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Okara, the major by-product from the production of soybean products, is rich in dietary fiber, protein, fat, vitamins and other nutrients, and functions to regulate the intestinal flora, prevent diabetes, control body mass, prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, there are many problems with okara: high-water content, poor taste and susceptibility to spoilage, restricting its high-value development. Microbial fermentation is a green and safe treatment for okara, which can improve the functional properties and taste and prolong the shelf life, thereby increasing the utilization value. Although the effect of fermentation on the functional properties of okara has been extensively studied, it has not been systematically elaborated and summarized. Therefore, this article focuses on the hotspots in okara fermentation research by means of bibliometrics and visualization analysis. Based on the obtained results, it provides a systematic review on the biotransformation of okara by microbial fermentation, the metabolism pattern of okara nutrient components, the fermentation methods of okara and its application scenarios in foods, aiming at providing a theoretical basis for the value-added utilization and functional development of okara in plant-based foods.

Let G be a finite group and H a subgroup of G. We say that H has an IC-property if the intersection of H and [ H , G ] satisfy some conditions. In this paper, we investigate the structure of a finite group G under the assumption that some maximal subgroups, 2-maximal subgroups, 3-maximal subgroups of G have the ICp-property and obtain some new characterizations of p-solvable and solvable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA subgroup S of a finite group G is called a p-sylowizer of a p-subgroup R in G if S is maximal in G with respect to having R as its Sylow p-subgroup. In this paper, we investigate pF -hypercentrally embedded structure of finite groups by using p-sylowizers of some p-subgroups with fixed order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop new high-quality plant protein products with health benefits, this study dynamically analyzed the alteration of nutritional components of soymilk during the fermentation process with Bacillus subtilis BSNK-5. These results indicated that B. subtilis BSNK-5 grew vigorously in the substrate of soymilk with an exponential growth trend. After 84 h fermentation, the crude protein content decreased by 23.50%, generating small molecules such as peptides and amino acids, but the total content of hydrolyzed amino acids decreased by 42.90% due to the excessive degradation of amino acids in the later fermentation. In terms of amino acid composition, the percentage of essential amino acids increased by 13.34%, and the content of methionine and lysine increased by 106.90% and 18.50%, respectively, indicating that B. subtilis BSNK-5 fermentation balanced the composition and proportion of amino acids in soymilk. During the fermentation process, the fat content increased, and the content of fatty acids peaked at 24 h fermentation, in which linoleic acid accounted for 49. 28% . In addition, the conformation of soybean isoflavones was obviously transformed from glucosides into their corresponding aglycones, and the content of isoflavone aglycones peaked at 48 h fermentation. The conversion rate of daidzin was the highest, and the proportion of daidzein reached about 52.15%. Therefore, B. subtilis BSNK-5 fermentation effectively contributed to the improvement of the nutritional value and the bioavailability of soymilk, whereas the fermentation time directly affected the enrichment of each nutrient component. These results provided a theoretical basis for the control of soymilk quality, the development of functional fermented soybean products and the supplementation of plant protein resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subgroup H of a group G is called an ℋ C -subgroup of G if there exists a normal subgroup T of G such that G = H T and H g ∩ N T (H) ≤ H for all g ∈ G. In this paper, we obtain new criteria for a normal subgroup to be contained in the p -hypercenter of a finite group by assuming that some of its subgroups are ℋ C -subgroups. Our results generalize and uniform many known results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological analysis of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer stands as a critical imperative for advancing the performance of future organic solar cells. Conventional characterization tools employed for morphological investigation often require substantial resources, both in cost and physical space, thereby imposing restraints on research endeavors in this domain. Here, we extend the application of charge carrier transport characterization beyond conventional mobility assessments, utilizing it as a table-top method for preliminary morphological screening in organic thin films. The investigation focuses on several high-performance BHJ systems that utilize typical "Y" non-fullerene acceptors. It involves in-depth transport studies, including temperature- and field-dependent transport characterizations. The resulting transport data are analyzed in detail using the Gaussian disorder model to extract key transport parameters, specifically the high-temperature limited mobility (μ∞) and positional disorder (∑). Integrating these transport parameters with morphological insights obtained through various characterization tools—including x-ray scattering, sensitive spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry simulation—provides a deep understanding of the intricate interplay between charge transport properties and morphological characteristics. The results reveal explicit relationships, associating μ∞ with the degree of molecular stacking in BHJs and ∑ with the structural disorder in molecule skeleton. Our findings point to the promising potential of utilizing a simple transport characterization technique for the early stage evaluation of thin film packing and geometric properties of organic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis significantly enhances the physiological activity and bioavailability of soymilk, but the resulting characteristic flavor seriously affects its industrial promotion. The objective of this study was to identify key proteins associated with characteristic flavors in B. subtilis BSNK-5-fermented soymilk using tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics. The results showed that a total of 765 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Seventy differentially expressed proteins related to characteristic flavor were screened through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. After integrating metabolomics data, fifteen key proteases of characteristic flavor components in BSNK-5-fermented soymilk were further identified, and free ammonia was added. In addition, there were five main formation mechanisms, including the decomposition of urea to produce ammonia; the degradation of glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase to produce ammonia; the degradation of threonine and non-enzymatic changes to form the derivative 2,5-dimethylpyrazine; the degradation of valine, leucine, and isoleucine to synthesize isovalerate and 2-methylbutyrate; and the metabolism of pyruvate and lactate to synthesize acetate. These results provide a theoretical foundation for the improvement of undesirable flavor in B. subtilis BSNK-5-fermented soy foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve a breakthrough in the exploration of uranium orebodies in the Changjiang area of Guangdong province in China, the geo-electrochemical exploration method is used for mineral resource prediction. The logarithmically and isometric log-ratio (ilr) transformations are applied to the geo-electrochemical data in this study area to extract geochemical anomalies. The relationship between element associations and mineralization is revealed through descriptive statistical analysis and further biplot analysis. Then, the energy spectrum density–area fractal model (S-A model) is used to identify geochemical backgrounds and anomalies. The results show that: (i) the logarithmically and ilr-transformed data are more uniform, and they more or less obey the rules of normal distribution; (ii) the biplot shows that the ilr-transformed data eliminates the closure effect, and the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) has a better indicative significance for element associations—PC1 reveals the mineralization element association dominated by U and the multiple periods of hydrothermal activity; (iii) the S-A method could extract the local anomalies from different geochemical backgrounds, which indicates mineralization is more reliable. Finally, four favorable prospecting targets are delineated based on the geological and geochemical indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]