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Heterotrophic microbes rely on host‐derived carbon sources for their growth and survival. Depriving pathogens of plant carbon is therefore a promising strategy for protecting plants from disease and reducing yield losses. Importantly, this carbon starvation‐mediated resistance is expected to be more broad‐spectrum and durable than race‐specific R‐gene‐mediated resistance. Although sugars are well characterized as major carbon sources for bacteria, emerging evidence suggests that plant‐derived lipids are likely to be an essential carbon source for some fungal microbes, particularly biotrophs. Here, we comprehensively discuss the dual roles of carbon sources (mainly sugars and lipids) and their transport processes in immune signalling and microbial nutrition. We summarize recent findings revealing the crucial roles of lipids as susceptibility factors at all stages of pathogen infection. In particular, we discuss the potential pathways by which lipids and other plant carbon sources are delivered to biotrophs, including protein‐mediated transport, vesicle trafficking and autophagy. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and offer suggestions for clarifying the mechanisms that underlie nutrient uptake by biotrophs, providing guidance for future research on the application of carbon starvation–mediated resistance. Summary statement: This review summarizes the roles of host carbon sources in plant–microbe interactions, highlights the carbon nutrition and susceptibility factor roles of host lipids for biotrophic fungi and outlines several host transport processes that potentially contribute to fungal carbon acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]