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Lake water level changes show randomness and the complexity of basin hydrological simulation and lake water level response. We constructed a vine copula model to simulate and predict lake water level that incorporated rolling decisions and real-time correction of prediction results. The model was applied to predict the long- and short-term water levels in Erhai Lake on the Yun-gui Plateau, southwest China. The results showed that (1) the predicted daily water levels (with ME=0.02~0.09, RMSE=0.02~0.024, NSE=0.99, and IA=0.99) were more accurate than the predicted monthly water levels (with the ME=0.039~0.444, RMSE=0.194~0.279, NSE=0.913~0.958, and IA=0.977~0.989), and the accuracy of the predictions improved as the number of variables increased. (2) The vine copula model outperformed the back-propagation neural network and support vector regression models, and, of the three model types, gave the best estimate of the nonlinear relationships between the predicted water level and climatic factors, especially in the wet season (May to October). (3) The prediction accuracy of the vine copula model was lower for small sample sizes and when there was a lack of runoff data. By improving the analysis of the model’s errors, the percentages of the relative errors of the prediction accuracy less than 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% increased to 70%, 83%, 95%, and 98%, respectively.

Understanding the long-range dependence and self-similarity of global sea surface chlorophyll concentration (SSCC) will enrich its characteristics description and analysis with global change patterns. The satellite SSCC products were collected from the European Space Agency during the period from 29 July 1998 to 31 December2020. After resampling the SSCC products into the spatial resolution of 1°, the missing values were interpolated by Bayesian maximum entropy with mean absolute error of cross validation equaling to 0.1295 mg/m[sup 3]. Generalized Cauchy model was employed to quantitatively determine the long-range dependence and self-similarity of SSCC at a global scale by using the Hurst parameter and fractal dimension. Good fitted results were achieved with an averaged R[sup 2] of 0.9141 and a standard deviation of 0.0518 across the 32,281 spatial locations of the entire ocean; the averaged values of Hurst parameter and fractal dimension were 0.8667 and 1.2506, respectively, suggesting strong long-range dependence and weak self-similarity of SSCC in the entire oceans. Univariate and multivariate generalized addictive models (GAM) were introduced to depict the influence of sea surface height anomaly, sea surface salinity, sea surface temperature and sea surface wind on the Hurst parameter and fractal dimension of SSCC; and smaller mean absolute error were achieved for the GAM of Hurst parameter than that of fractal dimension. Sea surface height anomaly showed the strongest influence for the Hurst parameter than the other three factors, and sea surface wind depicted similar influence; the sea surface temperature owned opposite influence on Hurst parameter compared to sea surface salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main greenhouse gases leading to global warming, and the ocean is the largest carbon reservoir on the earth that plays an important role in regulating CO2 concentration on a global scale. The column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of atmospheric CO2 (XCO2) is a key parameter in describing ocean carbon content. In this paper, the Data Interpolation Empirical Orthogonal Function (DINEOF) and the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) methods are combined to interpolate XCO2 data of Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) and Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3 (OCO-3) from January to December 2020 occurring within the geographical range of 15–45°N and 120–150°E. At the first stage of our proposed analysis, spatiotemporal information was used by the DINEOF method to perform XCO2 interpolation that improved data coverage; at the second stage, the DINEOF-generated interpolation results were regarded as soft data and were subsequently assimilated using the BME method to obtain improved XCO2 interpolation values. The performance of the synthetic DINEOF–BME interpolation method was evaluated by means of a five-fold cross-validation method. The results showed that the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and the Bias of the DINEOF-based OCO-2 and OCO-3 interpolations were 2.106 ppm, 3.046 ppm, and 1.035 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, the MAE, RMSE, and Bias of the cross-validation results obtained by the DINEOF–BME were 1.285 ppm, 2.422 ppm, and −0.085 ppm, respectively, i.e., smaller than the results obtained by DINEOF. In addition, based on the in situ measured XCO2 data provided by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), the original OCO-2 and OCO-3 data were combined and compared with the interpolated products of the synthetic DINEOF–BME framework. The accuracy of the original OCO-2 and OCO-3 products is lower than the DINEOF–BME-generated XCO2 products in terms of MAE (1.751 ppm vs. 2.616 ppm), RMSE (2.877 ppm vs. 3.566 ppm) and Bias (1.379 ppm vs 1.622 ppm), the spatiotemporal coverage of XCO2 product also improved dramatically from 16% to 100%. Lastly, this study demonstrated the feasibility of the synthetic DINEOF–BME approach for XCO2 interpolation purposes and the ability of the BME method to be successfully combined with other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important oceanography attribute that has been used to study ocean climatic conditions, ocean dynamics and air-sea interactions. In the present work, the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) method was used to interpolate a FY-3 C /VIRR satellite dataset in the region with coordinates 120°-150°W and 45°-60°S and during January 2020. A novel approach of constructing valuable soft data was developed by combining BME interpolation with highly correlated SST day and night data differences. The BME interpolation accuracy was assessed by cross-validation, and the results showed that the average RMSE (root mean squared error) was 0.700 and the average bias was 0.441°C. Furthermore, using the Argo data as a basis of comparison, the coverage and accuracy of the BME interpolation of the FY-3 C/VIRR satellite SST dataset were compared numerically with those of the Ordinary Kriging (OK) interpolation of the FY-3 C/VIRR satellite SST dataset and the Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) of the AVHRR satellite SST dataset. It was found that BME had the best SST interpolation performance among the three methods with the lowest average bias and the largest correlation coefficient. Although OISST had a full product coverage rate overall (due to its use of more perfect treatment means), BME's coverage rate (97.5%) considerably improved that of the FY-3 C/VIRR SST data. Also, both the BME and OK products maintained a 12hrs temporal resolution and a 0.05 decimal degrees longitude/latitude spatial resolution, which is an improvement over OISST data with a 24hrs time resolution and a 0.25 decimal degrees longitude/latitude spatial resolution. Another advantage of BME is that because of its broad theoretical support its performance in practice can be improved further as more knowledge sources become available (which can only be incorporated by BME). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as an appealing therapeutic option against biofilm infections. However, effectively penetrating the dense barrier of biofilm and anchoring bacteria to achieve biofilm elimination and wound healing under hypoxic environments remains a challenge for aPDT. Herein, three type I/II Hypocrellin B (HB)‐cationic photosensitizers (HB‐P, HB‐TP, and HB‐TTP) are designed based on a multi‐cationic long chains molecular engineering strategy. With an increasing number of introduced cations, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and bacterial‐anchoring abilities of HB‐cationic photosensitizers are greatly enhanced. Notably, HB‐TTP demonstrates higher type I/II aPDT activity and broad‐spectrum antibacterial properties. Furthermore, to effectively address the conundrum of healing biofilm‐infected wounds, a ROS‐responsive core‐shell microneedle (HB‐TTP&EGF@MN) is designed by biphasically integrating HB‐TTP and growth factor. When the microneedle penetrates biofilm, the shell quickly dissolves and releases HB‐TTP to achieve biofilm removal under laser irradiation. The core is subsequently degraded slowly in the presence of endogenous ROS within the wound, facilitating a sustained release of growth factor to promote wound tissue regeneration. This work not only provides an effective strategy for the rational design of efficient antimicrobial agents but also proposes innovative ideas for the development of controlled‐release pharmaceutical materials to synergize against biofilm infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perylenequinonoid natural products are a class of photosensitizers (PSs) that exhibit high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and excellent activity for Type I/Type II dual photodynamic therapy. However, their limited activity against gram-negative bacteria and poor water solubility significantly restrict their potential in broad-spectrum photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PDAT). Herein, a general approach to overcome the limitations of perylenequinonoid photosensitizers (PQPSs) in PDAT by utilizing a macrocyclic supramolecular carrier is presented. Specifically, AnBox·4Cl, a water-soluble cationic cyclophane, is identified as a universal macrocyclic host for PQPSs such as elsinochrome C, hypocrellin A, hypocrellin B, and hypericin, forming 1:1 host-guest complexes with high binding constants (≈10 7 m -1 ) in aqueous solutions. Each AnBox·4Cl molecule carries four positive charges that promote strong binding with the membrane of gram-negative bacteria. As a result, the AnBox·4Cl-PQPS complexes can effectively anchor on the surfaces of gram-negative bacteria, while the PQPSs alone cannot. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that these supramolecular PSs have excellent water solubility and high ROS generation, with broad-spectrum PDAT effect against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This work paves a new path to enhance PDAT by showcasing an efficient approach to improve PQPSs' water solubility and killing efficacy for gram-negative bacteria., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Four types of core-shell materials with magnetic Fe 3 O 4 microparticles as the core were prepared through different approaches using dopamine, glucose, tetrabutyl orthotitanate (TBOT), and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the shell precursor, respectively. CeO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) was successfully immobilized onto these supports to fabricate efficient catalysts for the tandem catalytic synthesis of imines from benzyl alcohols and anilines at low temperature under air atmosphere. The as-prepared catalysts were detailedly characterized by TEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, XPS VSM, ICP, and CO 2 -TPD. Interestingly, these prepared catalysts showed higher catalytic activity than reported CeO 2 catalysts. Most attractively, the catalyst with a shell ofnitrogen-doped-carbon derived from dopamine exhibited the best catalytic property, and outstanding stability and recyclability in the cycle experiment. According to the XPS and CO 2 -TPD characterization, the enhanced performance of Fe 3 O 4 @CN@CeO 2 composites can be attributed to two reasons as follows: (1) the immobilization of CeO 2 improved its alkalinity at low reaction temperature, and alkalinity is beneficial to promote the oxidation of alcohols to benzaldehyde, which is the rate-determining step for this tandem reaction; (2) the doped nitrogen generated Lewis basic site could satisfactorily stabilize Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ pair of CeO 2 , which determined the catalytic activity and stability of CeO 2 based catalysts for this tandem reaction. Moreover, the prepared catalysts could be facilely recovered from the reaction mixture with an external magnet. This work may provide a useful strategy for constructing CeO 2 based catalysts for green and sustainable catalysis., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)