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Alongside the advancement of large language models (LLMs), attention towards their limitations and potential risks has also increased. One common issue is hallucination, which occurs when LLMs generate inaccurate or irrelevant answers, especially for complex sentences. To address this issue, we propose a novel question preprocessing method inspired by how young children comprehend complex sentences. Our method consists of two modules: (1) hierarchical clause annotation (HCA)-based sentence decomposition, which breaks down complex sentences into one-verb-centered clauses, and (2) abstract meaning representation (AMR)-based clause rewriting, which reformulates the clauses based on AMR into the child-comprehensible subject-verb-object (SVO) structure. We evaluate our method on the question-answering dataset, TruthfulQA, and show that it can improve the truthfulness and informativeness of widely-used LLMs, LLaMA-7B, and LLaMA-2-7B-chat, preventing from generating hallucinated answers. Moreover, our method is highly efficient, as it does not require any pre-training, fine-tuning, or invoking larger-scale models.

ObjectiveTo explore the value of portable oto-endoscopy system in clinical teaching of otolaryngology residents.MethodsThe postgraduate students serving as resident doctors in the Department of Otolaryngology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from February to March 2022 and from February to March 2023 were selected as the research objects. Random number table method was used to divide them into experimental group and control group. The control group was first taught by theoretical explanation + electrooto-endoscopy system, and the experimental group was first taught by theoretical explanation + portable oto-endoscopy system. After one month, the two groups interchanged their teaching methodologies. The results of theoretical assessment, self-evaluation at the end of the first month of clinical learning and satisfaction with teaching effectiveness at the end of two months of clinical learning were compared between the two groups.ResultsA total of 36 residents were included in this study, with 18 in each group. After one month of clinical study, the theoretical test scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group[(93.17±4.16) points vs. (82.28±4.46) points, P=0.000]. The results of the questionnaire survey showed that the self-evaluation scores of the test group in the five dimensions of ear disease learning, clinical learning efficiency, clinical data collection, doctor-patient communication and equipment use were significantly higher than those of the control group(all P < 0.05). After two months of ear rotation, the satisfaction of the 36 students on portable ear endoscopy teaching was significantly higher than that of electric ear endoscopy (57.9% vs. 47.4%, P=0.040).ConclusionsThe portable oto-endoscopy system can display the anatomy and diseases of otolaryngology more vividly and intuitively in the clinical teaching of otolaryngology, facilitate the management of clinical data, increase the learning interest of residents, fully mobilize the image thinking of medical students, and improve the post competence of residents more efficiently.

Objective·To summarize the clinical features, imaging features, and diagnosis and treatment experience of primary mediastinal yolk sac tumor (YST).Methods·Data of 29 patients with primary mediastinal YST, who attended Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from September 2016 to May 2023, were collected and comprehensively analyzed, including imaging examination results, serum indicators, pathology reports and treatment methods.Results·There were 22 cases of pure YST and 7 cases of mixed YST comprising 28 males and 1 female. The mean age of onset was (24.5±5.9) years. The initial symptoms were chest tightness (34.5%), chest pain (27.8%), cough (34.5%), expectoration (34.5%) and no specific symptoms (24.1%). Chest computerized tomography (CT) enhancement showed that all the 29 lesions were located in the anterior mediastinum. The maximum diameter of the lesions ranged from 5.6 cm to 18.2 cm. The lesions were irregular in shape, uneven in density, partially cystic and solid in density. The enhancement scan showed the solid part was slightly and moderately enhanced, and the low-density area was not enhanced. Tumor boundary was not clear because tumors often compressed and invaded surrounding tissues. Among the 29 newly diagnosed patients, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was significantly increased in 28 cases (1 case was not tested). Patients received multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment, including chemotherapy (25/29), surgery (26/29), and radiotherapy (8/29). Seven patients directly received surgery after diagnosis. Nineteen patients received chemotherapy first and then surgery; 16 (84.2%) cases were evaluated as lesion shrinkage after chemotherapy. After surgery, 73.1% (19/26) patients had a significant decrease in serum AFP. After chemotherapy, 56.0% (14/25) patients had decreased serum AFP.Conclusion·Primary mediastinal YST usually occurs in middle-aged and young men, with certain clinical and radiographic features and elevated serum AFP, which requires multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment.

Wind turbine blades are often affected by ice coating during service. Due to its special wetness, superhydrophobic materials have great application potential in the field of anti-icing. Based on this, using the wind turbine blades as the base, and a fluorine-free suspension formulated with epoxy resin(EP), polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) and modified SiO2 was spin-coated on the surface of wind turbine blades, and a wear-resistant and anti-icing superhydrophobic specimen was produced after curing. In addition, the microstructure, composition and hydrophobicity of superhydrophobic coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and contact angle measurement instruments, respectively. Results showed that the contact angle of the superhydrophobic coating was 166.65°, and the rolling angle was 2.5°. Compared to uncoated fan blades, the coating prolonged the icing time by about 40% at-10 ℃ and-15 ℃, and the bonding strength of the ice layer after coating icing was significantly lower than that of fan blades. The contact angle of the coating after 10 meters of wear on the 800 mesh sandpaper was 150.5 °. Overall, the prepared wear-resistant superhydrophobic coating possessed superhydrophobic effect and good anti-icing performance.

Recently developed ductile inorganic semiconductors have opened a new avenue toward potential applications such as flexible electronics. Significant studies have been conducted based on different atomic models to understand the deformation mechanism using first-principle calculations; however, the comparative study on these atomic models remains unexplored. In this paper, taking Ag2S as an example, we simulated the slipping process using bulk, slab, and tilt-cell models. Systematic supercell tests were performed to investigate the convergence of the slip/cleavage energy based on the three atomic models. It was found that a reasonably large supercell is required to converge the slip/cleavage energy, and the ratio between minimum cleavage and maximum slip energy converges to a comparable value among different atomic models, where the tilt-cell and slab models show slightly higher energy ratio values compared with the bulk model. However, the comparison of different exchange-correlation functionals and van der Waals corrections indicates that the calculations of slip and cleavage energies are sensitive to the choice of calculation methods, highlighting the importance of using the same method for comparing slip and cleavage energies of different materials. This work provides insights into understanding different atomic models of ductility mechanisms in ductile inorganic semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]