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Background/Objectives: Genetic factors contribute to the physiopathology of obesity and its comorbidities. This study aimed to investigate the association of the SNPs ABCA1 (rs9282541), ADIPOQ (rs2241766), FTO (rs9939609), GRB14 (rs10195252), and LEPR (rs1805134) with various clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. Methods: The study included 396 Mexican mestizo individuals with obesity and 142 individuals with normal weight. Biochemical markers were evaluated from peripheral blood samples, and SNP genotyping was performed using PCR with TaqMan probes. A genetic risk score (GRS) was computed using an additive model. Results: No significant associations were found between the SNPs ABCA1, ADIPOQ, FTO, and LEPR with obesity. However, the T allele of the GRB14 SNP was significantly associated with obesity (χ2 = 5.93, p = 0.01; OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.08–2.12). A multivariate linear regression model (adjusted R-squared: 0.1253; p < 0.001) predicting LDL-c levels among all participants (n = 538) identified significant (p < 0.05) beta coefficients for several anthropometric and biochemical variables, as well as for the GRS. Additionally, the interaction between the GRS and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) showed a negative beta coefficient (BC = −26.5307; p = 0.014). Participants with a WHR < 0.839 showed no effect of GRS on LDL-c concentration, while those with a WHR > 0.839 exhibited a greater effect of GRS (~9) at lower LDL-c concentrations (~50 mg/dL) and a lesser effect of GRS (~7) at higher LDL-c concentrations (~250 mg/dL). Conclusions: A significant interaction between genetics and WHR influences LDL-c in Mexicans, which may contribute to the prevention and clinical management of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entero–mammary pathway is a specialized route that selectively translocates bacteria to the newborn’s gut, playing a crucial role in neonatal development. Previous studies report shared bacterial and archaeal taxa between human milk and neonatal intestine. However, the functional implications for neonatal development are not fully understood due to limited evidence. This study aimed to identify and characterize the microbiota and metabolome of human milk, mother, and infant stool samples using high-throughput DNA sequencing and FT-ICR MS methodology at delivery and 4 months post-partum. Twenty-one mothers and twenty-five infants were included in this study. Our results on bacterial composition suggest vertical transmission of bacteria through breastfeeding, with major changes occurring during the first 4 months of life. Metabolite chemical characterization sheds light on the growing complexity of the metabolites. Further data integration and network analysis disclosed the interactions between different bacteria and metabolites in the biological system as well as possible unknown pathways. Our findings suggest a shared bacteriome in breastfed mother–neonate pairs, influenced by maternal lifestyle and delivery conditions, serving as probiotic agents in infants for their healthy development. Also, the presence of food biomarkers in infants suggests their origin from breast milk, implying selective vertical transmission of these features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the last century, animal models have been employed to study the gut-brain axis and its relationship with physiological processes, including those necessary for survival, such as food intake and thermoregulation; those involved in diseases, ranging from inflammation to obesity; and those concerning the development of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorder, respectively. Summary: The gut microbiota has been recognized in the last decade as an essential functional component of this axis. Many reports demonstrate that the gut microbiota influences the development of a vast array of physiological processes. Experiments that use animal models to assess the effect of the gut microbiota on the brain and behavior may involve the acute or chronic administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Key Messages: This narrative review summarizes the beneficial or detrimental effects of antibiotics administered prenatally or postnatally to rodents during acute or chronic periods in a wide range of protocols. These include animal models of disease and behavioral paradigms of learning and memory, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Biomarkers and behavioral assays associated with antibiotic exposure are also included in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial communities are known to play a principal role in petroleum degradation. This study tries to determine the composition of bacteria in selected crude oil-contaminated soil from Tabasco and Tamaulipas states, Mexico. We determined the microbial populations living under these conditions. We evaluated the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in the contaminated soil samples. The most abundant phylum is proteobacteria. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis of the sampled soils from both states revealed that this phylum has the most relative abundance among the identified bacteria phyla. The heatmap represented the relative percentage of each genus within each sample and clustered the four samples into two groups. Moreover, this allowed us to identify many genera in alkaline soil from Tamaulipas, such as Skermanella sp., Azospirillum sp. and Unclassified species from the Rhodospirillaceae family in higher abundance. Meanwhile, in acidic soil from Tabasco, we identified Thalassospira, Unclassified members of the Sphingomonadaceae family and Unclassified members of the Alphaproteobacteria class with higher abundance. Alpha diversity analysis showed a low diversity (Shannon and Simpson index); Chao observed species in both Regions. These results suggest that the bacteria identified in these genera may possess the ability to degrade petroleum, and further studies in the future should elucidate their role in petroleum degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]