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The high cognitive and/or emotional demands of competition can lead to a state of mental fatigue which has shown to be detrimental to soccer performance. However, there is a need to further understand the true mental demands of soccer players. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of motivation and the perceived requirements of the next match on mental fatigue perceived by soccer players over the passing of a season. The combined effect of both variables on the perception of mental fatigue, as well as the influence of the time of the season on perceived mental fatigue, were also analyzed. Twenty-six semi-professional Spanish male players (M = 26.31 ± 5.18 years) participated in the present study, conducted during the 2020-2021 season. Perceived mental fatigue and motivation were measured at each training session. The perceived requirements of the next match were also measured in each of the competitive weeks. Linear mixed models were run with R Studio to examine the influence of motivation and the perceived difficulty of the next match on perceived mental fatigue, the combined effect of both variables on perceived mental fatigue, and the influence of the passing of the season on perceived mental fatigue. The results showed a negative and significant influence of motivation on perceived mental fatigue (p < 0.001) and a positive and significant influence of the perceived requirements of the next match on perceived mental fatigue (p < 0.001). Regarding the combined effect, there was a positive and significant effect (p < 0.01) of the perceived difficulty of the next match on the relation between motivation and perceived mental fatigue. A negative influence of season passage on perceived mental fatigue levels was found (p < 0.001). We recommended coaches to consider using the most motivating training tasks when higher next-match requirements are perceived and to be careful with avoidance strategies for mental fatigue, especially at the beginning of t

Drawing from self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2002), the aim of the study was to adapt and validate a Spanish version of the Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS; Bartholomew, Ntoumanis, Ryan, & Thørgersen-Ntoumani, 2011) in the educational domain. Psychological need thwarting and burnout were assessed in 619 physical education teachers from several high schools in Spain. Overall, the adapted measure demonstrated good content, factorial (χ2/gl = 4.87, p < .01, CFI = .95, IFI = .96, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .08, SRMR = .05), and external validity, as well as internal consistency (α ≥ .81) and invariance across gender. Moreover, burnout was strongly predicted by teachers’ perceptions of competence (β = .53, p ≤ .01), autonomy (β = .34, p ≤ .01), and relatedness (β = .31, p ≤ .01) need thwarting. In conclusion, these results support the Spanish version of the PNTS as a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the understudied concept of psychological need thwarting in teachers.

In this longitudinal study, we examined the extent to which perceived coach- and peer-created motivational climates are associated with athlete-group cohesion and satisfaction with participation among Spanish soccer players competing in the Third National Division. Multilevel modelling analyses showed that perceived coach-created task climate was positively related to perceived cohesion and players’ satisfaction with their participation within their team. Also, perceived peer-created task climate related positively to perceived cohesion. The results indicate the importance of considering peer-related aspects of the motivational climate in addition to considering the coach-related aspects of the motivational climate when examining motivational group dynamics in sport.

This works aims to examine the relationships between self-determination level, satisfaction of the psychological needs, dispositional flow and coping strategies of stress in dance participants, and to study the differences among those variables regarding modality of dance. The sample was formed by 96 dance participants, 48 classic dancers and 48 contemporary dancers, belonged to different Spanish schools of dance, who filled several questionnaires to assess different variables previously mentioned. Results showed a significantly positive relationship among self-determined motivation, basics psychological needs, dispositional flow and coping strategies orientated to the task, regardless modality of dance performance. Moreover, classic dance participants revealed a self-determined motivation, greater perception of competence and relatedness, higher dispositional flow and more use of coping strategies orientated to the task. Hence, the main conclusion is the necessity to promote a more intrinsic motivation in participants from contemporary dance, in order to help the experience of flow state and greater use of strategies orientated to the task., Este trabajo pretende conocer las relaciones entre el nivel de autodeterminación, la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, el flow disposicional y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés en practicantes de danza, y estudiar las diferencias que se establecen entre estas variables en función de la modalidad de danza practicada. La muestra estuvo formada por 96 practicantes de danza, 48 de danza clásica y 48 de danza contemporánea, pertenecientes a diferentes escuelas de danza españolas, quienes rellenaron diferentes cuestionarios para valorar las diferentes variables anteriormente descritas. Los resultados mostraron la existencia de una relación positiva y significativa entre la motivación autodeterminada, las necesidades psicológicas básicas, el flow disposicional y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento orientadas a la tarea, independientemente de la modalidad de danza practicada. Asimismo, los practicantes de danza clásica revelaron una motivación más autodeterminada, mayor percepción de competencia y relaciones sociales, mayor flow disposicional y mayor uso de estrategias de afrontamiento orientadas a la tarea. Por ello, como principal conclusión se puede extraer la necesidad de fomentar una motivación más intrínseca en los practicantes de danza contemporánea, para facilitar la experimentación del estado de flow y un mayor uso de estrategias orientadas a la tarea.

This work aims to analyze the differences in the type of motivation, sport commitment and sportsmanlike beh.aviours regarding sport modality. We recruited 1409 athletes belonged to football, basketball, handball and volleyball, ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old, who filled several questionnaires that assessed our study variables. Through data analysis, we found significative differences in several variables, emphasizing differences shown in factors related to Self-Determination Theory. Thus, the main conclusion is that sport modality could influence in the motivation, sport commitment and sportsmanlike behaviours in young participants., A través del presente trabajo se pretendía valorar las diferencias presentadas en el tipo de motivación, el compromiso deportivo y los comportamientos de deportividad, analizándolo en función de la modalidad deportiva. Para ello seleccionamos un total de 1409 deportistas pertenecientes a las modalidades de fútbol, baloncesto, balonmano y voleibol, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 16 años, los cuales rellenaros diversos cuestionarios encaminados a valorar las variables del estudio. Tras el análisis de los resultados, se han encontrado diferencias significativas en numerosas variables, destacando las diferencias encontradas en los factores pertenecientes a la Teoría de la Autodeterminación. Así pues, como principal conclusión se puede destacar que la modalidad deportiva puede ser un factor determinante del tipo de motivación, del compromiso y de los comportamientos deportivos que muestran los jóvenes deportistas.

The main aim of this study was to examine the relationships between cohesion and sport commitment level. The sample was formed by 300 football players from infantile category who filled group cohesion (Group Enviroment Questionary, GEQ: Carron et al., 1985) and sport commitment questionnaires (Sport Commitment Questionnaire, SCQ: Scanlan et al., 1993). Results showed that cohesion level, both social and task, were positive related with those commitment factors that promote persistence in the sporting practice. The principal conclusion is that the greater social cohesion level is, the higher will be the commitment and enjoyment shown by players, as well as the greater task cohesion levels are, the highest involvement and personal investments will show these athletes., El principal objetivo del estudio es examinar la relación existente entre el grado de cohesión y el nivel de compromiso deportivo. La muestra de la investigación está formada por 300 jugadores de fútbol de categoría infantil que rellenaron cuestionarios de cohesión grupal (Group Enviroment Questionary, GEQ: Carron, Widmeyer y Brawley, 1985) y de compromiso deportivo (Sport Commitment Questionnaire, SCQ: Scanlan, Simons, Carpenter, Schmidt y Keeler, 1993). Los resultados más destacados que se encuentran son que los niveles de cohesión social y tarea, van a estar relacionados de forma positiva con aquellos factores del compromiso que fomentan la persistencia en la práctica deportiva. Como principal conclusión cabe destacar que cuantos mayores sean los niveles de cohesión social mayor será el compromiso y la diversión mostrada por los jugadores y, cuantos mayores sean los niveles de cohesión a la tarea, mayor será la implicación y las inversiones personales manifestadas por los jóvenes futbolistas

The main aim of this study is to examine the relationships between the three psychological needs and self-determination level regarding sport commitment in young football players. The sample comprised 809 male and female footballers, ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old (M = 13.25; SD = 1.78), that is to say, they belonged to beginners, infantile and cadet categories. The instruments measured psychological needs, self-determined motivation in the sporting practice and sport commitment. The techniques used were descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, bivariate correlations and lineal regression analysis. Results showed a positive association among basics psychological needs and self-determination level with respect to sport commitment. Thus, we suggest that a high self-determination level is related with a greater sport commitment. On the contrary, low self-determinations levels were associated with smaller sport commitment. Finally, we highlight that we should promote sport motives based on enjoyment and satisfaction in young participants to get a longer and higher sport commitment practice., El principal objetivo del estudio era comprobar las relaciones existentes entre las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el nivel de autodeterminación, respecto al compromiso deportivo que manifiestan jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. La muestra de la investigación estaba formada por 809 jugadores de fútbol, de género masculino y con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 16 años (M = 13.25; DT = 1.78), es decir, pertenec ían a categorías alevín, infantil y cadete. Los instrumentos utilizados medían las necesidades psicoló- gicas básicas, la motivación autodeterminada en la práctica deportiva y el compromiso deportivo. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron los análisis descriptivos, el análisis de fiabilidad, las correlaciones bivariadas y el análisis de regresión lineal. Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva y significativa entre las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el nivel de autodeterminación con el compromiso deportivo Así, se puede afirmar que un alto nivel de autodeterminación va a estar relacionado con un mayor compromiso con la práctica deportiva, y por contra niveles más bajos de autodeterminación están asociados a un menor compromiso con el deporte. Como conclusión, se puede destacar que se deberán fomentar en los jóvenes jugadores unos motivos de práctica centrados en el disfrute y el placer de la propia actividad como medio de obtener una práctica deportiva duradera y con un alto grado de compromiso deportivo.

Este trabalho, tem como objectivo, comprovar como se relacionam, as duas teorias motivacionais mais importantes, no contexto desportivo, a Teoria dos Objectivos de Realização e a Teoria da Auto-Determinação, com a coesão grupal, em jovens futebolistas. A amostra do estudo é composta, por 492 atletas, com idades compreendidas, entre os 13 e 18 anos, que participavam nas competições federadas. Os resultados obtidos, indicam que ambas, as teorias, desempenham um papel essencial, no desenvolvimento da coesão, uma vez que se verifica, que esta variável se relaciona de forma positiva, com maiores níveis de auto-determinação, bem como com a orientação e com o clima que implica para a tarefa. Com efeito, o modelo empírico presente no estudo, demonstra que as orientações motivacionais e os climas percepcionados, explicam o nível de auto-determinação, e este por seu lado, desenvolve maiores níveis de coesão grupal. Finalmente, discutem-se os resultados obtidos e propõem-se implicações práticas que podem ser desenvolvidas e implementadas nos treinos, de modo a melhorar a coesão de grupo., El propósito de este trabajo es comprobar cómo se relacionan dos de las principales teorías motivacionales en el contexto deportivo, la Teoría de Metas de Logro y Teoría de la Autodeterminación con la cohesión grupal en jóvenes futbolistas. La muestra del trabajo estaba formada por 492 jugadores con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y 18 años, que participaban en competiciones federadas. Los resultados indican que ambas teorías tienen importancia para el desarrollo de la cohesión, relacionándose ésta positivamente con mayores niveles de autodeterminación y con la orientación y el clima que implica a la tarea. Asimismo, se comprueba la existencia de un modelo empírico en el que las orientaciones y los climas predicen el nivel de autodeterminación, y éste a su vez predice mayores niveles de cohesión grupal. Finalmente se discuten los resultados y se plantean implicaciones que se pueden desarrollar en los entrenamientos para poder mejorar la cohesión., The purpose of this study is to examine the interactive effects of the Goal Achievement Theory and Self-Determination Theory on the group cohesion in youth footballers. The sample is formed by 492 players who ranged in age from 13 and 18 years old that participated in affiliated sports. Results show main effects for both theories on the development of group cohesion, having a positive relationship with higher levels of Self-Determination, ego orientation and performance climate. Moreover, we verified an empiric model in which orientation and climates are predictors of the Self-Determination levels, and this one predetermines higher levels of group cohesion. Finally, the obtained results are discussed in the light of their applied implications in the trainings to improve the cohesiveness.

Speed-accuracy tradeoff has been investigated in the execution of different motor skills. These variables seem to be very relevant to the performance of tennis service. In this study the effects of ball speed modification regarding the accuracy of the flat service have been investigated. 21 players got two conditions for implementation. Each one made 80 hits, 40 at maximum power and 40 to minimum power. The accuracy was recorded depending on the shot area and was lower as the trials were farest from the 4 confined areas in the service box. The results show significant differences between the hits made to minimum and maximum power, as well as a significant and negative correlation among services at minimum power and the score of them., La relación entre velocidad y precisión ha sido investigada en la ejecución de diferentes habilidades motrices. Estas variables parecen ser muy relevantes para el rendimiento en el servicio en tenis. En este estudio se ha investigado acerca de cómo afecta la modificación de la velocidad de la pelota sobre la precisión alcanzada en el servicio plano. 21 tenistas pasaron por dos condiciones de ejecución. Cada jugador realizó 80 golpeos, 40 a máxima potencia y 40 a mínima potencia. La precisión se registró en función de la zona de envío, reduciéndose a medida que los ensayos se alejaban de las 4 zonas delimitadas en los cuadros de servicio correspondientes. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre los golpeos realizados a mínima y máxima potencia, así como una correlación negativa y significativa entre los servicios realizados a mínima potencia y la puntuación obtenida en ellos.

With this study we aim to analyze how the gender of the students can be a variable influencing the dispositional goal orientation, the individual's perception of the motivational climate, the equality of treatment provided by the educator and the disciplined-undisciplined behavior demonstrated during the physical education classes. For this purpose, 500 students between the age of 14 and 18 in the Cáceres province filled in the following questionnaire: 1) Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ), 2) Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire (LAPOPEQ), 3) Perception of Equality - Discrimination Conduct in Physical Education Questionnaire (CPIDEF), and 4) Inventory of Discipline - Undisciplined Behavior in Physical Education Classes (ICDIEF). Following a variance analysis of the results, significant differences were found regarding gender for ego orientation, equality perception and undisciplined behaviour variables., O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar como o gênero dos estudantes pode ser variável moduladora da orientação de metas disposicionais, da percepção que os sujeitos têm tanto do clima motivacional, como da igualdade de tratamento transmitida por seu docente e os comportamentos de disciplina-indisciplina que existem nas aulas Educação Física. Para isto, 500 estudantes de 14 a 18 anos da província de Cáceres preencheram os seguintes questionários: 1) Questionário de Percepção de êxito (POSQ), 2) Questionário de Orientação à Aprendizagem e ao Rendimento nas aulas Educação Física (LAPOPECQ), 3) Questionário de Percepção Igualdade-Discriminação em Educação Física (CPIDEF) e 4) Inventário de Condutas de Disciplina-Indisciplina em Educação Física (ICDIEF). Após realizar uma análise de variância, encontramos diferenças significativas respeito ao gênero nas variáveis orientação ao ego, percepção de igualdade e comportamentos de indisciplina., Con este estudio tratamos de analizar como el género de los estudiantes puede ser variable moduladora de la orientación de metas disposicional, de la percepción que los sujetos tienen tanto del clima motivacional, como de la igualdad de trato transmitida por su docente y los comportamientos de disciplina-indisciplina que existen en las clases de Educación Física. Para ello, 500 estudiantes de 14 a 18 años de la provincia de Cáceres, rellenaron los cuestionarios siguientes: 1) Cuestionario de Percepción de Éxito (POSQ), 2) Cuestionario de Orientación al Aprendizaje y al Rendimiento en las Clases de Educación Física (LAPOPECQ), 3) Cuestionario de Percepción de Igualdad-Discriminación en Educación Física (CPIDEF) y 4) Inventario de Conductas de Disciplina-Indisciplina en Educación Física (ICDIEF). Tras realizar un análisis de varianza, encontramos diferencias significativas respecto al género en las variables orientación al ego, percepción de igualdad y comportamientos de indisciplina.

This study analyzes, from the social-cognitive point of view of the achievement goals perspective, the relationship between the motivational climate, goals orientations, and the behavioral patters of healthy lifestyles (i.e., practicing sports as extra-curricular activity, as well as the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs) of 500 physical education students between the age of 14 and 18 from Cáceres. For this purpose, The Health Behaviour School Children (HBSC), Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) and Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire (LAPOPEQ) was applied. Results show internal consistency and descriptive statistics. To analyze the relationship among the variables the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed too., Este estudo analisa, desde a perspectiva sócio-cognitiva das metas de sucesso, as relações entre os climas motivacionais, as orientações de meta e variáveis pertencentes aos estilos de vida saudáveis (como a realização da prática extra-escolar, o consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas) de 500 estudantes de Educação Física de 14 a 18 anos da província de Cáceres. Para isto, foram aplicados os questionários de Estilos de Vida Saudáveis, Questionário de Percepção de Êxito e Questionário de Orientação à Aprendizagem e ao Rendimento nass aulas de E.F. Nos resultados observa-se a consistência interna e a estatística descritiva. Além disso, para analisar as relações entre as variáveis se utilizou uma análise de equações estruturais (SEM)., Este estudio analiza, desde la perspectiva social-cognitiva de las metas de logro, las relaciones entre los climas motivacionales, las orientaciones de meta y variables pertenecientes los estilos de vida saludables (como la realización de práctica extraescolar, el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y otras drogas) de 500 estudiantes de Educación Física de 14 a 18 años de la provincia de Cáceres. Para ello se emplearon los cuestionarios de Estilos de Vida Saludables, Cuestionario de Percepción de Éxito y Cuestionario de Orientación al Aprendizaje y al Rendimiento en las clases de E.F. En los resultados se muestra la consistencia interna y los estadísticos descriptivos. Además, para analizar las relaciones entre las variables se utilizó un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM).