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This study examined the impact of emulsifier type on the physicochemical characteristics and antifungal capacity of oregano oil-in-water emulsions: Tween 80, hydroxylated soy lecithin, and gum arabic. GC/MS analysis showed that the major components of the Lippia graveolens essential oils were thymol (31.7%), p-cymene (18.7%), and carvacrol (14.6%). The oil-in-water emulsions were made using ultrasonic technology in which thymol and carvacrol quantities were 12.26-13.67 g/L and 5.6-6.2 g/L, respectively. The droplet size of the emulsions followed the next descendent order: gum arabic > lecithin > T80. The zeta potential of the emulsions favored the stability against coalescence. Finally, the antifungal activity of the emulsions was evaluated, in which, 30 µL/mL of gum arabic or hydroxylated soy lecithin emulsions inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. The result suggests that Mexican oregano essential oil emulsions can be used as an antifungal against of C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The consumption of fatty acids offers significant health benefits; however, they are prone to degradation by environmental factors. One method to preserve these fatty acids is the addition of synthetic antioxidants. This study focuses on the determination of peroxide and MDA formation rates at temperatures of 25 °C, 45 °C, and 65 °C. The oxidative stability of cold-pressed avocado oil was evaluated using pure astaxanthin, TBHQ, and H. pluvialis extract at concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 ppm. Kinetic models and thermodynamic analysis were applied to determine the oxidation rate and compare the antioxidant effects of H. pluvialis extract with astaxanthin and TBHQ. The Arrhenius model was used to estimate activation energy (Ea), enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. Avocado oil with 500 ppm of H. pluvialis extract showed antioxidant effects comparable to TBHQ and pure astaxanthin. The activation energy of plain avocado oil was 40.47 kJ mol -1 , while with H. pluvialis extract, it was 54.35 kJ mol -1 . These findings suggest that H. pluvialis extract offers effective antioxidant properties and could serve as a natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants in food applications, despite the limitations of unprotected astaxanthin.

Ionic calcium can help in the prevention of the process of osseous decalcification. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and toxic effects of ionic calcium-fiber supplement ( ICa + ) and its impact on bone health preservation in mice C57/BL6 fed a calcium-deficient diet. Physicochemical properties include FTIR, apparent calcium solubility estimated by the calcium ratio obtained by ionization chromatography and atomic absorption. In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the IC a + were assessed. Twenty-five 7-week-old C57/BL6 mice were fed calcium-free diet (CFD) or CFD plus CaCO 3 (1.33 mg Ca) or CFD plus ICa + (1.33-6.66 mg Ca) for six weeks. After that, bone mass and microstructure parameters were assessed. Histological staining was performed to determine calcium deposits. ICa + (100%) exhibited an apparent calcium solubility higher than CaCO 3 (12.3%). ICa + showed no cytotoxic and genotoxic in vitro activities. Histomorphometry analysis showed that the ICa + treated group displayed a higher trabecular number than the trabecular space. Also, the ratio BV/TV was increased compared with all treatments. Ionic calcium-fiber supplementation prevents bone deterioration compared to mice fed a calcium-deficient diet.

The Capulin almond is a seed of the Prunus serotina (var. capuli ) that belongs to the Rosaceae family. In this study, the valorization of the Capulin almond was performed by extracting antioxidants contained in the shell, paste, and oil (extracted by manual cold pressing process) of Prunus serotina treated with methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acidified water (pH 4) in a ratio of 1:5 (w/v). Total phenols were performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS and DPPH methods and expressed as Trolox equivalents (TE). Finally, the total flavonoids were determined using a catechin calibration curve and reported as catechin equivalents (CE). The highest extraction of total phenols in shell was obtained with methanol (1.65 mg GAE/g sample) and the lowest using acidified water (0.97 mg GAE/g sample). However, extraction with acidified water favored this process in the paste (1.42 mg GAE/g sample), while the use of solvents did not influence it significantly (0.72 to 0.79 mg GAE/g sample). Regarding the total flavonoids, the values for the shell, paste, and oil were of 0.37, 0.78, and 0.34 mg CE/g sample, respectively, while that corresponding to the antioxidant activity evaluated with ABTS and DPPH were of 1527.78, 1229.17, 18894.44 μM TE/g, and, 568.45, 562.5 and 4369.05 mM TE/g sample, respectively. Finally, our results suggest that by-products such as the shell, paste, and oil obtained from Prunus serotina (var. capuli ) represent a potential alternative for the recovery of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Gallardo-Rivera, Lu, Treviño-Garza, García-Márquez, Amaya-Guerra, Aguilera and Báez-González.)

Prunus serotine oil, was extracted from the seeds without shells, resulting in an oil yield of 23.41 ± 3.62%. Through GC it was shown that 52.38% of the total fatty acids present in the oil were polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acids profile presented in the P. serotine oil were oleic (41.42%), linoleic (26.97%) and α-eleostearic acid (25.33%). It had a high concentration of total phenols (221 ± 15.85 mg as gallic acid equivalents/kg oil) and flavonoids (0.77 ± 0.01 mg catechin equivalents/kg oil). The antiradical activity was 31.52 ± 2.71% and 12.94 ± 0.67% of radical inhibition for colorimetric methods using ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), respectively. The activity inhibition was 2.3 (ABTS) and 1.8 (DPPH) times higher, respectively, than the ones of Prunus dulcis oil . Lipid oxidation showed that at day nine, P. serotine oil has it maximum hydroperoxide production through two methods (hydroperoxide and MDA). Three oregano fractions were added (code: 642, 655 and A01) as natural antioxidants at four different concentrations (3000, 300, 30 and 3 ppm) each one, to extend its shelf life. Fraction 642 managed to extend its shelf life until day 30 (30 °C ± 2 °C), in both methodologies. The fraction 642 at 3 ppm, controls the production of hydroperoxide formation. Resulting in values of 3.65 µM equivalents of cumene hydroperoxide/kg of oil and 10.29 µM equivalents of 1,1,3,3-Tetraethoxypropane/kg of oil, decreasing by 3.2 times the peroxide formation with respect to P. serotine oil without leaving a Poliomintha longiflora fraction., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2020.)

Prunus serotine seed, was processed to produce a defatted flour (71.07 ± 2.10% yield) without hydrocyanic acid. The total protein was 50.94 ± 0.64%. According to sensory evaluation of cookies with P. serotine flour, the highest score in overall impression (6.31) was at 50% flour substitution. Its nutritional composition stood out for its protein and fiber contents 12.50% and 0.93%, respectively. Protein concentrate ( Ps PC) was elaborated (81.44 ± 7.74% protein) from defatted flour. Emulsifying properties of Ps PC were studied in emulsions at different mass fractions; ϕ = 0.002, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 through physicochemical analysis and compared with whey protein concentrate (WPC). Particle size in emulsions increased, as did oil content, and results were reflected in microscope photographs. Ps PC at ϕ 0.02 showed positive results along the study, reflected in the microphotograph and emulsifying stability index (ESI) test (117.50 min). At ϕ 0.4, the lowest ESI (29.34 min), but the maximum emulsifying activity index (EAI) value (0.029 m 2 /g) was reached. WPC had an EAI value higher than Ps PC at ϕ ≥ 0.2, but its ESI were always lower in all mass fraction values. Ps PC can compete with emulsifiers as WPC and help stabilize emulsions.

Egg yolk is used as an emulsifying agent. Nevertheless, its high concentration of cholesterol is linked to chronic degenerative diseases that cause cardiovascular disease. In this study, three methods for reducing the level of cholesterol in egg yolks were studied. The first method consisted of physical separation of the granules contained in the yolk (Na G ). The second method applied was the use of anionic chelating biopolymers, such as arabic gum solution (AG) and mesquite gum solution (MG), and the third method was extraction with a solvent (S A ). For this purpose, the cholesterol present in egg yolks, the microstructure, particle size, zeta potential, and its emulsifying capacity were determined. The amount of cholesterol removed was 97.24% using 1% mesquite gum (MG 1% ), and 93.26% using 1% Arabic gum (AG 1% ). The zeta potential was determined, and the isoelectric point ( ζ = 0) of egg yolk was identified as pH 4.6. While, at this pH, the zeta potential of mesquite gum was -14.8 mV, the zeta potential for the arabic gum was -16 mV. The emulsifying capacity of MG 1% was 62.95%, while the emulsifying capacity of AG 1% was 63.57%. The complex obtained can be used in the development of functional foods reduced in cholesterol.

The formation of the complex coacervate (CC) phases between gum Arabic (GA) and low molecular weight chitosan (Ch) and the interrelationship between the zeta-potential and viscoelastic properties of the coacervate phase were investigated. The maximum charge difference of biopolymers stock dispersion was displayed in a range of pH between 4.0 and 5.5. Titration experiment between the oppositely charged biopolymers showed that the isoelectric point was found at a biopolymers mass ratio (R[GA:Ch]) of R[5.5:1]. Turbidity, size and ζ-potential of the soluble complexes (SC) showed an interrelation with the complex coacervate yield (CCY). Higher CCY values (82.2-88.1%) were obtained in the range from R[3:1] to R[5.5:1]. Change the R[GA:Ch] in dispersion, make possible to produce CC's phases exhibiting cationic (R[1:1] and R[3:1]), neutral (R[5.5:1]) or anionic (R[9:1] and R[7:1]) charged. All CC's exhibited liquid-viscoelastic behavior at lower frequencies and a crossover between G″ and G' at higher frequencies., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)