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OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of undernutrition and anemia in indigenous and non-indigenous children 0.05). The prevalence of anemia in indigenous children was one third greater than in non-indigenous children at the national level (p0.05) in rural areas. These differences were reduced to about half when adjusting for SES but remained significantly higher in indigenous children (p

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of iron, zinc and iodide deficiencies in a probabilistic sample of Mexican women and children and explore its association with some dietary and socio-demographic variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out in 1999 an epidemiological description of iron (percent transferrin saturation, PTS,

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of Vitamin A and C and folic acid deficiencies and their association with sociodemographic and dietary factors in a national probabilistic sample of Mexican women and children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a probabilistic sample from the National Nutrition Survey 1999 (ENN-99) including 1 966 children and 920 women. Vitamins A and C were measured in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography, and folic acid in total blood by a microbiological method. Determinants for such deficiencies were explored by multiple regression models. RESULTS: Vitamin A deficiency (retinol 10 and

Objective. To assess the comparability of hemoglobin concentration (Hb) in venous and capillary blood measured by Hemocue and an automated spectrophotometer (Celldyn) and to document the influence of type of blood (capillary or venous) and analysis method on anemia prevalence estimates. Material and Methods. Between February and May 2000, capillary and venous samples were collected from 72 adults and children at Hospital del Niño Morelense (Morelos State Children's Hospital) in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, and assessed for Hb using the Hemocue and Celldyn methods. Estimated Hb levels were compared using the concordance correlation coefficient and Student's t test for paired data. The sensitivity and specificity for anemia diagnosis were estimated and compared between type of blood and method of assessment. Results. Capillary blood had higher Hb (+0.5g/dl) than venous blood in adults and children, as did samples assessed by Celldyn compared to Hemocue (+0.3g/dl). Specificity to detect anemia was adequate (>0.90) but sensitivity was low for capillary blood assessed by Hemocue (

BackgroundPromoting physical activity (PA) and healthy feeding (HF) is crucial to address the alarming increase in obesity rates in developing countries. Leveraging mobile phones for behavior change communication to encourage infant PA and promote HF is particularly significant within the Mexican context. ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the effectiveness and feasibility of mHealth interventions aimed at promoting PA and HF among primary caregivers (PCs) of Mexican children under the age of 5 years. Additionally, the study aims to disseminate insights gained from intervention implementation amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and assess the potential of behavior change mHealth interventions on a broader population scale. MethodsNUTRES, an mHealth intervention, underwent an effectiveness-implementation hybrid trial. Over 36 weeks, participants in the intervention group (IG), totaling 230 individuals, received approximately 108 SMS text messages tailored to their children’s age. These messages covered topics such as PA and HF and emphasized the significance of proper child nutrition amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. NUTRES participants were recruited from both urban and rural health units across 2 states in Mexico. Given the COVID-19 context, both baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted via mobile or fixed telephone. The evaluation of effectiveness and implementation used a mixed methods approach. Qualitative analysis delved into participants’ experiences with NUTRES and various implementation indicators, including acceptance, relevance, and coverage. Grounded theory was used for coding and analysis. Furthermore, difference-in-differences regression models were used to discern disparities between groups (comparison group [CG] versus IG) concerning knowledge and practices pertaining to infant PA and HF. ResultsOf the total 494 PCs enrolled in NUTRES, 334 persisted until the end of the study, accounting for 67.6% (334/494) participation across both groups. A majority of PCs (43/141, 30.5%, always; and 97/141, 68.8%, sometimes) used the SMS text message information. Satisfaction and acceptability toward NUTRES were notably high, reaching 98% (96/98), with respondents expressing that NUTRES was “good,” “useful,” and “helpful” for enhancing child nutrition. Significant differences after the intervention were observed in PA knowledge, with social interaction favored (CG: 8/135, 5.9% vs IG: 20/137, 14.6%; P=.048), as well as in HF practice knowledge. Notably, sweetened beverage consumption, associated with the development of chronic diseases, showed divergence (CG: 92/157, 58.6% vs IG: 110/145, 75.9%; P=.003). In the difference-in-differences model, a notable increase of 0.03 in knowledge regarding the benefits of PA was observed (CG: mean 0.13, SD 0.10 vs IG: mean 0.16, SD 0.11; P=.02). PCs expressed feeling accompanied and supported, particularly amidst the disruption of routine health care services during the COVID-19 pandemic. ConclusionsWhile NUTRES exhibited a restricted impact on targeted knowledge and behaviors, the SMS text messages functioned effectively as both a reminder and a source of new knowledge for PCs of Mexican children under 5 years of age. The key lessons learned were as follows: mHealth intervention strategies can effectively maintain communication with individuals during emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic; methodological and implementation barriers can constrain the effectiveness of mHealth interventions; and using mixed methods approaches ensures the complementary nature of results. The findings contribute valuable evidence regarding the opportunities and constraints associated with using mobile phones to enhance knowledge and practices concerning PA and HF among PCs of children under 5 years old. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04250896; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04250896

ABSTRACT: The benefit of ovarian superstimulation using exogenous FSH before ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVEP) has been the subject of conflicting results. The objective of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the effect of use and dose of porcine FSH (p-FSH) before OPU/IVEP on ovarian response and embryo production in pregnant heifers. Pregnant Holstein heifers (n = 48) were randomly assigned to receive 0, 160, or 300 mg NIH-FSH-P1 in a crossover design. Ovum pick-up was performed at 49, 63, and 77 d of gestation with a 14 d “washout” between OPU sessions. Follicle ablation was performed on D 0 (p.m.) and p-FSH treatments, consisting of 4 decreasing dose injections administered 12 h apart, were initiated 36 h after follicle ablation (d 2 a.m.). Heifers underwent OPU on D 5 (a.m.), 40 h after the last p-FSH treatment, and cumulus oocyte complexes (COC) were subjected to IVEP procedures. Differences between treatment groups were evaluated using generalized linear mixed models. There were quadratic effects of treatment on both number and percentage of small (10 mm) follicles. Number and percentage of medium follicles increased with increasing p-FSH dosages, although the magnitude of the change was greater between 0 and 160 mg, than between 160 and 300 mg of p-FSH. Total number of follicles, number of COC recovered and number of viable COC increased linearly with increasing p-FSH dose. Conversely, there was no evidence for an effect of p-FSH dose on COC recovery percentage nor the percentage of viable COC. Cleavage percentage, number of cleaved oocytes, blastocyst percentage, and number of blastocysts increased linearly with increasing p-FSH dose. In conclusion, use of p-FSH before OPU resulted in greater superstimulatory response and oocyte competence which in turn increased IVEP. Furthermore, these effects were dose dependent such that use of a greater dose of p-FSH up to 300 mg progressively increased embryo yield.

Introducción: La enfermedad descompresiva es un síndrome clínico complejo causado por la sobresaturación de gases respiratorios en la sangre y los tejidos, después de una reducción abrupta de la presión ambiental, que puede presentarse como parte de los accidentes de buceo. Dada su baja prevalencia se da a conocer una de sus formas de presentación en los servicios de urgencias, que requiere rapidez en el diagnóstico y conducta terapéutica inmediata. Objetivo: Presentar un caso grave de enfermedad descompresiva del oído interno. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 71 años de edad, buzo aficionado y antecedente de un accidente vascular encefálico isquémico hace aproximadamente 1 año. Realizó inmersiones, luego de las cuales comenzó a presentar síntomas como mareos, náuseas, vómitos copiosos, inestabilidad para la marcha y manifestaciones sensitivas en la cara. Horas después de ser evaluado en centro médico de urgencia, sin diagnóstico específico, se trasladó al cuerpo de guardia del hospital, para su valoración por el especialista en medicina subacuática. Conclusiones: La orientación diagnóstica de un paciente con enfermedad descompresiva requiere derivación urgente a un centro de tratamiento de enfermedades disbáricas.

Objetivos: presentar un caso de necrosis uterina tras técnica de sutura hemostática por hemorragia posparto y hacer una revisión de la literatura para determinar la técnica de sutura utilizada, los hallazgos clínicos, la técnica diagnóstica y el tratamiento realizado en los casos clínicos descritos. Materiales y métodos: se presenta el caso de una mujer de 34 años que consultó por dolor abdominal al octavo día tras cesárea por placenta previa, que precisó sutura de B-Lynch por atonía uterina y cuyo diagnóstico fue necrosis uterina. La paciente requirió histerectomía abdominal total, con evolución satisfactoria. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline vía Pubmed, Embase y Web of Science. Se buscaron series y reportes de casos y cohortes de mujeres con necrosis uterina posterior al uso de suturas de compresión uterina para control de hemorragia posparto. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas al diagnóstico, técnica de sutura, pruebas diagnósticas y tratamiento. Resultados: se incluyeron 23 estudios con 24 pacientes. El 83 % de las necrosis ocurrieron tras cesárea. La técnica más utilizada fue B-Lynch (66 %), seguida de Cho (25 %). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre y dolor abdominal. La prueba diagnóstica más utilizada fue la tomografía computarizada (9 de 24 casos). En la mayoría de casos se realizó histerectomía (75 %). Conclusiones: la necrosis de la pared uterina es una complicación infrecuente pero grave. Sería recomendable el diseño de cohortes de seguimiento de mujeres sometidas a estos procedimientos para determinar la incidencia de complicaciones asociadas.

Introducción: En individuos con talla baja se ha reportado mayor morbilidad y mortalidad relacionada con diabetes y enfermedades cardiovasculares. En México se desconoce la prevalencia de talla baja y de obesidad en personas con talla baja de acuerdo con criterios nacionales. Objetivo: Estimar, en mexicanos de 20 a 59 años, la prevalencia de talla baja y de obesidad en individuos con talla baja según la NOM-008- SSA3-2017. Métodos: Es un estudio que analiza los datos de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) de 2006, 2012 y 2018. Las mujeres < 150 cm y los hombres < 160 cm se clasificaron con talla baja, se estableció obesidad cuando presentaron índice de masa corporal ≥ 25 kg/m2. La prevalencia nacional de talla baja fue del 27.3, 22.9 y 22.9%, mientras que la de obesidad en individuos con talla baja fue del 73.5, 75.0 y 78.4% en 2006, 2012 y 2018, respectivamente. De 2006 a 2018, la prevalencia de talla baja se redujo un 16.1%, mientras que la de obesidad incrementó un 6.7% en personas con talla baja. Conclusión: Durante el periodo referido se tuvo una reducción en la prevalencia de talla baja, aunque sigue siendo alta. Por otro lado, la prevalencia de obesidad ha incrementado en este grupo poblacional.

Micronutrient deficiencies affect growth and development and are critical for maintaining health at all ages. Their critical role in exacerbating complications of infections and chronic diseases continues to impact morbidity, mortality, and quality of life for many. Raising awareness and advocating for micronutrient deficiencies in Latin America is urgent to reduce this preventable burden. Globally, an estimated 372 million preschool-aged children and 1.2 billion non-pregnant women of reproductive age suffer deficiency from 1 or more micronutrient. Data is limited and often old, and the true burden of problem in the region remains unclear. There are also limited data on dietary intake and on the double burden of malnutrition. Latin America has been a leader in the design and implementation of innovative and effective actions to reduce excess energy intake and curb the consumption of unhealthy Actions to address deficiency have been implemented in many countries in the region over the years, but current evidence suggests that micronutrient deficiencies have fallen off the public health agenda in Latin America. Effective programming can be developed / appropriately adapted only with knowledge of the current burden. Such data can also help guide and predict future areas of risk and priorities to missing upcoming nutrition issues in the population. Renewed commitment to quantify and monitor micronutrient deficiencies in the region is essential. Abundant evidence and guidance exist to inform effective program selection, design and implementation to address this public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies in Latin America are a public health concern, nonetheless, lack of information still exists in many countries, so that the true magnitude of the problem remains uncertain. Objective: To summarise experiences that can inform the development of policies and programs to address micronutrient deficiencies throung supplementation in pregnant women and chlidren under five years of age in Latin American. Methods: Review of the most evidence on the effects of micronutrients supplementation, focusing on pregnant women and children under five years of age. Results: Certain population groups, as women of reproductive age and children under 2 years of age, are at increased risk for deficiency due to their high micronutrient requirements. This is compounded by the limited access to micronutrient-rich foods for many people living in vulnerable situations. Micronutrient supplementation is an effective intervention to prevent and treat deficiency and to mitigate its adverse effects on health, nutrition, and pregnancy outcomes in micronutrient-deficient populations. The potential benefits of supplementation programs, however, are realized only when they reach those who have the potential to benefit, that is, with inadequate intakes of micronutrients from dietary sources, and when the quality of design and delivery of the programs aresufficient to reach that population timely, regularly, and effectively to enable and motivate consumption. Conclusions: Several resources and experiences exist that can help favor the development of programs that can realize this biological and programmatic potential. There is need for continuous efforts to augment coverage and achieve results that can translate into economic benefits for individuals, families, and nations. Plain language title: Correcting Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies in Pregnant Women and Children in Latin America Plain language summary: Previous articles in this supplement have highlighted the importance of micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiencies in Latin America, their causes and effects in different population groups, and some alternatives for their prevention and control. At certain stages of life, particularly during the first 1000 days (from pregnancy to 2 years of age), high nutrient requirements predispose to nutritional deficiencies. This is exacerbated by the limited access to healthy foods for populations living in vulnerable situations. Dietary supplements are therefore an effective strategy for preventing and treating deficiencies and mitigating their adverse effects on the nutrition and health of the population. In this article, we review the most recent estimates on the prevalence of nutrient deficiencies, with a focus on pregnant women and children under 2 years of age; the types of supplements available, and the international recommendations for supplementation during this period of life. There is strong evidence for several benefits of short-term supplementation. In pregnant women, vitamin and mineral levels are improved and a healthy pregnancy is achieved. In children, vitamin and mineral levels are also improved, and some (such as iron and zinc) improve growth and development. In the long term, there are economic benefits for individuals, families, and nations. Several recommendations from studies and supplementation programs are also discussed. Although nutritional supplementation can be cost-effective, benefits will only be achieved if the types and formulations of supplements meet the assessed nutritional needs of the population and if a program is properly designed and implemented. Similarly, programs that include supplements need to be monitored and evaluated to ensure that supplements are taken regularly and for long enough to achieve these benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La doble carga de la desnutrición y el exceso de peso (o mala nutrición) es uno de los indicadores que mejor ilustra las inequidades en salud que existen en zonas indígenas de México. Por otro lado, existe escasa evidencia del estado de nutrición en población Tarahumara. Objetivo: Estimar indicadores del estado de nutrición y su asociación con factores sociodemográficos en población indígena Tarahumara menor de 5 años. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 21 localidades indígenas de la Sierra Tarahumara en Chihuahua, México, que analizó información sociodemográfica, de salud y antropométrica en población infantil de 6 a 59 meses de edad (n=323). Se estimaron índices antropométricos y su asociación con variables de interés mediante regresión logística múltiple. Un valor de p ≤0,05 fue considerado como estadísticamente significativo. Todos los análisis se realizaron en el paquete estadístico Stata v14.2. Resultados: Se encontraron altas prevalencias de talla baja (44,4%), emaciación (5,3%), bajo peso (11,9%) y sobrepeso (15,2%). El sexo masculino se asoció significativamente con talla baja (Razón de Momios (RM)=2,5; 1,45-4,34), mientras que, ninguna escolaridad de la madre (RM=0,39; 0,15-0,99) y ser beneficiario de un programa local de nutrición por más de 2 años se asoció con sobrepeso (RM=2,97; 1,26 -6,97). Conclusión: Se encontraron indicadores de mala nutrición en la muestra estudiada; éstos hallazgos podrían sugerir la existencia de inequidad y rezago en salud y nutrición de población infantil indígena Tarahumara. Se requieren más estudios que puedan orientar programas y acciones de salud y nutrición para atender a esta población de forma prioritaria.

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency (serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) affects 27.3% of preschool children in Mexico. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation at different doses on serum 25(OH)D concentrations in preschool children. In a randomized control trial, 222 children 12–30 months old were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (1) Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) 400 IU/day (n = 56); (2) Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) 800 IU/day (n = 55); (3) Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) 1000 IU/day (n = 56); or (4) multiple micronutrients (MM) non-VD (n = 55). Supplements were given five days/wk for three months. Serum 25(OH)D was measured at baseline and after three months. At baseline, mean serum 25(OH)D was 58.9 ± 12.6 nmol/L and 23.4% were VD-deficient. There was a statistically significant increase in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D (range across groups: +8.2 to +17.3 nmol/L). Additionally, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency decreased after three months: for D2 400 IU, −9.0%; for D2 800 IU, −11.0%; for D3 1000 IU, −18.0%; and for MM non-VD, −2.8% (p < 0.05). No adverse effects were observed. VD supplementation for three months was effective for increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations and for reducing VD deficiency in preschool children. The highest efficacy was observed by giving 1000 IU D3/d.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto que tiene la hostilidad ambiental empresarial en el rendimiento financiero de las PYMES exportadoras del Estado de Aguascalientes, México en el marco de la pandemia originada por Covid-19. Se llevó a cabo un estudio empírico con una muestra de 120 pequeñas y medianas empresas exportadoras del Estado de Aguascalientes, México durante los meses de Julio a Octubre de 2020. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las condiciones desfavorables originadas por Covid-19, en conjunto con otras condiciones ya existentes antes de la pandemia, afectan de manera negativa pero no significativa los rendimientos financieros de las PYMES exportadoras del Estado de Aguascalientes. Las conclusiones muestran que la dificultad de las empresas para acceder a los canales de distribución y al capital, así como la obsolescencia que presentan en sus productos o en su giro debido a las nuevas condiciones del mercado, afectan de manera negativa su rendimiento financiero.

Objetivos. Actualizar la prevalencia de desnutrición y sus tendencias en los últimos 30 años e identificar factores asociados con la baja talla en una muestra representativa nacional de niños

Objective. To compare the prevalence of women 20-49 years of age with iron deficiency anemia (IDA), iron deficiency with no anemia (IDNA), and non-ID anemia (NIDA) in com­parison during 2006, 2012 and 2018, and their association with sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status. Materials and methods. Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2018- 19 are comparable for measurements of anemia (hemoglobin) and Iron deficiency (ID, by ferritin). Both measurements combined were compared with year of surveys and other dependent variables using a multinomial regression. Results. In 2006, the total prevalence of anemia was 14.9% and ID 29.0%, the prevalence of IDA was 8.35%, of IDNA 20.5%, and NIDA 6.6%; in 2012, the total prevalence of anemia was 13.3%, ID was 9.6%, IDA 8.6%, IDNA 21.0% y NIDA 4.7%; in 2018 total prevalence of anemia was 21.4%, of ID 25.7%, IDA 10.5%, IDNA 15.2% and NIDA 10.9%. Conclusions. The total prevalence of anemia increased 6.5 pp between 2006 and 2018, IDNA reduced, IDA had no significant changes, the mayor increase (4.3 pp) occurred in NIDA.

A massive incorporation of ultra-processed products into young children’s diets worldwide and in Mexico has been documented. The aim of this study is to understand the role of sociocultural factors in principal caregivers’ decisions to give a type of ultra-processed food to children under age five, called ‘comida chatarra’ (‘junk food’ in English), usually includes sugar-sweetened beverages, sweet and salty snacks, and sweet breakfast cereals. We conducted a descriptive, observational qualitative study. The research was conducted in urban and rural communities in two Mexican states. Twenty-four principal caregivers were equally distributed between the two states and types of communities. They were interviewed in person. Phenomenology underpinned this study. Results highlight the preponderant role of culture in food choices and feeding practices with junk food. Local culture influences child-feeding with ultra-processed products through social norms, knowledge, or socially constructed attitudes. These social norms, built in the context of abundant ultra-processed products and omnipresent marketing, ‘justify’ children’s consumption of junk food. They acquire these products from the principal caregivers, family members, and neighbors, among others, who reward and pamper them. These actors also define what amount (small amounts) and when (after meals as snacks) children are given these products. Cultural factors must be considered in the development of effective public policies and programs that aim to change the culture around ultra-processed products among children and avoid their consumption.

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El cuerpo femenino en el arte es el espacio en el cual se manifiestan los esquemas de pensamientos sociales. En México, la mujer ha jugado distintos roles que la encasillan, lo cual se ha plasmado pictóricamente en diferentes ocasiones. El presente artículo es el derivado de una investigación doctoral que abarcó obras pictóricas hechas en México del siglo XX-XXI. No obstante, para este texto nos concentramos en obras pertenecientes al siglo XX que muestran el cuerpo de la mujer como territorio o mapa. Nuestro objetivo es reflexionar acerca del retrato, la mujer y la cartografía del ser por medio de un método iconográfico. Se abordan los conceptos de mapa y espacio de acuerdo con distintos creadores y teóricos, para llegar a una reflexión acerca de cómo el cuerpo es el mapa de nuestro ser y particularmente cómo el arquetipo de la mujer mexicana contiene referencias tanto históricas como biográficas.

Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el perfil nutricional y las estrategias de publicidad de alimentos procesados de trigo y maíz (APTM) ofertados en puntos de venta de la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos. Se recolectó información del contenido nutricional y tipos de publicidad para doce categorías de APTM en 58 puntos de venta localizados en zonas de niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) bajo y alto. Resultados. El 8.5 y 10.7% de APTM en NSE bajo y alto fueron saludables, respectivamente. ≤12% de los APTM fueron saludables, excepto harinas (~30%) y pastas (~95%). Entre ambos NSE, de 28.3% a 31.9% de APTM usaron personajes, de 46.5% a 50.1% promociones y de 38.2% a 41.3% claims. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas (p

Objetivo. Estudiar el comportamiento de la anemia en los años 2006, 2012 y 2018-19, su severidad y factores asociados en mujeres mexicanas de 20 a 49 años de edad. Material y métodos. Las Ensanut 2006, 2012 y 2018-19 tienen un diseño metodológico que permite comparaciones entre ellas. Mediante hemoglobina capilar