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Wood and bio-based construction products are perceived as a way to use renewable resources, to save energy and to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG)-emissions during production and to store carbon during the entire service life of the building. This article compares the carbon footprint per kilogram of wood products (softwood beams, plywood, oriented strand board panel, and fibre board) from the perspective of the life cycle assessment methodology for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of practitioners from 16 countries participating in the IEA Annex 72. These materials are used in PAL6 softwood structure multi-residential building. This article aims at comparing the carbon footprint accounting methods from 16 countries for PAL6 multi-residential building. Each national team applied the reference study period (RSP), life cycle modules covered, modelling rules, the geographical scope of inventory data as well as the LCA database according to its specific national method. The results show that there are three types of methodology to assess a building with biogenic content (0/0, -1/+1, -1/+1*). The results were more variable plywood, oriented strand board, and fibreboard than the softwood beams due to the variability in the wood transformation processes among the countries. A net negative carbon balance was obtained for the softwood beam for the countries using -1/+1* with a clear assumption of the fraction of the carbon permanently stored at the end-of-life (EoL). The carbon storage is only possible if it is secured at the EoL. Participating countries apply different definitions of permanence and EoL scenarios. Guideline on assessing, monitoring, and legally reporting carbon storage at the EoL are needed, based on concertation between standard, life cycle assessment, wood industry, and climate experts.

[ES] Dada la reciente inclusión en masa de los vehículos eléctricos al parque automovilístico de numerosos estados, es de vital importancia conocer los riesgos que estos pueden traer a las calles. Uno de los principales inconvenientes de estos productos es la inseguridad e incertidumbre que genera su fuente de alimentación, las baterías de iones de litio. Es por ello por lo que las mayores marcas del sector automovilístico tratan de buscar innovaciones en cuanto a la seguridad de estos elementos, siendo indispensable el estudio de la morfología y composición química de dichas baterías tanto previa como posteriormente al proceso de fuga térmica o TR (por sus siglas en inglés, ¿Thermal Runaway¿). Puesto que existe una necesidad de dicha información, la propuesta de este proyecto será el estudio y análisis de baterías de iones de litio tanto en buen estado, como abusadas térmica o mecánicamente. Evidentemente, la geometría de la alimentación en cada vehículo puede variar según su diseño y sus requerimientos, por lo que este proyecto se llevará a cabo principalmente con baterías cilíndricas, pese a la existencia de otras tipologías. La metodología que será empleada durante este proyecto será la reconstrucción en tres dimensiones (3D) de las baterías de muestra que se van a estudiar. Dichas muestras se tomarán mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM, por sus siglas en inglés ¿Scanning Electron Microscope¿) y microscopía de rayos X (TXM, ¿Transmission X-ray Microscope¿), haciendo uso de tecnología avanzada como el Zeiss Xradia 620 Versa, por parte del hardware y de Dragonfly y su versión mejorada Dragonfly 3D World, en el terreno del software. El objetivo principal de este trabajo será determinar las diferencias que existen entre dichas fuentes de alimentación en su estado inicial y una vez terminado el proceso de fuga térmica. Con ello, se evaluarán distintas alternativas con la finalidad de subsanar dichos cambios que generan el fallo en estos dispositivos, esc, [EN] Given the recent mass inclusion of electric vehicles in the vehicle fleet of many states, it is of the utmost important to be aware of the risks they can bring to the streets. One of the main drawbacks of these products is the insecurity and uncertainty generated by their power source, lithium-ion batteries. That is why the major brands in the automotive sector are trying to find innovations in terms of the safety of these elements, being essential to study the morphology and chemical composition of these batteries both before and after the thermal runaway process or TR (Thermal Runaway). Since there is a need for such information, the proposal of this project will be the study and analysis of lithium-ion batteries both in good condition and thermally or mechanically abused. Obviously, the geometry of the power supply in each vehicle may vary according to its design and requirements, so this project will be carried out mainly with cylindrical batteries, despite the existence of other types. The methodology that will be used during this project will be the reconstruction in three dimensions (3D) of the sample batteries to be studied. These samples will be taken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Scanning Electron Microscope) and X-ray microscopy (TXM, Transmission X-ray Microscope), using advanced technology such as the Zeiss Xradia 620 Versa, on the hardware side, and Dragonfly and its improved version Dragonfly 3D World, on the software side. The main objective of this work will be to determine the differences that exist between these power supplies in their initial state and once the thermal runaway process has been completed. With this, different alternatives will be evaluated in order to correct the changes that generate the failure in these devices, choosing from these proposals the most feasible solution to apply in a changing market that tries to reduce costs to make the electric vehicle a more accessible option to the consumer.

Currently, there is an urgent need to implement whole life carbon emissions reduction measures in Mediterranean regions. In the Spanish context, although there are several initiatives there is no national harmonised LCA method or national database of construction products with associated environmental data. This paper presents a summary of the methodology, preliminary results and lessons learnt from the INDICATE project Spain, whose focus on accelerating the data infrastructure for implementing WLC metrics in the building sector in Spain. It aims to provide a scientific-technical support to develop data of the national building stock harmonised with Level(s) framework and develop a robust national data infrastructure to conduct the WLC assessment, as well as providing agreed outcomes including reference values, baselines and benchmarks, contributing to the integration of the WLC in policy makers' decisions, existing regulations, and market innovation, involving key actors from representative regions in Spain and creating a multi-stakeholder network. The method is based on three main pillars: co-creation, development of new data, and collection of real LCA data. Several areas for future action have been identified, including the application of data science and technologies such as AI for the analysis of synthetic and real cases and the address of specific data gaps.

Background: This paper addresses the lack of research that compares the toxicity of commonly used construction materials. The toxicity of construction materials has received less attention, despite its importance within the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. All aspects, including toxicity, need to be analysed throughout the life cycle of the material to understand its true behaviour. Aim: The purpose of this study is to propose a methodology to compare the toxicity of different construction materials and highlight the need to consider toxicity criteria in the selection of materials during the design phase. The study seeks to fill the gap in the existing literature by providing information on the comparative toxicity of the most common building materials. Methodology: The study follows Life Cycle Assessment methodology as established by the ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 standards. For this study, statistics were consulted to identify the most used materials in the construction sector; then, from this group of materials, those available in the Ecoinvent 3.7.1 database were selected. For comparison, these materials were categorised into material families and a functional unit was established to compare them. Finally, all materials were compared with each other, using 1 kg as the functional unit. Results: When we conduct a comparative analysis of various materials and categorise them into groups, it becomes readily apparent which materials demonstrate a less favourable performance with respect to their toxic properties. This approach allows us to discern and pinpoint those materials that present a more concerning level of toxicity relative to others, facilitating informed decision-making in terms of construction material selection and design. Conclusions: By comparing all materials with each other using 1 kg as the functional unit, we can conclude that some materials have a greater impact than others, both in absolute and relative terms, for example, steel and poly

Los datos registrados para el proyecto VIDA-HTL “Virtual Designer for the Activation of Heritage Tourism Landscapes” constituyen una red de bienes patrimoniales en el área de estudio del Bajo Guadalquivir, con tablas de atributos que informan sobre datos como el periodo histórico, el nivel de protección y la tipología de los bienes patrimoniales, así como de otras características relacionadas con su potencial uso social (sus actuales niveles de visibilidad, sus niveles de conservación, de adaptación a la visita, accesibilidad, etc.). VIDA-HTL, ha desarrollado una versión inicial de una aplicación digital web que no sólo permite a la ciudadanía acceder a todos esos datos espaciales, sino que permite a los usuarios la interacción con estos contenidos. De esta forma, los usuarios pueden poner en relación los bienes patrimoniales con toda la información complementaria recogida en la aplicación (Áreas paisajísticas, Zonas de interés, zonas protegidas, Museos, vías de movilidad lenta, diferentes tipos de servicios etc.). Además, se proponen una serie de recorridos culturales y se permite a los usuarios el diseño de sus propias rutas a partir de la información recogida. La base de datos creada para el proyecto se divide en tres capas de información. - Patrimonio construido - Patrimonio natural - Patrimonio inmaterial (capa sólo desarrollada a nivel de prototipo en una pequeña área de estudio: el municipio de Lebrija. Se excluye de la publicación por estar pendiente de desarrollo). Además, se ha creado una capa de información en la que se recogen las propuestas de rutas culturales atendiendo a tres itinerarios: el recorrido de Sevilla a Aznalcóllar, pasando por la antigua verde de Itálica, el itinerario por zona paisajística de piedemonte, que destaca por su infraestructura relacionada por la industria extractiva y por último, rutas por el patrimonio inmaterial de la zona de estudio reducida en la que se ha desarrollado esta temática. Descripción del proyecto y resumen de l

2023 Acuerdo transformativo financiado por la CRUE, An expeditious procedure for the challenging computation of the free energy barriers (DGa) for the solvation of carbocations is presented. This procedure is based on Marcus Theory (MT) and the popular B3LYP/6-31G(d)// PCM method, and it allows the easy, accurate and inexpensive prediction of these barriers for carbocations of very different stability. This method was validated by the fair mean absolute error (ca. 1.5 kcal mol1 ) achieved in the prediction of 19 known experimental barriers covering a range of ca. 50 kcal mol1 . Interestingly, the new procedure also uses an original method for the calculation of the required inner reorganization energy (Li ) and free energy of reaction (DG). This procedure should pave the way to face computationally the pivotal issue of carbocation chemistry and could be easily extended to any bimolecular organic reaction., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Química Orgánica, Depto. de Química Física, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, TRUE, pub, APC financiada por la UCM

Bloque 2. JIDA'23-Granada: Jornadas sobre Innovación Docente en Arquitectura

As global climate change progresses the built environment grapples with the increasing challenge of overheating. In response to these challenges, this study introduces an innovative simulation-based methodology aimed at enhancing the resilience and sustainability of cooling strategies. The proposed methodology utilizes weather and building data characterization, user clothing behavior, and cooling strategy selection. The methodology relies on three main indicators: Indoor Overheating Degree (IOD), Ambient Warmness Degree (AWD), and Climate Change Overheating Resistivity (CCOR). It also considers sub-indexes like analysis of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, Exceedance Hours, and the average Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfaction. This comprehensive approach allows for a multi-zonal assessment of indoor overheating risk and resilience to climate change, to validate the methodology ‘s effectiveness, we conducted a thorough comparison, focusing on Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps (PTHP) (C01) and Fan Coil Units (FCU) (C02) in six selected reference cities with different climates. The case study employs a shoebox model to depict a double-zone office and administration building. In general, C01 demonstrates greater resistance to climate change-induced overheating compared to C02. The highest CCOR value, 58.16, is found in C01 in Vienna, while the lowest CCOR value, 12.7, is observed in C02 in Montreal, indicating the lowest resistance. Furthermore, this study underscores the pivotal importance of meticulously evaluating the susceptibility of cold cities to the imminent impacts of climate change and the urgency of implementing proactive strategies to bolster their resilience.

This teaching experience works on collective housing projects developed by the students, in which a process of evaluation of the carbon footprint is developed using digital tools and identification of possible improvements for the results obtained. This exercise involves the integration of the calculation of the carbon footprint using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, as well as the awareness of the impacts generated by the different systems, elements and materials that make up the building. The aim of this is to stimulate a physical and tangible approach to the calculation of the carbon footprint incorporated into the architectural design, where the implications of the design, the volumetry of the building, the importance of optimisation in the design of the different systems that make up the building, as well as the selection of materials can be identified., La presente experiencia docente trabaja sobre proyectos de vivienda colectiva desarrollados por el alumnado, en los cuales se desarrolla un proceso de evaluación de la huella de carbono utilizando herramientas digitales y de identificación de posibles mejoras para los resultados obtenidos. Este ejercicio que implica la integración del cálculo de la huella de carbono utilizando la metodología del Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV), así como la toma de conciencia de los impactos generados por los diferentes sistemas, elementos y materiales que componen el edificio. El objetivo de esto se centra en estimular la aproximación física y tangible del cálculo de la huella de carbono incorporado al diseño arquitectónico, donde se puedan identificar las implicaciones del diseño, la volumetría del edificio, la importancia de la optimización en el diseño de los diferentes sistemas que componen el edificio, así como de la selección de los materiales.

Wood and other bio-based building materials are often perceived as a good choice from a climate mitigation perspective. This article compares the life cycle assessment of the same multi-residential building from the perspective of 16 countries participating in the international project Annex 72 of the International Energy Agency to determine the effects of different datasets and methods of accounting for biogenic carbon in wood construction. Three assessment methods are herein considered: two recognized in the standards (the so-called 0/0 method and −1/+1 method) and a variation of the latter (−1/+1* method) used in Australia, Canada, France, and New Zealand. The 0/0 method considers neither fixation in the production stage nor releases of biogenic carbon at the end of a wood product's life. In contrast, the −1/+1 method accounts for the fixation of biogenic carbon in the production stage and its release in the end-of-life stage, irrespective of the disposal scenario (recycling, incineration or landfill). The −1/+1 method assumes that landfills offer only a temporary sequestration of carbon. In the −1/+1* variation, landfills and recycling are considered a partly permanent sequestration of biogenic carbon and thus fewer emissions are accounted for in the end-of-life stage. We examine the variability of the calculated life cycle-based greenhouse gas emissions calculated for a case study building by each participating country, within the same assessment method and across the methods. The results vary substantially. The main reasons for deviations are whether or not landfills and recycling are considered a partly permanent sequestration of biogenic carbon and a mismatch in the biogenic carbon balance. Our findings support the need for further research and to develop practical guidelines to harmonize life cycle assessment methods of buildings with bio-based materials.

Esta tesis aborda el fenómeno del hipertexto, la hipertextualización y los impactos y transformaciones que sus conceptos y teorías principales (algunas de ellas pueden ser consideradas clásicas) han tenido en los medios noticiosos, en el periodismo y sus redacciones, y en general en la percepción y el imaginario colectivo de las nociones de periódico y medio de información en el contexto de unas audiencias profundamente influidas por internet y sus contenidos y servicios digitales. Para ello se parte de la aplicación y contraste de una serie de conceptos, tipologías, categorías, analogías, metáforas y tropos procedentes de la teoría del hipertexto desarrollada a lo largo de las últimas décadas y, también, de otros planteamientos filosóficos y científicos que han tenido fuerte influencia en el pensamiento contemporáneo, en una muestra de periódicos impresos y de medios en línea en español, de diferentes épocas y de diferentes ámbitos geográficos. Los medios analizados son el periódico en español La Raza de Chicago y su sitio web (más elementos de otras publicaciones hermanas de La Raza, en especial Rumbo de Houston y La Prensa de Orlando), el periódico Hoy de Chicago y su sitio web, la edición web del periódico español El País y el medio en línea mexicano Ciberoamérica. Se trata de medios en español publicados en tres países: Estados Unidos, España y México..., This dissertation tackles the phenomenon of hypertext, hypertextualization and the impacts and transformations that its concepts and main theories (some of them could be considered classics) have had in news media, journalism, and newsrooms, and in general in the perception and collective imagination of notions of newspaper and news media in the context of audiences profoundly influenced by Internet and its digital content and services. To do it, the starting point is the application and comparison of a series of concepts, typologies, analogies, metaphors, and tropes from the hypertext theories developed during the last decades, and from other philosophical and scientific approaches that have had strong influence in contemporary thinking, on a sample of Spanish print newspapers and online news media from different times and geographical locations. The media outlets analyzed are the American Spanish newspaper La Raza of Chicago and its website (plus elements from its sister publications, specially Rumbo of Houston and La Prensa of Orlando), the newspaper Hoy of Chicago and its website, the web edition of the Spanish newspaper El País, and the Mexican online media Ciberoamérica. Those are Spanish news media published in three countries: United States, Spain and Mexico...

The building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) applied to buildings requires collecting and organizing large quantities of data over all building life cycles. To overcome specific difficulties related to the system boundaries definition and life cycle inventory stages, the literature recognizes that systematic building decomposition methods (SBDM) can be used to classify building components, elements and materials, as well as to increase the reliability and transparency of LCA results, particularly for embodied carbon and other environmental impacts. In this paper developed in the context of the research project IEA EBC Annex 72, the authors aim to provide a basis for understanding how different SBDMs decompose a building and classify its parts. This study analyses the implications of using different SBDM along the steps of an LCA study. Such as to support transparent and comprehensible (de)composition of the life cycle inventory (LCI), definition of service lives for different building parts or clear and comparable communication of assessment results and environmental hotspots particularly when using digital tools to conduct LCA. The study analyses 12 national SBDMs used in participating countries of IEA EBC Annex 72. To showcase the implications of SBDMs in building LCA practice, an office building was used as a common case study for applying the different SBDM approaches. Differences were identified among the decomposition levels and the consequences of these differences on the LCI organization. Thus, some of the main contributions to this study are the investigation of different SBDM approaches for improving the design workflows, by discussing BIM model definitions and the recommendation to use hierarchically based methods to allow the building elements and materials decomposition.

This teaching experience works on collective housing projects developed by the students, in which a process of evaluation of the carbon footprint is developed using digital tools and identification of possible improvements for the results obtained. This exercise involves the integration of the calculation of the carbon footprint using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, as well as the awareness of the impacts generated by the different systems, elements and materials that make up the building. The aim of this is to stimulate a physical and tangible approach to the calculation of the carbon footprint incorporated into the architectural design, where the implications of the design, the volumetry of the building, the importance of optimisation in the design of the different systems that make up the building, as well as the selection of materials can be identified., La presente experiencia docente trabaja sobre proyectos de vivienda colectiva desarrollados por el alumnado, en los cuales se desarrolla un proceso de evaluación de la huella de carbono utilizando herramientas digitales y de identificación de posibles mejoras para los resultados obtenidos. Este ejercicio que implica la integración del cálculo de la huella de carbono utilizando la metodología del Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV), así como la toma de conciencia de los impactos generados por los diferentes sistemas, elementos y materiales que componen el edificio. El objetivo de esto se centra en estimular la aproximación física y tangible del cálculo de la huella de carbono incorporado al diseño arquitectónico, donde se puedan identificar las implicaciones del diseño, la volumetría del edificio, la importancia de la optimización en el diseño de los diferentes sistemas que componen el edificio, así como de la selección de los materiales., Los autores agradecen a los alumnos y profesores de las ediciones 2020-2021, 2021-2022 y 2022-2023 del Máster en Innovación en Arquitectura: Tecnología y Diseño de la Universidad de Sevilla y la proyecto INDICATE por el apoyo financiero prestado para este trabajo., Peer Reviewed

Of the numerous effects of human activity with a direct impact on changes in the environment, one of the main activities is construction, which generates approximately 33% of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and contributes to an increase in environmental impact. At present, interest in reducing these emissions has led to the development of various tools to quantify, evaluate and control environmental impact. Among the better-known ones, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is frequently linked to BIM modelling. The cities are responsible for 75% of carbon emissions, for that reason, this paper aims to analyse whether urban concentration of high-rise blocks. Using the GIS tool to geographically visualize the urban system of the study area, the main displacement routes were located according to the types of transport used and the location of two study sites in the Hypercentre of Quito considered as points of origin for these trips. These data were entered in several tables to ascertain the overall impact in the use phase at city level. The impact of the building in the production, construction, de-construction and recycling phases was added at a later stage. The use of the three tools - LCA, BIM and GIS - allowed us to establish that the highest number of impacts occurs in the use phase, given the high consumption of operational energy. Finally, it was concluded that in Quito, a city model concentrated in height, displays less environmental impact compared to uncontrolled urban extension. It is therefore essential to locally implement tools, such as the Eco-Efficiency Matrix, which contribute to the sustainable development of the city.

[ES] La reducción de emisiones en motores de combustión interna (MCI) es uno de los mayores desafíos técnicos de la sociedad. Aunque están surgiendo nuevas tecnologías para la movilidad, el ICE seguirá teniendo un papel clave en el transporte durante las próximas décadas. Los motores diesel son un desafío en términos de emisiones contaminantes, en particular óxidos de nitrógeno (NOX) y hollín. De hecho, el último representa el 50 % de las emisiones totales de este tipo de motores. En este contexto, las nuevas tecnologías de hardware y los nuevos combustibles renovables han mostrado un gran potencial para reducir las emisiones de hollín sin afectar la eficiencia del motor (emisiones de CO2). Por esta razón, los impactos del uso de e-fuels (OMEX y FT diesel) y diferentes geometrías del bowl del pistón (reentrante, labio escalonado y labio escalonado con ondas) en la formación de hollín y el desarrollo de la combustión han sido analizados en un motor óptico mono cilíndrico diesel. Primero, se realizó una caracterización del flujo en el cilindro utilizando un pistón de geometría real (Reentrante) y aplicando la técnica de velocímetro de imágenes por partículas (PIV). Posteriormente, se analizó el movimiento de la llama, el proceso de combustión y la formación de hollín para diferentes geometrías de pistón mediante diversas técnicas ópticas como la velocímetro de imagen por combustión (CIV), luminosidad natural, quimioluminiscencia OH * y pirometría de 2 colores. Finalmente, se estudió el proceso de combustión y la formación de hollín al utilizar diferentes e-fuels aplicando las mismas técnicas ópticas utilizadas anteriormente. Además, para esta parte del estudio, se incluyó una técnica óptica específica denominada espectroscopia de alta velocidad para el análisis de hollín. Con respecto a la evaluación de las distintas geometrías del bowl, el labio escalonado y el labio escalonado con ondas presentaron una oxidación tardía del hollín que ha sido más rápida en comparació, [CA] La reducció d'emissions en motors de combustió interna (MCI) es un dels majors reptes tècnics de la societat. Encara que estan sorgint noves tecnologies per a la mobilitat, el ICE seguirà tenint un paper clau en el transport durant les pròximes dècades. Els motors diesel son un dels reptes en termes d'emissió de contaminants, en particular òxids de nitrogen (NOX) i sutge. De fet, l'últim representa el 50% de les emissions totals d'aquest tipus de motor. Dins aquest context, les noves tecnologies de hardware y de nous combustibles renovables han mostrat un gran potencial per reduir les emissions de sutge sense afectar l'eficiència del motor (emissions de CO2). Per aquesta raó, els impactes sobre l'ús de e-fuels (OMEX i FT-diesel) i diferents geometries de bowl del pistó (re-entrant, llavi escalonat i llavi escalonat amb ones) en la formació de sutge i el desenvolupament de la combustió, han estat analitzats en un motor òptic mono-cilíndric diesel. Primer, es va realitzar una caracterització de flux en el cilindre utilitzant un pistó amb geometria real (re-entrant) i aplicant la tècnica de velocimetria de imatges per partícules (PIV). Posteriorment, es va analitzar el moviment de la flama, el procés de combustió i la formació de sutge per a diferents geometries de pistó mitjançant diverses tècniques òptiques com per exemple la de velocimetria de imatge per combustió (CIV), lluminositat natural, quimioluminescència de OH* i pirometria de 2 colors. Finalment, es va estudiar el procés de combustió i la formació de sutge utilitzant diferents e-fuels aplicant les mateixes tècniques òptiques utilitzades anteriorment. A més, per aquesta part de l'estudi, es va implementar una tècnica òptica específica denominada espectroscòpia d'alta velocitat per a l'anàlisi del sutge. Respecte a l'avaluació de les distintes geometries de bowl, els llavis escalonats i els escalonats amb ones presentaren una oxidació tardana del sutge que ha estat més ràpida en comparació amb la de geom, [EN] The emissions reduction in internal combustion engines (ICE) is one of the greatest technical challenges of society. Although new technologies for mobility are emerging, the ICE will still have a key role in transport over the next decades. Diesel engines are challenging in terms of pollutant emissions, in particular nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particles. In fact, the last one represents 50 % of total emissions of this kind of engine. In this context, new hardware technologies as well as new renewable fuels have shown great potential to reduce soot emissions without affecting engine efficiency (CO2) emissions. For this reason, the impacts of using e-fuels (OMEX and FT-diesel) and different piston bowl geometries (re-entrant, stepped lip and stepped lip-wave bowl) on soot formation and combustion development were analyzed in a single cylinder optical diesel engine. First, an in-cylinder flow characterization when using a real bowl shape was performed by applying particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Subsequently, the flame movement, combustion process and soot formation were analyzed for different piston geometries through several optical techniques such as combustion image velocimetry (CIV), natural luminosity, OH* chemiluminescence and 2 color pyrometry. Finally, the combustion process and soot formation when using different e-fuels were studied by applying the same optical techniques used previously. In addition, for this part of the study, it was included a specific optical technique named high-speed spectroscopy for the soot analysis. Regarding the bowl geometries evaluation, the stepped lip and wave-stepped lip presented a faster late soot oxidation in comparison with the re-entrant geometry. Under extreme soot conditions, differences were also observed between the wave-stepped lip and the stepped lip. A faster soot oxidation was observed for the first one. The e-fuels showed a remarkable reduction in soot formation (especially OMEX) when compared with

[ES] Debido a la complejidad de los objetivos propuestos en este trabajo de fin de grado, resulta necesario el uso conjunto de herramientas experimentales y teóricas en la metodología empleada. Estas herramientas serán reflejadas en el capítulo 3 de este trabajo. En él, se realiza una descripción detallada de la maqueta empleada como herramienta experimental, sus principales características y diferentes montajes y equipos de medida. Como herramienta teórica se utilizará el modelo 1-D DICOM, que será descrito en este apartado como una herramienta de simulación del proceso de combustión y de mezcla representado en la maqueta de manera experimental.

This review systematically analyses the most relevant contributions published in the area of toxicity of building materials and their evaluation from the perspective of life cycle analysis to give a critical view of the relationship between the two fields. For this review, the systematic literature review methodology was chosen. With this methodology, it is possible to identify the most important sources and obtain a complete reading of the state of the question. The review shows that most articles on the toxicity of building materials focus on the usage phase, ignoring the life cycle perspective. On the other hand, the different Life Cycle Assessment methodologies start from different inventories, so the results will vary depending on the chosen method. In all cases, the predictions on toxicity are underestimated, so they are considered a secondary impact, and also the effects of bio- accumulation have not been integrated into the methodology. The main conflictive points found are discussed, such as the lack of coverage of substances widely used in the construction sector or the need to integrate new impacts

The construction of buildings has a high level of environmental impacts. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) has been configured as an effective tool to anticipate, evaluate, and optimize these impacts. The conventional application of this methodology in the field of building construction involves the consumption of a large amount of time and resources. The recent development and progress in the integration of digital tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the LCA methodology is generating important advances in the process of optimizing environmental impacts in the buildings sector. This Special Issue, “BIM-Based Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment for Buildings”, gathers some of the advances that are currently taking place in the integration of Building Information Modeling platforms in the process of minimizing the impacts that buildings cause throughout their entire life cycle

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly being used as a tool by the building industry and actors to assess the global warming potential (GWP) of building activities. In several countries, life cycle based requirements on GWP are currently being incorporated into building regulations. After the establishment of general calculation rules for building LCA, a crucial next step is to evaluate the performance of the specific building design. For this, reference values or benchmarks are needed, but there are several approaches to defining these. This study presents an overview of existing benchmark systems documented in seventeen cases from the IEA EBC Annex 72 project on LCA of buildings. The study characterizes their different types of methodological background and displays the reported values. Full life cycle target values for residential and non-residential buildings are found around 10-20 kg CO2e/m2 /y, whereas reference values are found between 20-80 kg CO2e/m2 /y. Possible embodied target- and reference values are found between 1-12 kg CO2e/m2 /y for both residential and non-residential buildings. Benchmark stakeholders can use the insights from this study to understand the justifications of the background methodological choices and to gain an overview of the level of GWP performance across benchmark systems.

The management of the life cycle of large publicly owned social housing complexes requires a large amount of human and technological resources, the optimization of which is a desirable and shared objective. This article proposes a workflow for the enhancement of these management processes based on BIM (Building Information Modelling), a methodology capable of integrating architectural information into a three-dimensional graphic model. The proposed workflow defines the basic characteristics of the BIM model oriented toward sustainable building management and its relationship with the key moments of its life cycle. It also analyzes the architectural information associated with the models and determines which parameters are optimal for their completion from the BIM models in terms of reliability, auditability, and automation. For this purpose, a case study has been developed for a multifamily residential building in Malaga (Spain), owned by the Andalusian Housing and Rehabilitation Agency AVRA, a public agency that manages a housing stock of more than 70,000 dwellings.

La bandeja de bronce de El Gandul (Alcalá de Guadaíra, Sevilla) es uno de los objetos más profusamente decorados de toda el área tartésica. A pesar de sus posibilidades interpretativas desde el punto de vista iconográfico, las hipótesis publicadas han sido exiguas. Tratando de paliar esta escasez, se hace un repaso por sus grabados desde el centro de la fuente hacia el exterior. Tras él, se propone que el conjunto refleja un universo simbólico en el que el difunto consume una planta que le permite el tránsito revigorizado al más allá. Para ello, se aduce como paralelo textual un pasaje perteneciente a la epopeya de Gilgamesh. Finalmente, la propia forma de piel de toro que tiene la pieza es también analizada y puesta en relación con el mitema del sacrificio del Toro Celeste. En este caso se utilizan como ejemplos la tauroctonía mitraica, la épicade Gilgamesh nuevamente, el mito del nacimiento de Orión en el mundo griego y los cultos cananeos.

[ES] En los últimos años, dentro del marco de los motores de combustión interna, el número de investigaciones que han puesto su foco en el estudio y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de reducción de contaminantes y aumento de la eficiencia ha aumentado sin pausa. Concretamente, los nuevos modos de combustión de baja temperatura premezclados han ganado importancia debido a las grandes ventajas que presentan respecto a los modos convencionales de combustión, siendo estas la reducción de contaminantes como NOx y hollín; muy presentes en los motores de encendido por compresión. Por lo tanto, en esta tesis se pretende analizar los requerimientos de un circuito de refrigeración de un motor que emplea un modo de combustión dual fuel (combustión de baja temperatura), así como las cargas térmicas a las que está sometido. La base del estudio parte de un motor Volvo de 6 cilindros que previamente ya ha sido comprobado y simulado, del cual ya se han obtenido resultados satisfactorios. Este motor que emplea un modo de combustión dual fuel de baja temperatura tiene dos circuitos de recirculación de gases. Para este estudio, y con el objetivo de reducir los costes, se ha eliminado unos de estos sistemas de recirculación de gases. Por tanto, el objetivo principal es, mediante el software comercial GT-SUITE, diseñar y comprobar la viabilidad tecnológica de un nuevo circuito de refrigeración con las nuevas condiciones de transferencia térmica, de forma que se mantengan esos resultados satisfactorios., [EN] In recent years, within the framework of internal combustion engines, the number of researchs that have focused on the study and development of new techniques for reducing pollutants and increasing efficiency has increased steadily. Specifically, the new pre-mixed low-temperature combustion modes have gained importance due to the great advantages they present over conventional combustion modes, these being the reduction of pollutants such as NOx and soot; very present in compression ignition engines. Therefore, in this thesis it is intended to analyze the requirements of a cooling circuit of an engine that uses a dual fuel combustion mode (low temperature combustion), as well as the thermal loads to which it is subjected. The basis of the study is based on a 6-cylinder Volvo engine that has been tested and simulated previously, from which satisfactory results have already been obtained. This low temperature dual fuel combustion engine has two gas recirculation circuits. For this study, and in order to reduce costs, one of these gas recirculation systems has been eliminated. Therefore, the main objective is, with the GTSUITE commercial software, to design and verify the technological feasibility of a new cooling circuit with the new thermal transfer conditions, so that these satisfactory results are maintained.

[ES] La industria del automóvil está regulada por diferentes normativas en todo el mundo por sus emisiones de GEI que salen de los tubos de escape de los vehículos. Recientemente, teniendo en cuenta el objetivo a largo plazo de 2050 de alcanzar la neutralidad del carbono, se está poniendo un gran énfasis en el cambio a los vehículos eléctricos. En Europa, concretamente, el Green Deal propuesto por la Comisión Europea ha prohibido la venta de turismos con motor de combustión interna a partir de 2035. Asimismo, en Estados Unidos se ha fijado el objetivo de vender el 50% de los vehículos eléctricos en 2030. Estas políticas se aplican denominando a los VE como vehículos de cero emisiones (ZEV), basándose únicamente en sus emisiones de tanque a rueda. Sin embargo, si se tienen en cuenta las emisiones de todo el ciclo de vida, los VE tienen una cuota de emisiones considerable, y mucho mayor cuando se evalúan en ciclos de conducción real. La fuente de producción de electricidad es muy importante, ya que determina las emisiones del pozo al depósito, que pueden ser incluso superiores a las del combustible convencional. Por lo tanto, este estudio se lleva a cabo para estimar el potencial de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 de diferentes tecnologías de tren motriz para autobuses y turismos en ciclos de conducción real y considerando el ciclo de vida global. El software GT suite se utiliza para la evaluación del consumo de combustible en ciclos de conducción real utilizando información de velocidad del vehículo basada en GPS. Mientras que para la evaluación del ciclo de vida se utiliza la huella de emisiones del software de ACV GREET. Dado que la prohibición de la venta de vehículos con motor de combustión interna se aplica al sector de los turismos, se evalúan tres configuraciones de la cadena cinemática: Diesel convencional, híbrido y SUV eléctrico, así como el uso de combustible electrónico (como OMEx) en las cadenas cinemáticas ICE convencionales e híbridas. A continuación, [EN] The automotive industry is regulated by different regulations across the world for its GHG emissions coming out from the tailpipes of the vehicles. Recently, keeping in mind the 2050 long term goal to reach carbon neutrality, a huge emphasis is being given towards the shift to electric vehicles. In Europe specifically, the Green Deal proposed by the EU commission has put a ban on Internal Combustion Engine passenger cars¿ sale from 2035. Also, in the United States of America a target of 50% Electric Vehicle sales is set for 2030. These policies are implemented by referring EVs as Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs), based on its Tank-to-Wheel emissions only. However, if the entire life cycle emissions are considered, the EVs have a considerable share of emissions, and much higher when evaluated on Real Drive cycles. The source of electricity production is very important as it determines the Well-to-Tank emissions, which can be even higher than that of the conventional fuel. Hence, this study is carried out to estimate the CO2 emission reduction potential of different powertrain technologies for buses and passenger cars on real drive cycles and considering the overall life cycle. The GT suite software is used for the assessment of the fuel consumption on Real Drive cycles using GPS based vehicle speed information. While for the life cycle evaluation emission footprint from the LCA software GREET is used for the evaluation. As the ICE ban on new sales is done for the passenger car sector, evaluation is done of three powertrain configurations: Conventional Diesel, Hybrid and Electric SUV as well as using e-fuel (such as OMEx) in the Conventional and Hybrid ICE powertrains. Which is then evaluated for its emission reduction potential in the US as well as EU, according to the set targets in both regions. Further, the current automotive fleet is used for both the US and EU to compare the emission reduction potential considering the change in the fleet by the integration of

[ES] A medida que los efectos del calentamiento global se hacen más severos, el estudio de alternativas para tratar de frenarlos, o incluso detenerlos, aumenta su importancia. El sector de transporte es uno de los principales contribuyentes a los insidiosos gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), y como tal este sector debe estar a la vanguardia del desarrollo de estrategias que reduzcan las emisiones globales. Por otro lado, los entes reguladores de emisiones se han vuelto más estrictos con cada nueva iteración de normativa, y actualmente, nos encontramos en la cúspide de nuevas normativas que podrían no dejar cabida para los motores de combustión interna en años posteriores al 2025. La tendencia para los vehículos ligeros es la electrificación. Sin embargo, la electrificación completa del parque automotor tomará tiempo, inversión de capital y adaptación del consumidor debido a que los vehículos eléctricos (VE) todavía presentan altos costos de producción, menos puntos de carga, un rango de distancia menor, y un tiempo de carga mayor que sus contrapartes de combustión interna. En el caso de las flotas de vehículos pesados, estas limitaciones continúan representando un impedimento para la adopción de los Ves a causa de las demandas de rentabilidad, peso y distancia requeridas. Alternativas diferentes a la conversión a eléctricos deben también ser exploradas y serán tremendamente importantes en regiones donde la red eléctrica se conforme de fuentes de generación desfavorables para el medio ambiente, se encuentre en mal estado o desarrollo, o el costo de substitución de vehículos sea prohibitivo. En tal sentido, el uso de combustibles alternativos que no contribuyan hacia los gases de efecto invernadero gana relevancia a medida que las políticas para lograr cero emisiones entran en vigor alrededor del mundo. El estudio de combustibles que puedan tener propiedades energéticas similares a las de los combustibles convencionales (diésel y gasolina), pero con menores emisiones, [EN] As the effects of global warming become more dire, the study of alternatives to try to delay it, or even stop it, become increasingly important. The transport sector is one of the main contributors to the insidious greenhouse gases (GHG), and as such should be at the forefront of the development of strategies that reduce global emissions. On the other side, emissions regulators have become stricter with every new iteration of normative, and currently we are on the cusp of new rulings that could potentially leave no room to the use of internal combustion engines beyond 2025. The tendency for light-duty vehicles is to become electrified. However complete electrification of the automotive park will take time, capital investment and consumer adaption since electric vehicles (EV) still present higher production costs, less charging stations, a shorter range, and a longer time to replenish its energy than internal combustion vehicles. In the case of heave-duty fleets these limitations still represent a significant impediment for the adoption of EVs due to their rentability, weight and distance demands. Alternatives different to electrification should also be explored and will be tremendously important in regions where the electric grid is not comprised of mainly green sources, is not as well developed, or the cost of vehicle substitutions is prohibitive. In that sense, the use of alternative fuels that do not contribute to greenhouse gases is gaining relevance as policies to move to zero emissions come into force across the world. The study of fuels that can have similar energetic properties as conventional fuels (diesel and gasoline), but with less engine-out emissions and net-zero production emissions, while remaining usable as drop-in substitutes where neither the engine nor the drivetrain has to be modified becomes an insightful endeavor. Having said the above, the present work is dedicated to the study of the effect of e-fuels like OMEx, methanol and methane on