar properties with high accuracy, substantially enhancing our knowledge of stellar structure and evolution. The payload instrument consists of 26 cameras with 12cm aperture each. For at least four years, the mission will perform high-precision photometric measurements. Here we review the science objectives, present PLATO's target samples and fields, provide an overview of expected core science performance as well as a description of the instrument and the mission profile at the beginning of the serial production of the flight cameras. PLATO is scheduled for a launch date end 2026. This overview therefore provides a summary of the mission to the community in preparation of the upcoming operational phases.

Accurate modelling of the one-to-two halo transition has long been difficult to achieve. We demonstrate that physically motivated halo definitions that respect the bimodal phase-space distribution of dark matter particles near halos resolves this difficulty. Specifically, the two phase-space components are overlapping and correspond to: 1) particles \it orbiting \rm the halo; and 2) particles \it infalling \rm into the halo for the first time. Motivated by this decomposition, Garc\'ia [R. Garc\'ia et. al., MNRAS 521, 2464 (2023)] advocated for defining haloes as the collection of particles orbiting their self-generated potential. This definition identifies the traditional one-halo term of the halo--mass correlation function with the distribution of orbiting particles around a halo, while the two-halo term governs the distribution of infalling particles. We use dark matter simulations to demonstrate that the distribution of orbiting particles is finite and can be characterised by a single physical scale $r_{\rm h}$, which we refer to as the \it halo radius. \rm The two-halo term is described using a simple yet accurate empirical model based on the Zel'dovich correlation function. We further demonstrate that the halo radius imprints itself on the distribution of infalling particles at small scales. Our final model for the halo--mass correlation function is accurate at the $\approx 2\%$ level for $r \in [0.1,50]\ h^{-1}\ Mpc$. The Fourier transform of our best fit model describes the halo--mass power spectrum with comparable accuracy for $k\in [0.06, 6.0]\ h\ Mpc^{-1}$., Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures

We present stellar age determinations for 4661 red giant branch stars in the APO-K2 catalog, derived using mass estimates from K2 asteroseismology from the K2 Galactic Archaeology Program and elemental abundances from the Apache Point Galactic Evolution Experiment survey. Our sample includes 17 of the 19 fields observed by K2, making it one of the most comprehensive catalogs of accurate stellar ages across the Galaxy in terms of the wide range of populations spanned by its stars, enabling rigorous tests of Galactic chemical evolution models. Taking into account the selection functions of the K2 sample, the data appear to support the age-chemistry morphology of stellar populations predicted by both inside-out and late-burst scenarios. We also investigate trends in age versus stellar chemistry and Galactic position, which are consistent with previous findings. Comparisons against APOKASC-3 asteroseismic ages show agreement to within ~3%. We also discuss offsets between our ages and spectroscopic ages. Finally, we note that ignoring the effects of $\alpha$-enhancement on stellar opacity (either directly or with the Salaris metallicity correction) results in an ~10% offset in age estimates for the most $\alpha$-enhanced stars, which is an important consideration for continued tests of Galactic models with this and other asteroseismic age samples.

We present spot properties on 32 periodic young stellar objects in IC 5070. Long term, $\sim$5 yr, light curves in the $V$, $R$, and $I$-bands are obtained through the HOYS (Hunting Outbursting Young Stars) citizen science project. These are dissected into six months long slices, with 3 months oversampling, to measure 234 sets of amplitudes in all filters. We fit 180 of these with reliable spot solutions. Two thirds of spot solutions are cold spots, the lowest is 2150 K below the stellar temperature. One third are warm spots that are above the stellar temperature by less than $\sim$2000 K. Cold and warm spots have maximum surface coverage values of 40 percent, although only 16 percent of warm spots are above 20 percent surface coverage as opposed to 60 percent of the cold spots. Warm spots are most likely caused by a combination of plages and low density accretion columns, most common on objects without inner disc excess emission in $K-W2$. Five small hot spot solutions have $<3$ percent coverage and are 3000 - 5000 K above the stellar temperature. These are attributed to accretion, and four of them occur on the same object. The majority of our objects are likely to be accreting. However, we observe very few accretion hot spots as either the accretion is not stable on our timescale or the photometry is dominated by other features. We do not identify cyclical spot behaviour on the targets. We additionally identify and discuss a number of objects that have interesting amplitudes, phase changes, or spot properties., Comment: Accepted for publication by MNRAS. 17 + 7 pages, 7 + 23 figures, 1 table

The surface [C/N] ratios of evolved giants are strongly affected by the first dredge-up (FDU) of nuclear-processed material from stellar cores. C and N also have distinct nucleosynthetic origins and serve as diagnostics of mixing and mass loss. We use subgiants to find strong trends in the birth [C/N] with [Fe/H], which differ between the low-$\alpha$ and high-$\alpha$ populations. We demonstrate that these birth trends have a strong impact on the surface abundances after the FDU. This effect is neglected in current stellar models, which use solar-scaled C and N. We map out the FDU as a function of evolutionary state, mass, and composition using a large and precisely measured asteroseismic dataset in first-ascent red giant branch (RGB) and core He-burning, or red clump (RC), stars. We describe the domains where [C/N] is a useful mass diagnostic and find that the RC complements the RGB and extends the range of validity to higher mass. We find evidence for extra mixing on the RGB below [Fe/H]= -0.4, matching literature results, for high-$\alpha$ giants, but there is no clear evidence of mixing in the low-$\alpha$ giants. The predicted signal of mass loss is weak and difficult to detect in our sample. We discuss implications for stellar physics and stellar population applications., Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures

The Hunting Outbursting Young Stars (HOYS) project performs long-term, optical, multi-filter, high cadence monitoring of 25 nearby young clusters and star forming regions. Utilising Gaia DR3 data we have identified about 17000 potential young stellar members in 45 coherent astrometric groups in these fields. Twenty one of them are clear young groups or clusters of stars within one kiloparsec and they contain 9143 Gaia selected potential members. The cluster distances, proper motions and membership numbers are determined. We analyse long term (about 7yr) V, R, and I-band light curves from HOYS for 1687 of the potential cluster members. One quarter of the stars are variable in all three optical filters, and two thirds of these have light curves that are symmetric around the mean. Light curves affected by obscuration from circumstellar materials are more common than those affected by accretion bursts, by a factor of 2-4. The variability fraction in the clusters ranges from 10 to almost 100 percent, and correlates positively with the fraction of stars with detectable inner disks, indicating that a lot of variability is driven by the disk. About one in six variables shows detectable periodicity, mostly caused by magnetic spots. Two thirds of the periodic variables with disk excess emission are slow rotators, and amongst the stars without disk excess two thirds are fast rotators - in agreement with rotation being slowed down by the presence of a disk., Comment: accepted for publication in MNRAS, 1 table, 9 figures

We study the local environmental properties of 418 supernovae (SNe) of all types using data from the Javalambre Photometric Local Universe Survey (J-PLUS), which includes 5 broad- and 7 narrow-band imaging filters, using two independent analyses: 1) the Normalized Cumulative Rank (NCR) method, utilizing all 12 single bands along with five continuum-subtracted narrow-band emission and absorption bands, and 2) simple stellar population (SSP) synthesis, where we build spectral energy distributions (SED) of the surrounding SN environment using the 12 filters. Improvements over previous works include: (i) the extension of the NCR technique to other filters using a set of homogeneous data; (ii) a correction for extinction to all bands based on the relation between the g-i color and the color excess; and (iii) a correction for the [NII] line contamination that falls within the H$\alpha$ filter. All NCR distributions in the broad-band filters, tracing the overall light distribution in each galaxy, are similar to each other, being type Ia, II and IIb SNe are preferably located in redder environments than the other SN types. The radial distribution of the SNe shows that type IIb SNe seem to have a preference for occurring in the inner regions of galaxies. All core-collapse SN (CC) types are strongly correlated to the [OII] emission, which traces SFR. The NCR distributions of the Ca II triplet show a clear division between II/IIb/Ia and Ib/Ic/IIn subtypes, which is interpreted as a difference in the environmental metallicity. Regarding the SSP synthesis, we found that including the 7 J-PLUS narrow filters in the fitting process has a more significant effect for the CC SN environmental parameters than for SNe Ia, shifting their values towards more extinct, younger, and more star-forming environments, due to the presence of strong emission-lines and stellar absorptions in those narrow-bands., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, 8 tables. A&A accepted

We interpret infinite-distance limits in the complex structure moduli space of F-theory compactifications to six dimensions in the light of general ideas in quantum gravity. The limits we focus on arise from non-minimal singularities in the elliptic fiber over curves in a Hirzebruch surface base, which do not admit a crepant resolution. Such degenerations take place along infinite directions in the non-perturbative brane moduli space in F-theory. A blow-up procedure, detailed generally in Part I of this project, gives rise to an internal space consisting of a union of log Calabi-Yau threefolds glued together along their boundaries. We geometrically classify the resulting configurations for genus-zero single infinite-distance limits. Special emphasis is put on the structure of singular fibers in codimension zero and one. As our main result, we interpret the central fiber of these degenerations as endpoints of a decompactification limit with six-dimensional defects. The conclusions rely on an adiabatic limit to gain information on the asymptotically massless states from the structure of vanishing cycles. We also compare our analysis to the heterotic dual description where available. Our findings are in agreement with general expectations from quantum gravity and provide further evidence for the Emergent String Conjecture., Comment: 60+45 pages, 9 figures

We study infinite-distance limits in the complex structure moduli space of elliptic Calabi-Yau threefolds. In F-theory compactifications to six dimensions, such limits include infinite-distance trajectories in the non-perturbative open string moduli space. The limits are described as degenerations of elliptic threefolds whose central elements exhibit non-minimal elliptic fibers, in the Kodaira sense, over curves on the base. We show how these non-crepant singularities can be removed by a systematic sequence of blow-ups of the base, leading to a union of log Calabi-Yau spaces glued together along their boundaries. We identify criteria for the blow-ups to give rise to open chains or more complicated trees of components and analyse the blow-up geometry. While our results are general and applicable to all non-minimal degenerations of Calabi-Yau threefolds in codimension one, we exemplify them in particular for elliptic threefolds over Hirzebruch surface base spaces. We also explain how to extract the gauge algebra for F-theory probing such reducible asymptotic geometries. This analysis is the basis for a detailed F-theory interpretation of the associated infinite-distance limits that will be provided in a companion paper., Comment: 63+72 pages, 20 figures

Due to be launched late 2026, the PLATO mission will bring the study of main-sequence solar-type and low-mass stars into a new era. In particular, PLATO will provide the community with a stellar sample with solar-type oscillations and activity-induced brightness modulation of unequalled size. We present here the main features of the analysis module that will be dedicated to measure stellar surface rotation and activity in the PLATO Stellar Analysis System., Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the French Astronomical Society

Gravity modes (g modes), mixed gravito-acoustic modes (mixed modes), and gravito-inertial modes (gi modes) possess unmatched properties as probes for stars with radiative interiors. The structural and dynamical constraints that they are able to provide cannot be accessed by other means. While they provide precious insights into the internal dynamics of evolved stars as well as massive and intermediate-mass stars, their non-detection in main sequence (MS) solar-type stars make them a crucial missing piece in our understanding of angular momentum transport in radiative zones and stellar rotational evolution. In this work, we aim to apply certain analysis tools originally developed for helioseismology in order to look for g-mode signatures in MS solar-type stars. We select a sample of the 34 most promising MS solar-type stars with Kepler four-year long photometric time series. All these stars are well-characterised late F-type stars with thin convective envelopes, fast convective flows, and stochastically excited acoustic modes (p modes). For each star, we compute the background noise level of the Fourier power spectrum to identify significant peaks at low frequency. After successfully detecting individual peaks in 12 targets, we further analyse four of them and observe distinct patterns of surrounding peaks with a low probability of being noise artifacts. Comparisons with the predictions from reference models suggest that these patterns are compatible with the presence of non-asymptotic low-order pure g modes, pure p modes, and mixed modes. Given their sensitivity to both the convective core interface stratification and the coupling between p- and g-mode resonant cavities, such modes are able to provide strong constraints on the structure and evolutionary states of the related targets. [abridged], Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

The bright star $\lambda$ Ser hosts a hot Neptune with a minimum mass of 13.6 $M_\oplus$ and a 15.5 day orbit. It also appears to be a solar analog, with a mean rotation period of 25.8 days and surface differential rotation very similar to the Sun. We aim to characterize the fundamental properties of this system, and to constrain the evolutionary pathway that led to its present configuration. We detect solar-like oscillations in time series photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), and we derive precise asteroseismic properties from detailed modeling. We obtain new spectropolarimetric data, and we use them to reconstruct the large-scale magnetic field morphology. We reanalyze the complete time series of chromospheric activity measurements from the Mount Wilson Observatory, and we present new X-ray and ultraviolet observations from the Chandra and Hubble space telescopes. Finally, we use the updated observational constraints to assess the rotational history of the star and to estimate the wind braking torque. We conclude that the remaining uncertainty on stellar age currently prevents an unambiguous interpretation of the properties of $\lambda$ Ser, and that the rate of angular momentum loss appears to be higher than for other stars with similar Rossby number. Future asteroseismic observations may help to improve the precision of the stellar age., Comment: 19 pages including 9 figures and 6 tables. Astronomical Journal, accepted

Asteroseismology has transformed stellar astrophysics. Red giant asteroseismology is a prime example, with oscillation periods and amplitudes that are readily detectable with time-domain space-based telescopes. These oscillations can be used to infer masses, ages and radii for large numbers of stars, providing unique constraints on stellar populations in our galaxy. The cadence, duration, and spatial resolution of the Roman galactic bulge time-domain survey (GBTDS) are well-suited for asteroseismology and will probe an important population not studied by prior missions. We identify photometric precision as a key requirement for realizing the potential of asteroseismology with Roman. A precision of 1 mmag per 15-min cadence or better for saturated stars will enable detections of the populous red clump star population in the Galactic bulge. If the survey efficiency is better than expected, we argue for repeat observations of the same fields to improve photometric precision, or covering additional fields to expand the stellar population reach if the photometric precision for saturated stars is better than 1 mmag. Asteroseismology is relatively insensitive to the timing of the observations during the mission, and the prime red clump targets can be observed in a single 70 day campaign in any given field. Complementary stellar characterization, particularly astrometry tied to the Gaia system, will also dramatically expand the diagnostic power of asteroseismology. We also highlight synergies to Roman GBTDS exoplanet science using transits and microlensing., Comment: Roman Core Community Survey White Paper, 3 pages, 4 figures

The ages of solar-like stars have been at the center of many studies such as exoplanet characterization or Galactic-archaeology. While ages are usually computed from stellar evolution models, relations linking ages to other stellar properties, such as rotation and magnetic activity, have been investigated. With the large catalog of 55,232 rotation periods, $P_{\rm rot}$, and photometric magnetic activity index, $S_{\rm ph}$ from Kepler data, we have the opportunity to look for such magneto-gyro-chronology relations. Stellar ages are obtained with two stellar evolution codes that include treatment of angular momentum evolution, hence using $P_{\rm rot}$ as input in addition to classical atmospheric parameters. We explore two different ways of predicting stellar ages on three subsamples with spectroscopic observations: solar analogs, late-F and G dwarfs, and K dwarfs. We first perform a Bayesian analysis to derive relations between $S_{\rm ph}$ and ages between 1 and 5 Gyr, and other stellar properties. For late-F and G dwarfs, and K dwarfs, the multivariate regression favors the model with $P_{\rm rot}$ and $S_{\rm ph}$ with median differences of 0.1%.and 0.2% respectively. We also apply Machine Learning techniques with a Random Forest algorithm to predict ages up to 14 Gyr with the same set of input parameters. For late-F, G and K dwarfs together, predicted ages are on average within 5.3% of the model ages and improve to 3.1% when including $P_{\rm rot}$. These are very promising results for a quick age estimation for solar-like stars with photometric observations, especially with current and future space missions., Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures, including 8 pages of Appendix. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present a catalog of fundamental stellar properties for 7,673 evolved stars, including stellar radii and masses, determined from the combination of spectroscopic observations from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS), and asteroseismology from K2. The resulting APO-K2 catalog provides spectroscopically derived temperatures and metallicities, asteroseismic global parameters, evolutionary states, and asteroseismically-derived masses and radii. Additionally, we include kinematic information from \textit{Gaia}. We investigate the multi-dimensional space of abundance, stellar mass, and velocity with an eye toward applications in Galactic archaeology. The APO-K2 sample has a large population of low metallicity stars ($\sim$288 at [M/H] $\leq$ $-$1), and their asteroseismic masses are larger than astrophysical estimates. We argue that this may reflect offsets in the adopted fundamental temperature scale for metal-poor stars rather than metallicity-dependent issues with interpreting asteroseismic data. We characterize the kinematic properties of the population as a function of $\alpha$-enhancement and position in the disk and identify those stars in the sample that are candidate components of the \textit{Gaia-Enceladus} merger. Importantly, we characterize the selection function for the APO-K2 sample as a function of metallicity, radius, mass, $\nu_{\mathrm{max}}$, color, and magnitude referencing Galactic simulations and target selection criteria to enable robust statistical inferences with the catalog., Comment: 28 Pages, 14 Figures, 1 Table. Full table and selection function data available at https://github.com/Jesstella/APO-K2. Submitted April 18th 2023 with AJ, awaiting review

Asteroseismology is playing an increasingly important role in the characterization of red-giant host stars and their planetary systems. Here, we conduct detailed asteroseismic modeling of the evolved red-giant branch (RGB) hosts KOI-3886 and $\iota$ Draconis, making use of end-of-mission Kepler (KOI-3886) and multi-sector TESS ($\iota$ Draconis) time-series photometry. We also model the benchmark star KIC 8410637, a member of an eclipsing binary, thus providing a direct test to the seismic determination. We test the impact of adopting different sets of observed modes as seismic constraints. Inclusion of $\ell=1$ and 2 modes improves the precision on the stellar parameters, albeit marginally, compared to adopting radial modes alone, with $1.9$-$3.0\%$ (radius), $5$-$9\%$ (mass), and $19$-$25\%$ (age) reached when using all p-dominated modes as constraints. Given the very small spacing of adjacent dipole mixed modes in evolved RGB stars, the sparse set of observed g-dominated modes is not able to provide extra constraints, further leading to highly multimodal posteriors. Access to multi-year time-series photometry does not improve matters, with detailed modeling of evolved RGB stars based on (lower-resolution) TESS data sets attaining a precision commensurate with that based on end-of-mission Kepler data. Furthermore, we test the impact of varying the atmospheric boundary condition in our stellar models. We find mass and radius estimates to be insensitive to the description of the near-surface layers, at the expense of substantially changing both the near-surface structure of the best-fitting models and the values of associated parameters like the initial helium abundance, $Y_{\rm i}$. Attempts to measure $Y_{\rm i}$ from seismic modeling of red giants may thus be systematically dependent on the choice of atmospheric physics., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal (AJ)

The looming electromagnetic spectrum crisis -- due to the fact of the explosive growth in the increasing user data demand -- has encouraged the emergence of new wireless technologies. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art leading and rapid developments in the current Light Fidelity (LiFi) technology. First, an overview is shown to help readers understand the potential of this technology. A comprehensive comparison with legacy wireless technologies is analyzed. We devise a taxonomy based on the main characteristics such as modulation techniques, applications, scenarios, network topologies, and architecture requirements, which enables a foundation for the research community. We highlight the powerful opportunities, the ongoing works, and results, identifying the challenges for future research.

Rapidly rotating red giant stars are astrophysically interesting but rare. In this paper we present a catalog of 3217 active red giant candidates in the APOGEE DR16 survey. We use a control sample in the well-studied Kepler fields to demonstrate a strong relationship between rotation and anomalies in the spectroscopic solution relative to typical giants. Stars in the full survey with similar solutions are identified as candidates. We use vsin\textiti measurements to confirm 50+/- 1.2% of our candidates as definite rapid rotators, compared to 4.9+/-0.2% in the Kepler control sample. In both the Kepler control sample and a control sample from DR16, we find that there are 3-4 times as many giants rotating with 5 < vsini < 10 km s$^{-1}$ compared to vsini > 10 km s$^{-1}$, the traditional threshold for anomalous rotation for red giants. The vast majority of intermediate rotators are not spectroscopically anomalous. We use binary diagnostics from APOGEE and \textit{Gaia} to infer a binary fraction of 73+/-2.4%. We identify a significant bias in the reported metallicity for candidates with complete spectroscopic solutions, with median offsets of 0.37 dex in [M/H] from a control sample. As such, up to 10% of stars with reported [M/H]<-1 are not truly metal poor. Finally, we use Gaia data to identify a sub-population of main sequence photometric binaries erroneously classified as giants., Comment: 17 pages, 15 figures submitted to MNRAS

Distinguishing among different marine benthic habitat characteristics is of key importance in a wide set of seabed operations ranging from installations of oil rigs to laying networks of cables and monitoring the impact of humans on marine ecosystems. The Side-Scan Sonar (SSS) is a widely used imaging sensor in this regard. It produces high-resolution seafloor maps by logging the intensities of sound waves reflected back from the seafloor. In this work, we leverage these acoustic intensity maps to produce pixel-wise categorization of different seafloor types. We propose a novel architecture adapted from the Vision Transformer (ViT) in an encoder-decoder framework. Further, in doing so, the applicability of ViTs is evaluated on smaller datasets. To overcome the lack of CNN-like inductive biases, thereby making ViTs more conducive to applications in low data regimes, we propose a novel feature extraction module to replace the Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) block within transformer layers and a novel module to extract multiscale patch embeddings. A lightweight decoder is also proposed to complement this design in order to further boost multiscale feature extraction. With the modified architecture, we achieve state-of-the-art results and also meet real-time computational requirements. We make our code available at ~\url{https://github.com/hayatrajani/s3seg-vit, Comment: Submitted to Ocean Engineering special issue "Autonomous Marine Robotics Operations"

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission searches for new exoplanets. The observing strategy of TESS results in high-precision photometry of millions of stars across the sky, allowing for detailed asteroseismic studies of individual systems. In this work, we present a detailed asteroseismic analysis of the giant star HD 76920 hosting a highly eccentric giant planet ($e = 0.878$) with an orbital period of 415 days, using 5 sectors of TESS light curve that cover around 140 days of data. Solar-like oscillations in HD 76920 are detected around $52 \, \mu$Hz by TESS for the first time. By utilizing asteroseismic modeling that takes classical observational parameters and stellar oscillation frequencies as constraints, we determine improved measurements of the stellar mass ($1.22 \pm 0.11\, M_\odot$), radius ($8.68 \pm 0.34\,R_\odot$), and age ($5.2 \pm 1.4\,$Gyr). With the updated parameters of the host star, we update the semi-major axis and mass of the planet as $a=1.165 \pm 0.035$ au and $M_{\rm p}\sin{i} = 3.57 \pm 0.22\,M_{\rm Jup}$. With an orbital pericenter of $0.142 \pm 0.005$ au, we confirm that the planet is currently far away enough from the star to experience negligible tidal decay until being engulfed in the stellar envelope. We also confirm that this event will occur within about 100\,Myr, depending on the stellar model used., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables

The Kepler mission revealed a plethora of stellar variability in the light curves of many stars, some associated with magnetic activity or stellar oscillations. In this work, we analyse the periodic signal in 162 intermediate-mass stars, interpreted as Rossby modes and rotational modulation - the so-called \textit{hump \& spike} feature. We investigate whether the rotational modulation (\textit{spike}) is due to stellar spots caused by magnetic fields or due to Overstable Convective (OsC) modes resonantly exciting g~modes, with frequencies corresponding to the convective core rotation rate. Assuming that the spikes are created by magnetic spots at the stellar surface, we recover the amplitudes of the magnetic fields, which are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Our data show a clear anti-correlation between the spike amplitudes and stellar mass and possibly a correlation with stellar age, consistent with the dynamo-generated magnetic fields theory in (sub)-surface convective layers. Investigating the harmonic behaviour, we find that for 125 stars neither of the two possible explanations can be excluded. While our results suggest that the dynamo-generated magnetic field scenario is more likely to explain the \textit{spike} feature, we assess further work is needed to distinguish between the two scenarios. One method for ruling out one of the two explanations is to directly observe magnetic fields in \textit{hump \& spike} stars. Another would be to impose additional constraints through detailed modelling of our stars, regarding the rotation requirement in the OsC mode scenario or the presence of a convective-core (stellar age)., Comment: 18 pages, 28 figures

The age of exascale computing has arrived and the risks associated with neutron and other atmospheric radiation are becoming more critical as the computing power increases, hence, the expected Mean Time Between Failures will be reduced because of this radiation. In this work, a new and detailed calculation of the neutron flux for energies above 50 MeV is presented. This has been done by using state-of-the-art Monte Carlo astroparticle techniques and including real atmospheric profiles at each one of the next 23 exascale supercomputing facilities. Atmospheric impact in the flux and seasonal variations were observed and characterised, and the barometric coefficient for high-energy neutrons at each site was obtained. With these coefficients, potential risks of errors associated with the increase in the flux of energetic neutrons, such as the occurrence of single event upsets or transients, and the corresponding failure-in-time rates, can be anticipated just by using the atmospheric pressure before the assignation of resources to critical tasks at each exascale facility. For more clarity, examples about how the rate of failures is affected by the cosmic rays are included, so administrators will better anticipate which more or less restrictive actions could take for overcoming errors., Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables

We present stellar rotation periods for late K- and early M-dwarf members of the 4 Gyr old open cluster M67 as calibrators for gyrochronology and tests of stellar spin-down models. Using Gaia EDR3 astrometry for cluster membership and Pan-STARRS (PS1) photometry for binary identification, we build this set of rotation periods from a campaign of monitoring M67 with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope's MegaPrime wide field imager. We identify 1807 members of M67, of which 294 are candidate single members with significant rotation period detections. Moreover, we fit a polynomial to the period versus color-derived effective temperature sequence observed in our data. We find that the rotation of very cool dwarfs can be explained by a simple solid-body spin-down between 2.7 and 4 Gyr. We compare this rotational sequence to the predictions of gyrochronological models and find that the best match is Skumanich-like spin-down, P_rot \propto t^0.62, applied to the sequence of Ruprecht 147. This suggests that, for spectral types K7-M0 with near-solar metallicity, once a star resumes spinning down, a simple Skumanich-like is sufficient to describe their rotation evolution, at least through the age of M67. Additionally, for stars in the range M1-M3, our data show that spin-down must have resumed prior to the age of M67, in conflict with predictions of the latest spin-down models., Comment: 21 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication by ApJ

We present the results of the analysis of the photometric data collected in long and short-cadence mode by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) for GJ 504, a well studied planet-hosting solar-like star, whose fundamental parameters have been largely debated during the last decade. Several attempts have been made by the present authors to isolate the oscillatory properties expected on this main-sequence star, but we did not find any presence of solar-like pulsations. The suppression of the amplitude of the acoustic modes can be explained by the high level of magnetic activity revealed for this target, not only by the study of the photometric light-curve, but also by the analysis of three decades available of Mount Wilson spectroscopic data. In particular, our measurements of the stellar rotational period Prot=3.4 d and of the main principal magnetic cycle of 12 a confirm previous findings and allow us to locate this star in the early main sequence phase of its evolution during which the chromospheric activity is dominated by the superposition of several cycles before the transition to the phase of the magnetic-braking shutdown with the subsequent decrease of the magnetic activity.

There are no strong constraints placed thus far on the amplitude of internal gravity waves (IGWs) that are stochastically excited in the radiative interiors of solar-type stars. Late F-type stars have relatively thin convective envelopes with fast convective flows and tend to be fast rotators compared to solar-type stars of later spectral types. These two elements are expected to directly impact the IGW excitation rates and properties. We want to estimate the amplitude of stochastically excited gravity modes (g-modes) in F-type stars for different rotational regimes. We used the ASH code to perform 3D simulations of deep-shell models of 1.3 $M_\odot$ F-type solar-type stars, including the radiative interior and the shallow convective envelope. The IGWs are excited by interface interactions between convective plumes and the top of the radiative interior. We were able to characterise the IGWs and g-mode properties in the radiative interior, and we compared these properties using the computation from the 1D oscillation code GYRE. The amplitude of low-frequency modes is significantly higher in fast-rotating models and the evolution of the period spacing of consecutive modes exhibits evidence of a behaviour that is modified by the influence of the Coriolis force. For our fastest rotating model, we were able to detect the intermediate degree g-mode signature near the top of the simulation domain. Nevertheless, the predicted luminosity perturbations from individual modes still remain at small amplitudes. We obtained mode amplitudes that are several orders of magnitude higher than those of prior 3D simulations of solar models. Our simulations suggest that g-mode signatures could be detectable in late F-type stars. [abridged], Comment: 22 pages, 28 figures. Accepted in A&A

Anti-solar differential rotation profiles have been found for decades in numerical simulations of convective envelopes of solar-type stars. These profiles are characterized by a slow equator and fast poles (i.e., reversed with respect to the Sun) and have been found in simulations for high Rossby numbers (slow rotators). Rotation profiles like this have been reported observationally in evolved stars, but have never been unambiguously observed for cool solar-type stars on the main sequence. In this context, detecting this regime in main-sequence solar-type stars would improve our understanding of their magnetorotational evolution. The goal of this study is to identify the most promising cool main-sequence stellar candidates for anti-solar differential rotation in the \textit{Kepler} sample. First, we introduce a new theoretical formula to estimate fluid Rossby numbers, $Ro_{\rm f}$, of main-sequence solar-type stars, from observational quantities, and taking the influences of the internal structure and metallicity into account. We obtain a list of the most promising stars that are likely to show anti-solar differential rotation. We identify two samples: one at solar metallicity, including 14 targets, and another for other metallicities, including 8 targets. We find that the targets with the highest $Ro_{\rm f}$ are likely to be early-G or late-F stars at about log$_{10}g=4.37$~dex. We conclude that cool main-sequence stellar candidates for anti-solar differential rotation exist in the \textit{Kepler} sample. The most promising candidate is KIC~10907436, and two other particularly interesting candidates are the solar analog KIC~7189915 and the seismic target KIC~12117868. Future characterization of these 22 stars is expected to help us understand how dynamics can impact magnetic and rotational evolution of old solar-type stars at high Rossby number., Comment: 12 pages + Appendix ; 9 Figures ; 3 Tables ; Accepted for publication in A&A

Binary stars in which oscillations can be studied in either or both components can provide powerful constraints on our understanding of stellar physics. The bright binary 12 Bo\"otis (12 Boo) is a particularly promising system because the primary is roughly 60 per cent brighter than the secondary despite being only a few per cent more massive. Both stars have substantial surface convection zones and are therefore, presumably, solar-like oscillators. We report here the first detection of solar-like oscillations and ellipsoidal variations in the TESS light curve of 12 Boo. Though the solar-like oscillations are not clear enough to unambiguously measure individual mode frequencies, we combine global asteroseismic parameters and a precise fit to the spectral energy distribution (SED) to provide new constraints on the properties of the system that are several times more precise than values in the literature. The SED fit alone provides new effective temperatures, luminosities and radii of $6115\pm45\,\mathrm{K}$, $7.531\pm0.110\,\mathrm{L}_\odot$ and $2.450\pm0.045\,\mathrm{R}_\odot$ for 12 Boo A and $6200\pm60\,\mathrm{K}$, $4.692\pm0.095\,\mathrm{L}_\odot$ and $1.901\pm0.045\,\mathrm{R}_\odot$ for 12 Boo B. When combined with our asteroseismic constraints on 12 Boo A, we obtain an age of $2.67^{+0.12}_{-0.16}\,\mathrm{Gyr}$, which is consistent with that of 12 Boo B., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 6 pages, 4 figures

In this paper, we report the potential detection of a nonmonotonic radial rotation profile in a low-mass lower-luminosity giant star. For most low- and intermediate-mass stars, the rotation on the main sequence seems to be close to rigid. As these stars evolve into giants, the core contracts and the envelope expands, which should suggest a radial rotation profile with a fast core and a slower envelope and surface. KIC 9267654, however, seems to show a surface rotation rate that is faster than its bulk envelope rotation rate, in conflict with this simple angular momentum conservation argument. We improve the spectroscopic surface constraint, show that the pulsation frequencies are consistent with the previously published core and envelope rotation rates, and demonstrate that the star does not show strong chemical peculiarities. We discuss the evidence against any tidally interacting stellar companion. Finally, we discuss the possible origin of this unusual rotation profile, including the potential ingestion of a giant planet or unusual angular momentum transport by tidal inertial waves triggered by a close substellar companion, and encourage further observational and theoretical efforts., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures, submitted to AAS Journals