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This article discusses a study that aimed to identify specific plasma-derived exosomal microRNA (exo-miRNA) signatures associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) and evaluate their potential as biomarkers for early PMOP detection. The study included 272 postmenopausal women volunteers and used small RNA sequencing to analyze exo-miRNA profiles. The results revealed differentially expressed exo-miRNAs that were associated with PMOP and early-stage PMOP (osteopenia), suggesting their potential as biomarkers for detecting these conditions. The study also identified three exo-miRNAs (hsa-let-7d-3p, hsa-miR-24-3p, and hsa-miR-550a-3-5p) as potential biomarkers for PMOP detection and demonstrated their discriminative power in distinguishing PMOP and early-stage PMOP from healthy controls. The findings suggest that plasma-derived exo-miRNA profiling could be a minimally invasive and effective strategy for early PMOP detection. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease caused by a gain-of-function mutation in ACVR1, which is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Moreover, it causes progressive heterotopic ossification (HO) in connective tissues. Using FOP patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (FOP-iPSCs) and mouse models, we elucidated the underlying mechanisms of FOP pathogenesis and identified a candidate drug for FOP. Methods: In the current study, healthy mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from iPSCs (iMSCs) expressing ACVR2B-Fc (iMSCACVR2B-Fc), which is a neutralizing receptobody, were constructed. Furthermore, patient-derived iMSCs and FOP mouse model (ACVR1R206H, female) were used to confirm the inhibitory function of ACVR2B-Fc fusion protein secreted by iMSCACVR2B-Fc on BMP signaling pathways and HO development, respectively. Results: We found that secreted ACVR2B-Fc attenuated BMP signaling initiated by Activin-A and BMP-9 in both iMSCs and FOP-iMSCs in vitro. Transplantation of ACVR2B-Fc-expressing iMSCs reduced primary HO in a transgenic mouse model of FOP. Notably, a local injection of ACVR2B-Fc-expressing iMSCs and not an intraperitoneal injection improved the treadmill performance, suggesting compound effects of ACVR2B-Fc and iMSCs. Conclusions: These results offer a new perspective for treating FOP through stem cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the results of a semester-long Chinese-American telecollaborative exchange via WeChat, in which students from China and the U.S. shared thematically similar songs in their respective languages and discussed relevant cultural topics that were suggested by the students. Various types of qualitative data collected from the exchange (i.e. WeChat group discussion transcripts, videoconferencing audio recordings, final reflection journals, and end-of-semester interviews) showed that the students participated actively in the program and were able to engage in in-depth conversations on various topics with their partners through WeChat group discussion and one-on-one videoconferencing. Many students attributed their positive experience to the intrinsic ability of music to engage college students. In order to evaluate the students' intercultural learning, Byram's intercultural competence assessment model was adopted to guide the data analysis. Results showed that the students demonstrated evidence of developing four types of intercultural competences during the exchange: interest in knowing other people's way of life and introducing one's own culture to others, knowledge about one's own and others' culture for intercultural communication, ability to change perspective, and knowledge about the intercultural communication process, with particularly overwhelming evidence indicating the prominence of the first two types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of aryl radicals as open‐shelled intermediates has become an essential tool for both conventional and state‐of‐the‐art synthetic chemistry. However, the current methods for generating aryl radicals are still inefficient, greatly impeding their practical applications. Encouragingly, sulfonium salts have emerged as appealing sources of aryl radicals for a wide range of transformations aimed at creating novel chemical bonds driven by their distinctive structural attributes and chemical tendencies. This review primarily focuses on the specific reaction mechanisms underlying the cleavage of C−S bonds in sulfonium salts, leading to the generation of corresponding aryl radicals within diverse reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, dapoxetine has been widely accepted to treat premature ejaculation by fast‐inhibiting 5‐hydroxytryptamine reuptake. However, dapoxetine is not suitable for all premature ejaculation patients in clinical treatment. We need to investigate and reveal the mechanism deeply to solve this problem. Objectives: To investigate and reveal the function of dopamine D4 receptor in dapoxetine medicated premature ejaculation treatment. Materials and methods: A rat model was used to screen rapid ejaculators. The molecular mechanisms of histone serotonylation‐mediated regulation of dopamine D4 receptor were demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation, DNA pull‐down, mass spectrometry analysis, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. The biological function of dopamine D4 receptor was investigated through in vivo experiments by intrathecal injection of shDRD4 to knockdown dopamine D4 receptor. Results: In this study, we found that dapoxetine increased expression of 5‐hydroxytryptamine and dopamine D4 receptor. We demonstrated that dapoxetine increased levels of 5‐hydroxytryptamine, which promoted histone serotonylation (H3K4me3Q5ser) and transcription factor myeloid zinc‐finger 1 complex binding on the dopamine D4 receptor promoter, upregulated the expression of dopamine D4 receptor and thus delayed ejaculation. Discussion: In this study, we demonstrated that dapoxetine increased the levels of 5‐hydroxytryptamine, which promoted histone serotonylation and myeloid zinc‐finger 1 complex binding to the dopamine D4 receptor promoter and upregulated the expression of dopamine D4 receptor, thus delaying ejaculation. Conclusion: It is a novel mechanism that dapoxetine take effect of premature ejaculation treatment through upregulating the dopamine D4 receptor, which indicated that upregulated dopamine D4 receptor would enhance the dapoxetine effect in premature ejaculation treatment. This may lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions for premature ejaculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the quality of hotpot oil from various hotpot seasonings. For this, 12 representative hotpot seasonings with beef tallow (BT) and flavored rapeseed oil (FRO) were collected before the hotpot oil was extracted. The oil content, sensory evaluation scores, physiochemical properties, fatty acid composition, harmful substances, and nutrient content of the hotpot oil were subsequently analyzed. The results showed that the oil content of the hotpot seasoning was 38.3%–58.2%. Furthermore, the BT hotpot oils produced better sensory scores (7–8.5), and their oxidative stability (12.08–13.17 h) was higher on average than that of the FRO hotpot oils. Additionally, the FRO hotpot oils had higher contents of unsaturated fatty acid (81.70%–97.32%), phytosterol (3466.07–6110.37 ppm), tocopherol (182.91–1276.17 mg kg−1), and polyphenol (34.48–61.94 mg kg−1). The factor analyses revealed that the FRO and BT hotpot oils were significantly different and were affected by the iodine value, acid value, and linoleic acid and phytosterol contents. Practical applications: It is necessary to improve the nutritional value and taste of hotpot oils to facilitate rapid development in the hotpot seasoning industry. This study showed FRO was a positive mediator of antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer effects owing to its richness of nutritional compounds, such as polyphenols, phytosterols, and tocopherols. In comparison, BT was found to have a lower nutritional value than FRO but added a unique taste and aroma to the hotpot. The use of blended oil as raw oil could also improve the quality of hotpot oil. This information will provide an important guide to the nutritional value and industrial production of hotpot oil. Blended oil is a promising raw oil for future use in hotpot seasoning processing to meet consumer demands for nutritious and pleasantly flavored hotpot oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radicals can be formed expeditiously through the direct irradiation of an electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complex. Herein, we show a photocatalyst‐free strategy for gem‐difluoroalkenes synthesis realized by photo‐irradiation of the EDA complexes, which can be generated in situ between N‐alkylpyridinium salts and Hantzsch ester without any other additives. A wide variety of readily available alkylamines underwent deaminative defluoroalkylation to provide the corresponding gem‐difluoroalkenes. This reaction system exhibits high reactivity and good functional group tolerance and provides a practical and effective entry to a broad range of α‐alkyl‐substituted gem‐difluoroalkenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is one of the most common environmental challenges faced by cold-water fish farming. Intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota, and gut microbial metabolites are significantly altered under heat stress, posing serious obstacles to the healthy artificial culture of rainbow trout. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal injury in rainbow trout under heat stress remain unclear. In the present study, the optimal growth temperature for rainbow trout (16 °C) was used for the control group, and the maximum temperature tolerated by rainbow trout (24 °C) was used for the heat stress group, which was subjected to heat stress for 21 days. The mechanism of intestinal injury in rainbow trout under heat stress was explored by combining animal histology, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout was enhanced under heat stress, the levels of stress-related hormones were significantly increased, and the relative expression of genes related to heat stress proteins was significantly increased, indicating that the heat stress model of rainbow trout was successfully established. Secondly, the intestinal tract of rainbow trout showed inflammatory pathological characteristics under heat stress, with increased permeability, activation of the inflammatory factor signaling pathway, and increased relative expression of inflammatory factor genes, suggesting that the intestinal barrier function was impaired. Thirdly, heat stress caused an imbalance of intestinal commensal microbiota and changes in intestinal metabolites in rainbow trout, which participated in the stress response mainly by affecting lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Finally, heat stress promoted intestinal injury in rainbow trout by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α signaling pathway. These results not only expand the understanding of fish stress physiology and regulation mechanisms, but also provide a scientific basis for healthy artificial culture and the reduction of rainbow trout production costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and cost‐effective direct radical‐radical cross‐coupling reaction of N‐hydroxyphthalimides with azo compounds under metal‐free conditions has been developed without any external oxidant or additive. The protocol provides phthalimidooxy compounds in moderate to excellent yields (up to 92 %). This transformation shows good tolerance toward both nitrile‐containing and non‐nitrile‐containing azo compounds. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction proceeds through the radical pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of the mechanical mechanism research of microfluidic technology for separating and screening pipeline particulate matter, this paper proposes an improved relative motion model by combining the multiple reference frame method and the relative motion model. Worked with a quasi-fixed constant method, this model can numerically calculate the aggregation features of non-spherical particles in the low Reynolds number channels. The results demonstrate that when Re = 40~80, ellipsoids exhibit an aggregation trend similar to circular particles with the same diameter as its largest circumscribed sphere. The aggregation position is affected by the ratio of long and short axes of particles, and the distribution trend is determined by the relative size of these particles. When the channel's Reynolds number is less than the critical Reynolds number, the aggregation position of elliptical particles will be closer to the pipe center with the increase in the Reynolds number, which is contrary to the aggregation tendency of circular particles more proximate to the pipe wall with the increase in the Reynolds number. This finding provides a novel idea and method for further exploring the aggregation rules of non-spherical particles and offers substantial guidance for separating and monitoring pipeline particulate matter via microfluidic technology and other related industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) with circular section is a very efficient composite component bearing vertical loads, which takes advantage of the synergy of steel tube and concrete to fully develop the strengths of both materials. To promote the application of circular CFST columns in multi-story buildings or medium-span bridge piers with improved economic efficiency, circular CFSTs using thin-walled steel tubes were studied in this paper. 8 specimens were designed and tested to assess their seismic performance under constant axial compression and cyclic lateral loads. The key test parameters include axial compression ratio, diameter-to-thickness ratio of steel tube, as well as stiffening scheme. The effectiveness of two steel plate stiffeners (longitudinal stiffener, binding stiffener) at the potential plastic hinges of thin-walled circular CFST columns was verified and discussed. Although all specimens failed in a manner characterized by significant local buckling of steel tubes, they still performed a relatively ductile behavior with the ductility coefficients generally exceeding 4.0, and the ultimate drift ratios exceeding 1/40. The steel plate stiffeners did not achieve the expected enhancement in strength and ductility, due to the premature fracture in the steel tube which may be caused by the damage in the welding heat-affected zone. Based on the test results, a numerical model and a simplified hysteretic model were established to predict the seismic responses of the thin-walled circular CFST columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Performing a single-port laparoscopic pancreatectomy is technically challenging. Single-port laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (SPLPD) is rarely reported in English literature. Methods: Eighty-seven cases of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) were performed by a single surgical team in the Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University between February 2020 and December 2020. Among these, 13 cases of LPD (group 1) were performed using a single-port device. Basing on the same inclusion and exclusion criteria, 68 cases of LPD performed using traditional 5-trocar were included as a control group (group 2). The patient's demographic characteristics, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results: Five men and eight women were included in the SPLPD group. The median age of these patients was 57 years. The patients who underwent SPLPD required a longer operative time (332.7 ± 38.1 min vs. 305.8 ± 64.7 min; p = 0.03) than those in the LPD group. The estimated blood loss, conversion rate, blood transfusion rate, time to oral intake, postoperative hospital stays, and perioperative complications were comparable between the two groups. The short-term oncological outcomes, such as R0 rate and lymph node harvested, were comparable between the two groups. The 90-day mortality of all patients was zero. Conclusions: SPLPD is a safe and feasible procedure for well-selected patients in an experienced minimally invasive pancreatic surgery team. SPLPD may provide several potential advantages, such as the requirement of fewer trocars, fewer abdominal complications, and reduced participation of assistants than conventional LPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic heart dysfunction is a common complication of diabetes. Cell death is a core event that leads to diabetic heart dysfunction. However, the time sequence of cell death pathways and the precise time to intervene of particular cell death type remain largely unknown in the diabetic heart. This study aims to identify the particular cell death type that is responsible for diabetic heart dysfunction and to propose a promising therapeutic strategy by intervening in the cell death pathway.Methods: Type 2 diabetes models were established using db/db leptin receptor-deficient mice and high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced mice. The type 1 diabetes model was established in streptozotocin-induced mice. Apoptosis and programmed cell necrosis (necroptosis) were detected in diabetic mouse hearts at different ages. G protein-coupled receptor-targeted drug library was searched to identify potential receptors regulating the key cell death pathway. Pharmacological and genetic approaches that modulate the expression of targets were used. Stable cell lines and a homemade phosphorylation antibody were prepared to conduct mechanistic studies.Results: Necroptosis was activated after apoptosis at later stages of diabetes and was functionally responsible for cardiac dysfunction. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) was a key regulator of necroptosis. Mechanically, during normal glucose levels, CB2R inhibited S6 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of BACH2 at serine 520, thereby leading to BACH2 translocation to the nucleus, where BACH2 transcriptionally repressed the necroptosis genes Rip1, Rip3, and Mlkl. Under hyperglycemic conditions, high glucose induced CB2R internalization in a β-arrestin 2-dependent manner; thereafter, MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like), but not receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 or 3, phosphorylated CB2R at serine 352 and promoted CB2R degradation by ubiquitin modification. Cardiac re-expression of CB2R rescued diabetes-induced cardiomyocyte necroptosis and heart dysfunction, whereas cardiac knockout of Bach2 diminished CB2R-mediated beneficial effects. In human diabetic hearts, both CB2R and BACH2 were negatively associated with diabetes-induced myocardial injuries.Conclusions: CB2R transcriptionally repressed necroptosis through interaction with BACH2; in turn, MLKL formed a negative feedback to phosphorylate CB2R. Our study provides the integrative view of a novel molecular mechanism loop for regulation of necroptosis centered by CB2R, which represents a promising alternative strategy for controlling diabetic heart dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiFeO 3 -based materials have received extensive attention in electronic device applications due to their high Curie temperature and large electromechanical response. In this study, new solid solutions of (1- x)BiFeO 3 - x CaSnO 3 (BF-CS) ceramics were successfully synthesized via conventional solid-state reaction method. With increasing CS content, the ceramics exhibit a single-phase perovskite and the structure changes from a main rhombohedral phase with a small amount of impurity phase to a stable rhombohedral phase and then to MPB region separating the rhombohedral and orthorhombic phases in the composition of 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15, indicating that introducing CS can stabilize the perovskite structure formed in the sintering process. Unfortunately, the solid solubility limit of CS into BF perovskite structure is reached when x > 0.15. The dielectric peak associated with oxygen vacancies become weaker and finally disappear at x = 0.15. Moreover, the ceramics with x = 0.12–0.15 feature saturated and square-shaped P - E hysteresis loops with increased polarization can be attributed to effectively promote domain switching process at MPB, in which the highest piezoelectric coefficient d 33 = 259 pC/N can be ascribed to the combined effect of coexistence phases, high relative bulk density and low leakage current. In particular, a partial phase diagram is constructed in terms of temperature and composition, which helps to understand the structure-property relations. The distinct structures and phase transition behavior on each side of the vertical MPB line offer the guidelines and strategy to design other BF-based binary or ternary solid solutions with enhanced piezoelectric property in high temperature application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular senescence is described as the state where the cell cycle is arrested irreversibly, which occurs in response to various forms of stress factors in cells, leading to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We can assess the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues or organs through biomarkers of cellular senescence such as p16INK4a, p53, p21, and SA-β-GAL. In recent decades, a large number of studies have reported the biomarkers of increased cell senescence in pathogenic tissues, demonstrating the possible connection between cell senescence and various diseases. Kidney damage often occurs in the pathophysiological process of certain metabolic diseases, resulting in metabolic-associated kidney diseases. For example, hypertension causes systemic arteriosclerosis, and the kidney can be seriously affected by abundant blood vessels, which may lead to a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria, resulting in hypertension-related kidney diseases. The accumulation of senescent cells may also be observed in some metabolic-associated kidney diseases (such as obesity-related nephropathy, hypertension-related nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy). In this paper, we review existing knowledge regarding the influence of cellular senescence on metabolic-associated kidney diseases, providing new ideas for future treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study deal with the stability of the SGSP with Soret effect and Dufour effect. • A SGSP is numerically investigated using a mutli-distribution Lattice-Boltzmann method. • Promising temperature and heat collection continuity are obtained. • Effect of buoyancy ratio on the temperature and concentration is analyzed. A mathematical model for multi-diffusive convection with Soret and Dufour effects is developed to simulate the behavior of a salinity gradient solar pond (SGSP) in this study. The influence of Soret and Dufour effects on the double-diffusive natural convection of the SGSP and also the distribution of velocity, temperature and salt concentration fields are discussed using distribution functions of the lattice Boltzmann method. The results show that the Soret effect plays a role in promoting temperature and concentration diffusion, while the Dufour effect has a certain suppression influence on temperature diffusion and improves the concentration diffusion. Moreover, the influence of the Soret effect in the SGSP is more obvious than the Dufour effect on double diffusion. Simultaneously, the relationship between the buoyancy ratio and the Soret and Dufour effects is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of solid solutions of (1−x)BaTiO3-xCa(Sn1/2Zr1/2)O3 (abbreviated as (1−x)BT-xCSZ, x = 0.00–0.15) ceramics have been prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method to search for high performance lead-free piezoelectric materials. The structural evolution, microstructure, and piezoelectric properties are investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the phase symmetry strongly depends on the CSZ content. A tetragonal phase is well-maintained in the compositions of 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03, and coexistence of tetragonal and cubic phases is obtained in the range of x = 0.06–0.09, beyond which a pure cubic phase becomes stable. More importantly, a significantly enhanced piezoelectric coefficient of d33 = 388 ± 9 pC/N is attained in the composition of x = 0.06 in the MPB region, where a tetragonal ferroelectric phase and an ergodic relaxor phase with average cubic symmetry coexist. Based on the analysis of crystal structure and dielectric properties, a temperature-composition phase diagram consisting of four phase regions is established. This study indicates that the lead-free BT-CSZ binary system has great potential for use in electromechanical transducer applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective and practical synthesis of α‐ketothioesters has been reported for direct oxidative thioesterification of substitutional acetophenones with dimethyl sulfoxide and iodine in the presence of boric acid and acetic anhydride in high yields. According to the control experiments and literatures, the reaction mechanism was proposed to undergo via Pummerer rearrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sharp contrast to the use of conventional magnesium‐based Grignard reagents (R−MgX), the application of calcium‐based heavy Grignard reagents (R−CaX) in organic synthesis remains poorly explored. This is mainly due to the lack of experimentally simple ways to access such organocalcium nucleophiles from readily available starting materials under mild conditions. Here, we show that a mechanochemical technique using ball milling allows the generation of calcium‐based heavy Grignard reagents from aryl halides and commercially available calcium metal without complicated pre‐activation processes. Notably, all experimental operations can be carried out in air. Our operationally simple protocol enables the rapid development of novel cross‐electrophile‐coupling reactions mediated by arylcalcium nucleophiles, which are rather difficult using conventional Grignard reagents. This method will allow synthetic chemists to readily access the novel and unique reactivity of organocalcium nucleophiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sharp contrast to the use of conventional magnesium‐based Grignard reagents (R−MgX), the application of calcium‐based heavy Grignard reagents (R−CaX) in organic synthesis remains poorly explored. This is mainly due to the lack of experimentally simple ways to access such organocalcium nucleophiles from readily available starting materials under mild conditions. Here, we show that a mechanochemical technique using ball milling allows the generation of calcium‐based heavy Grignard reagents from aryl halides and commercially available calcium metal without complicated pre‐activation processes. Notably, all experimental operations can be carried out in air. Our operationally simple protocol enables the rapid development of novel cross‐electrophile‐coupling reactions mediated by arylcalcium nucleophiles, which are rather difficult using conventional Grignard reagents. This method will allow synthetic chemists to readily access the novel and unique reactivity of organocalcium nucleophiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated and compared the oil yield, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, nutrient content, and antioxidant ability of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge (X. sorbifolia) kernel oils obtained by cold-pressing (CP), hexane extraction (HE), aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The results indicated that X. sorbifolia oil contained a high percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (49.31–50.38%), especially oleic acid (30.73–30.98%) and nervonic acid (2.73–3.09%) and that the extraction methods had little effect on the composition and content of fatty acids. X. sorbifolia oil is an excellent source of nervonic acid. Additionally, the HE method resulted in the highest oil yield (98.04%), oxidation stability index (9.20 h), tocopherol content (530.15 mg/kg) and sterol content (2104.07 mg/kg). The DPPH scavenging activity rates of the oil produced by SFE was the highest. Considering the health and nutritional value of oils, HE is a promising method for X. sorbifolia oil processing. According to multiple linear regression analysis, the antioxidant capacity of the oil was negatively correlated with sterol and stearic acid content and positively correlated with linoleic acid, arachidic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. This information is important for improving the nutritional value and industrial production of X. sorbifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a universal quantum computer requires millions of error-corrected qubits, one of the current goals is to exploit the power of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Based on a NISQ module–layered circuit, we propose a heuristic protocol to simulate Hermitian matrix evolution, which is widely applied as the core for many quantum algorithms. The two embedded methods, with their own advantages, only require shallow circuits and basic quantum gates. Capable to being deployed in near future quantum devices, we hope it provides an experiment-friendly way, contributing to the exploitation of power of current devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RGBT tracking is a challenging task that requires robust fusion of visible images (RGB) and thermal infrared images (TIR) to handle various scenarios, such as illumination changes, occlusions, and camouflage. The current popular RGBT trackers mostly based on two stream Siamese trackers. They tend to separately extracts template and search images region features, which neglects relationship between target and background. Moreover, they do not fuse RGB and TIR features properly, limiting their ability to utilize complementary features. To address these issues, we introduce a highly compact adaptive transformer-based network that unifies the process of feature extracting and correlation between template and search images. In this way, the compact network has dual-branches. They can combine feature extraction and correlation for different modalities of template images and search images. Meanwhile, we introduce a cross-modal weight redistribution module (CMWR) for multi-modal fusion. This adaptive fusion scheme learns discriminative features of RGB and TIR data and assigns weights to them, enabling them to complement each other. Furthermore, to address the issue of tracking targets of different scales, we design scale-adaptive optimization pyramid module (SAOP) that adapt to objects of different sizes. Our method achieves exceptional performance on the GTOT, RGBT234 and LasHeR datasets, surpassing most of the existing methods. The results are consistent across multiple datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness and superiority of our approach. And our code is released at: https://github.com/ELOESZHANG/HCANet. • We propose highly compact adaptive network that employs the vision transformer for RGBT tracking. • We design a cross-modal weight redistribution module (CMWR) that achieves multimodal fusion with an adaptive optimization strategy. • We introduce scale-adaptive optimization pyramid module (SAOP) to handle target scale variations by using feature maps of different sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a cooperative optimized strategy for achieving high energy storage performance by introducing linear dielectric CBST into BNT ceramic. • Doping CBST enhances the relaxor behavior of BNT ceramic, which collectively improves breakdown strength and delays premature saturation polarization. • A high recoverable energy density of 3.83 J/cm3 and an energy efficiency of 77.9 % are successfully obtained in the BNT-0.12CBST ceramic. • The phase diagram of this new solid solution has been established. Our study shows great potential for practical applications in pulse power systems. For energy storage applications in Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 (BNT)-based materials, the key challenges are the premature polarization saturation and low breakdown electric field (E b), which confine the energy storage capacity of BNT and significantly restrict progress in advancing pulsed power capacitors. Hence, the cooperative optimization strategy of band structure and defect engineering was proposed, which successfully obtained a high recoverable energy density of 3.83 J/cm3 and an energy efficiency of 77.9 % in the Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 -0.12Ca 0.85 Bi 0.1 (Sn 0.5 Ti 0.5)O 3 (BNT-0.12CBST) ceramics. Doping the BNT matrix with CBST has been shown to not only reduce grain size but also enhance relaxor behavior, which collectively improves breakdown strength and delays polarization saturation. Furthermore, the x = 0.12 ceramic also exhibits a commendable discharge power density of 91.9 MW/cm3 and a transient discharge time of 40 ns. The higher resistivity and lower oxygen vacancy concentration are conductive to acquire superior breakdown electric field and energy storage performance. We determine the crystal structure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the studied ceramics in a wide range of temperatures and concentrations, and a phase diagram is constructed, which illustrates the complex phases present and their transformation behavior. Our work provides an effective strategy to optimize the energy-storage of dielectric ceramics, and shows great potential for practical applications in pulse power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of the minimum cost consensus model (MCCM) to promote consensus reaching in the domain of group decision-making (GDM) has been extensively studied. Recently, the MCCM has been enhanced by introducing the consensus principle and tolerance level to achieve a soft consensus. However, the potential impact of asymmetric and uncertain unit adjustment costs on the effectiveness of the consensus reaching process (CRP) has been overlooked. This paper aims to investigate the implications of uncertain asymmetric costs for achieving consensus with a certain level of tolerance, where new robust MCCMs with uncertain asymmetric costs are constructed under four uncertainty sets for the unit adjustment costs. Considering the linear uncertain-constrained tolerance level and consensus level, we incorporate the insight of an expert with a cost-free threshold into models. Additionally, through a pollutant emission application, the proposed robust MCCMs are able to effectively handle uncertainties arising from costs and improve the quality of the CRP compared to the traditional models. Finally, we conduct simulation experiments and sensitivity analysis to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed models on achieving a consensus by identifying appropriate parameters. • Minimum cost consensus models (MCCMs) consider uncertainty and asymmetric costs. • Tolerance level and consensus level are considered in MCCMs. • Linear uncertainty distribution is used to depict the tolerance level. • Cost-free thresholds for experts are incorporated into the robust models. • Tractable models obtained through linearization and duality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite. The past decade has witnessed exponential growth in the field of S1P research, partly attributed to drugs targeting its receptors or kinases. Accumulating evidence indicates that changes in the S1P axis (i.e., S1P production, transport, and receptors) may modify metabolism and eventually mediate metabolic diseases. Dysfunction of the mitochondria on a master monitor of cellular metabolism is considered the leading cause of metabolic diseases, with aberrations typically induced by abnormal biogenesis, respiratory chain complex disorders, reactive oxygen species overproduction, calcium deposition, and mitophagy impairment. Accordingly, we discuss decades of investigation into changes in the S1P axis and how it controls mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we summarize recent scientific advances in disorders associated with the S1P axis and their involvement in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases in humans, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, from the perspective of mitochondrial function. Finally, we review potential challenges and prospects for S1P axis application to the regulation of mitochondrial function and metabolic diseases; these data may provide theoretical guidance for the treatment of metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud droplets size distribution (DSD) is one of the significant characteristics for liquid clouds. It plays an important role for the aerosol–droplet–cloud mechanism and variation in cloud microphysics. However, the minuscule sampling space is insufficient for the observation of whole DSD when using high-magnification optical systems. In this paper, we propose an observation method for cloud droplets ranging from 2 to 16 μm, by which the balance relationship between sampling space and optical magnification is realized. The method combines an in-line digital holographic interferometer (DHI) with the optical magnification of 5.89× and spatial stitching technique. The minimum size in DSD is extended to 2 μm, which improves the integrity of size distribution. Simultaneously, the stability of DSD is enhanced by increasing the tenfold sampling volume of cloud droplets. The comparative experiment between the in-line DHI and fog monitor demonstrates that the DSD obtained by this method is reliable, which can be used for the analysis of microphysical parameters. In the Beijing Aerosol and Cloud Interaction Chamber (BACIC), the observation results show that the size of cloud droplets follows the Gamma distribution, which is consistent with the theoretical DSD. The results of cloud microphysical parameters indicate that each pair of parameters has a positive correlation, and then the validity of observation method is confirmed. Additionally, the high-concentration aerosol condition significantly mitigates the effect of random turbulence and enhances the robustness of the microphysical parameter data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is reported the alkenylation of cyclic ethers via radical addition to β‐nitrostyrenes in the presence of AMBN without any other additives under mild conditions. A wide range of β‐nitrostyrenes and various ethers are tested in this reaction, most cases are happed smoothly with excellent to good yields. Cyclohexane also could be reacted under the conditions with moderate yield. According to the control experiments, the reaction mechanism was proposed. It is found that AMBN could induce to hydrogen abstraction from sp3 carbon under oxygen atmosphere. This reaction system possesses the advantages of very high reactivity, stability, and convenient preparation method. Especially, it is very useful in the pharmacy industry due to the metal‐free and easy treatment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PbZrO 3 -based antiferroelectric (AFE) materials have received growing attention for their attractive energy storage performance. However, a major drawback of PZ is its high critical electric field (E cr) which makes it difficult to switch the antiparallel dipoles therein so as to be useful. Therefore, softening of AFE order in PbZrO 3 is thought to be a promising approach for its practical applications. In this work, a new binary AFE solid solution of (1- x)PbZrO 3 - x Pb(Mg 1/2 Mo 1/2)O 3 (PZ-PMM), with x = 0.00–0.10, was successfully synthesized in form of ceramics via the solid-state reaction method. The effect of chemical modification by introducing Pb(Mg 1/2 Mo 1/2)O 3 on the crystal structure, phase transition behavior and electrical properties of the PbZrO 3 ceramics are investigated systemically. It is found that a perovskite phase with orthorhombic Pbam symmetry is preserved at room temperature for all the compositions studied, and a broadened ferroelectric intermediate phase exists between the paraelectric (PE) and the antiferroelectric phases of the PZ-PMM solid solution. At 160 °C, typical double hysteresis loop can be displayed for all the compositions. Most importantly, the maximum electric field-induced polarization is significantly increased, whereas the critical field is decreased with increasing PMM content, suggesting a remarkable softening effect of the antiferroelectric order in PZ due to some degree of dipole frustration. This work could bring about the development of a new series of PZ-based solid solutions for energy storage applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazardous substances are readily produced during roasting and deodorisation in the preparation of peanut oil. The aim of this work was to investigate the variation of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol ester (3-MCPDE), 3, 4-benzopyrene (BaP) and trans fatty acid (TFA) contents in the roasting and deodorisation segments of peanut oil production process. Roasting temperatures and durations significantly affected the contaminants contents in peanut oil; they increased significantly at a roasting temperature >210°C and time >60 min. In the deodorisation segment, the BaP and TFA contents were over the standard limits at a deodorisation temperature >210°C and time >140 min. Analysis showed that 3-MCPDE was significantly correlated with the formation of C18:2T (r = 0.979) and there was a linear relationship between BaP and C18:1T (Y = 0.509 C18:1T). This information will provide guidance for the precise and appropriate processing of peanut oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there was some evidence to suggest that the serotonergic system in the brain played an important role in premature ejaculation (PE), tryptophan hydroxylase‐2 (TPH2) is considered to be the key enzyme for the synthesis of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and few studies have reported that brain TPH2 is involved in the regulation of ejaculation. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether changes in brain TPH2 levels were associated with PE and to explore the effects of acute administration of dapoxetine on TPH2 expression in the brain of rats with rapid ejaculation. Materials and methods: Based on the ejaculation frequency, the male rats were split into three groups: "rapid," "normal," and "sluggish" ejaculators. The level of 5‐HT in the brain was determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. TPH2 expression was detected by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results: The results showed that the concentration of 5‐HT and the expression of TPH2 in rapid rats were the lowest, while those in sluggish rats were the highest. Correlation analysis also indicated the level of TPH2 was positively correlated with ejaculation latency (r = 0.8633, p < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with ejaculation frequency (r = –0.874, p < 0.001). In addition, dapoxetine acute administration to rapid rats resulted in upregulation of TPH2 expression in the brain. Discussion: There was an important link between the level of TPH2 and the change of ejaculation behaviors. Decreased expression of TPH2 in relevant brain regions will lead to rapid ejaculation. Moreover, the effect of dapoxetine on prolonging ejaculation may be due to the upregulation of TPH2 expression. Conclusion: We found the correlation between the level of TPH2 in the brain and PE. The findings in this study will open up a novel way for future research in PE therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of narrow band gap conjugated copolymers with different alkyl side chains were synthesized via Stille copolymerization of benzodifuran (BDF) and benzothiadiazole (BT) monomers. The origination effect of the alkyl side chains, linked to the thienyl side groups of BDF based backbone, on the optical, electronic and morphological properties of the resulting polymers were investigated and correlated with the photovoltaic performance. It was found that the different alkyl side chains positions have a significant impact on the polymeric optoelectronic properties due to differences of torsion in the backbones. The best performance of the bulk-heterojunction solar cells (BHJ) with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.73% was achieved with PBFDBT-o as the donor and (6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as the acceptor, which can be attributed to its higher charge carrier mobility as well as the optimized interpenetrating network with respect to the other two polymers. The results demonstrated that the alkyl side chain position manipulations play a crucial role in adjusting the optoelectronic properties of BDF based copolymers and it is a promising molecular design strategy for the application of solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A review of porphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks (PP-MOFs) for environmental pollutants detection. • The main sensing mechanisms and designation principles of PP-MOFs are introduced in detail. • Strengths and weaknesses of PP-MOFs for contaminants sensing are discussed. • Challenges and perspectives of PP-MOFs for advancing practical detection are presented. Utilizing porphyrin molecules as the building blocks (ligands) of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) leads to porphyrinic MOFs (including incorporation of functional materials into porphyrinic MOFs), whereas the immobilization of porphyrin molecules into porous MOFs afford porphyrin@MOFs. These two kinds, collectively regarded as porphyrin-based MOFs (PP-MOFs), are known to feature distinct photophysical and electrochemical properties lending towards several applications. This is because PP-MOFs can overcome the instability and self-quenching issues oft-encountered in porphyrins. Thanks to the ordered immobilization of porphyrins and electron-hopping mobility, this relatively new class of MOFs has received a surge of attention in sensing environmental pollutants. This review will explore the strengths and weaknesses of PP-MOFs in this context, as well as the influence of various sensory mechanisms associated with them. Libraries of porphyrinic MOFs and porphyrin@MOFs are reviewed herein, a number of them featuring the optimal selectivity and sensitivity for device fabrication. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PP-MOFs for environmental monitoring are critically interrogated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We investigated how roasting temperature and duration affects FCSO properties. • The E-nose, GC–IMS and HS–SPME/GC–MS were used to identify the flavor substances in FCSO. • The key flavor substances were nonanoic acid (grassy flavor) and 2-methylbutyric acid (off-flavor). • The FCSO prepared by heating at 120℃ for 20 min showed excellent quality and favorable sensory properties. Fragrant Camellia oleifera Abel. seed oil (FCSO), produced by a roasting process, is popular for its characteristic aroma. This study investigated the effects of various roasting temperatures (90℃, 120℃, 150℃, 180℃) and durations (20 min, 40 min, 60 min) on the flavor of FCSO by physicochemical properties, hazardous substances, sensory evaluation, and flavor analyses. The results showed that FCSO roasted at 120℃/20 min had a reasonable fatty acid composition with a lower acid value (0.16 mg/g), peroxide value (0.13 g/100 g), p-anisidine value (2.27), dibutyl phthalate content (0.04 mg/kg), and higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (224.51 μmol TE/kg) than other samples. A multivariate analysis of FCSO flavor revealed that the 120℃/20 min group had a higher grassy flavor score (5.3 score) from nonanoic acid and a lower off-flavor score (2.2 score) from 2-methylbutyric acid. The principal component analysis showed that 120℃/20 min could guarantee the best flavor and quality of FCSO. Therefore, this information can guide the preparation of FCSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural resources, such as light and CO 2 , are required to increase crop yields in protected agriculture. Developing efficient regulation methods to reduce costs and increase yields has become a major challenge for actual production. This work proposed a framework for meeting this challenge and supporting the management of environmental regulation. Photosynthesis rate was used as the yield index, and a photosynthesis rate model was constructed using support vector regression. Moreover, a regulation cost function for light and CO 2 was constructed. Then, the non-inferior solutions (NIS) for environmental regulation were determined by an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (i-nsGA Ⅱ). The curvature theory was applied to calculate the optimal solution in the NIS set. A set of seedling tomato data was used to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method. Compared with the other two regulation methods (saturation regulation method and U-chord method), the results indicated that the proposed method had the best performance. About 80% of the maximum photosynthesis rate could be obtained at a regulation cost of about 51%. This research presents a new strategy for optimizing the greenhouse environment, which can be applied as a knowledge-informed expert system to manage environmental regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adsorption behaviors of H 2 O/CO 2 on the reduced CaFe 2 O 4 were studied by DFT. • H 2 O is cleaved to H 2 and adsorbed O* in a two-step reaction. • Formation of HO* and H* is the rate-determining step of H 2 O splitting. • CO 2 splitting is a one-step reaction and CO desorption is a rate-determining step. • H 2 O and CO 2 are electron acceptors, and Fe atoms are electron donors. In the process of biomass chemical looping gasification using calcium ferrite as an oxygen carrier, H 2 O or CO 2 can be injected into the oxidation reactor to produce H 2 or CO with high purity while oxidizing the reduced oxygen carrier, which is a new technology that has attracted wide attention in recent years. However, the splitting reaction mechanism of H 2 O or CO 2 is still unclear. Therefore, based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the adsorption behavior of H 2 O and CO 2 , the electronic structure, and the splitting reaction path of H 2 O and CO 2 on the surface of the reduced CaFe 2 O 4 were systematically studied to deeply understand the reaction mechanism. The results show that H 2 O and CO 2 form stable complexes on the CaO(1 1 1)/Fe(1 1 0) surface by chemisorption. H 2 O is splitted to H 2 and adsorbed O* through a two-step reaction. In this process, the step of H 2 O cracking to HO* and H* is the rate-determining step. CO 2 is splitted into CO* and O* through a one-step reaction, in which the desorption of CO from the surface is a rate-determining step. The total charges of H 2 O and CO 2 after adsorption are –0.313 |e| and –1.086 |e|, respectively, and the total charges of Fe atoms on the surface are 0.444 |e| and 0.265 |e|, respectively. H 2 O and CO 2 are electron acceptors, and Fe atoms on the surface are electron donors. The splitting of H 2 O or CO 2 and the oxidation of reduced oxygen carriers are generally exothermic reactions, which can realize the oxidation of the reduced oxygen carrier and provide heat for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Data-driven tools for environmental regulation models in protected agriculture. • Independent software platform for processing Pn data and formulating targets. • Functions for Pn prediction, environment regulation model development, and visualization. • Ability to handle photosynthetic data, achieving high precision and low error. Protected agriculture has emerged as a key solution to address the pressing issue of food scarcity. To enhance crop yield, environmental regulation techniques have been widely employed in protected production. However, the absence of user-friendly, data-driven tools for developing regulation models remains a challenge. This study aims to propose IPECM, an independent and user-friendly software platform for processing and analyzing crop photosynthetic rate (Pn) data and formulating environmental regulation targets. The platform provides functionalities, such as Pn prediction model development, environmental regulation model development and result visualization, supporting various machine learning algorithms and regulation target obtaining algorithms. The IPECM Platform's application is demonstrated through examples of light intensity regulation for cucumber growth and CO 2 concentration regulation for tomato growth. The results showcase the software's ability to handle photosynthetic data of any dimension, with the established Pn prediction model achieving a coefficient of determination of 0.98 and a root mean square error lower than 1 μmol·m−2·s−1. The established regulation models can achieve maximum Pn or optimal energy utilization efficiency according to user requirements. IPECM Platform is an independent, automated, and open-source software for protected environmental regulation modeling, providing both the modeling process and results visualization. It offers valuable services for protected agriculture research, eliminating the need for programming knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoplastics and antibiotics frequently co-exist in water polluted by algal blooms, but little information is available about interaction between substances. Erythromycin, as a representative of antibiotics, has been frequently detected in aquatic environments. This investigation attempted to reveal the interaction mechanism of nanoplastics and erythromycin on Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Results demonstrated that the joint toxicity of erythromycin and nanoplastics was dynamic and depended on nanoplastics concentration. Antagonistic effects of 1/2 or 1 EC 50 erythromycin and nanoplastic concentration (10 mg/L) on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was observed. The joint toxicity of 1/2 or 1 EC 50 erythromycin and nanoplastic concentration (50 mg/L) was initially synergistic during 24–48 h and then turned to antagonistic during 72–96 h. Consequently, antagonistic effect was the endpoint for joint toxicity. Integration of transcriptomics and physiological biochemical analysis indicated that the co-existence of nanoplastics and erythromycin affected the signal transduction and molecular transport of algal cell membrane, induced intracellular oxidative stress, and hindered photosynthetic efficiency. Overall, this study provided a theoretical basis for evaluating the interactive mechanisms of nanoplastics and antibiotics. [Display omitted] • Joint toxicity of nanoplastic and ERY to algae had both antagonism and synergism. • The dose of nanoplastics was the dominant factor affecting the joint toxicity. • Cell adhesion molecules pathway dominates cell defense against joint toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the commonest sustained cardiac arrhythmia observed in clinical practice. Its prevalence increases dramatically with advancing age. This review article discusses the recent advances in studies investigating the relationship between aging and AF and the possible underlying mechanisms. • Atrial fibrillation (AF) and aging are bidirectionally related. • AF and aging constitute a vicious circle. • Targeted aging therapy may better assist the management of AF in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The quality of iron walnut oleogels prepared with different oleogelators varies. • We compared physicochemical properties of these oleogels. • The oleogel with iron walnut oil and OZ-PS showed promising characteristics. • Opportunities for wider application of iron walnut oil in food products may result. In this study, we compared the quality of iron walnut oil (IWO) oleogels prepared with different oleogelators, including γ-oryzanol/β-sitosterol (OZ-PS), γ-oryzanol/triglyceride (OZ-TC), monoglycerides (MGS), beeswax (BW), beeswax-monoglycerides (BW-MGS), and carnauba wax (CW). The physicochemical and component properties, rheological and textural parameters, macroscopic morphologies, and antioxidant capacities of the resulting oleogels were analyzed. In addition, their microscopic properties were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The results showed that the gel structures produced by different oleogelators did not change the fatty acid composition of IWO. In addition, the IWO oleogel prepared with OZ-PS had a more stable network structure, excellent hardness at 4℃ (1116.51 g), better antioxidant capacity (766.50 μmol TE/kg) and higher total phenolic content (14.98 mg/kg) than any other experimental IWO oleogels. Moreover, comprehensive ranking by principal component analysis of numerous characteristics showed that the OZ-PS oleogel (2.533) ranked first among the six oleogels studied. Therefore, the IWO oleogel prepared with OZ-PS is a promising product, and our results provide guidance for the preparation of IWO oleogels, such as to increase their applications in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research qualitatively explored user preferences for an app-based mHealth approach to support HIV self-testing and linkage to HIV prevention or care services developed for men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. We conducted 12 online focus group discussions with MSM participants (N = 48) about their preferences for using an app to meet their HIV self-testing and service linkage needs. Data were examined using thematic analysis. Participants specified four domains to align program delivery with their preferences for app-based intervention: (1) expanding HIV prevention/antiretroviral therapy concepts beyond basic knowledge; (2) enhancing the style and presentation of app-based messages; (3) incorporating interactive and dynamic app-engagement features; and (4) creating a "one station" app that covers the continuum of HIV services. Given the changing landscapes of HIV knowledge and community/user preferences for app-based interaction, findings underscore how engagement with end-user participants is essential to optimize mHealth interventions for HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A visible‐light‐driven and room temperature photo‐Wolff‐Kischner reaction of sulfur ylides and N‐tosylhydrazones has been developed for the first time to provide modular access to alkene synthesis. The high functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope were demonstrated by more than 60 examples. Both E‐ and Z‐olefinic stereochemistry in the products could be controlled with excellent stereoselectivity. A series of mechanistic studies support that the reaction should proceed through a radical‐carbanion crossover pathway, specifically involving addition of photo‐generated sulfur ylide radical cations to N‐tosylhydrazones to form carbanions and subsequent Wolff‐Kischner process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic-scale friction has been investigated for a long time which is vital in reducing energy dissipation in MEMS, and most of the factors which can affect friction such as velocity, temperature, normal force, angle, and so on, have been applied to study friction. But the starting points of the scan path of the tip are not discussed very concretely. In this essay, molecular simulation and numerical analysis are used to investigate how the starting points of path and other elements influence friction. The result of molecular simulation is explained by the two-dimensional Prandtl–Tomlinson model. The moving path of the tip affected by angle, initial positions, and temperature, is plotted on the interaction potential energy surface of silicon, so it is easy to know the way that causes the change of lateral force from the figure. Conclusions are drawn as follows: Lateral force becomes the smallest when the tip moves at the angle of 45° because its path do not need to be corrected to the moving direction as set before, and energy barrier of the path at 45° is the lowest in all of the angles. All of the scanning lines that start at different initial locations are centralized to a narrow band, lateral force reaches its minimum when it moves in the line beginning at one-quarter or three-quarters of lattice whose average energy difference of each step is the least rather than in any other starting positions. Temperature can assist the tip to reside in a larger area and move more tortuous to surmount the energy peak instead of reducing energy barrier of friction which is different from traditional explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel aqueous gelcasting route to prepare Yb:YAG transparent ceramic fiber. • A high solid loading and low viscosity into the capillary glass tube. • A green fiber without cracks and deformation. • A diameter of 1.0 mm and a length of 43.0 mm for 15.0 at.% Yb:YAG ceramic fiber. Transparent laser ceramics are the attractive gain medium for solid-state lasers. However, they have not been applied to the fiber lasers due to the difficulty of forming green fibers by traditional methods. In this study, a novel route combined aqueous gelcasting with capillary glass tube was designed to prepare Yb:YAG transparent ceramic fiber with a diameter of 1.0 mm and 43.0 mm in length for the first time. The slurry with high solid loading and low viscosity was smartly inhaled into the capillary glass tube to conquer the difficulty of casting. The green fibers without cracks and deformation had highly dense microstructure. The in-line transmittance of highly doped 15.0 at.% Yb:YAG transparent ceramic disc prepared from the same preparation conditions of Yb:YAG ceramic fiber was 80.0 % at 1064 nm. This study provides a novel route to prepare transparent ceramic fiber differing from extrusion processing, promoting the development of fiber laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal pressure is the most important functional load for the offshore composite rubber hose. In this paper, the stress and radial displacement of the hose under internal pressure are investigated. The hose dimensions are length of 10.7 m and nominal bore diameter of 500 mm. The composite structure is mainly composed of cord-rubber reinforcement layers and a spiral steel stiffener. To calculate the stress and deformation of the hose, the stiffener and composite cord-rubber layers are theoretically analyzed based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the Donnell shell theory, respectively. The stiffener distinguishes the hose from common filament wound un-stiffened composite pipes in regard to the stress distribution and radial deformation. It is found that the stiffener plays an important role in affecting the mechanical behavior of composite reinforcement. Influences of the cord-winding angle, the stiffener spacing, and the stiffener's tensile stiffness on the axial, hoop and shear stresses, and the radial displacement are investigated. The analytical model shows a good agreement with the finite element model. It is supposed to be of significant reference for practical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Increasing evidence has demonstrated that animal models are imperative to investigate the potential molecular mechanism of metastasis and discover anti-metastasis drugs; however, efficient animal models to unveil the underlying mechanisms of metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are limited. Methods: ESCC cell EC9706 with high invasiveness was screened by repeated Transwell assays. Its biological characteristics were identified by flow cytometry as well as by the wound healing and CCK-8 assays. Besides, the levels of epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related markers were examined using Western blotting. Parental (EC9706-I0) and subpopulation (EC9706-I3) cells were employed to establish the renal capsule model. Next, the tumor growth was detected by a live animal imaging system, and hematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to evaluate the metastatic status in ESCC. Results: EC9706-I3 cells showed rapid proliferation ability, S phase abundance, and high invasive ability; obvious upregulation in N-cadherin, Snail, Vimentin, and Bit1; and downregulation in E-cadherin. EC9706-I3 cells were less sensitive to the chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil than EC9706-I0 cells; however, both cell lines reached a tumorigenesis rate of 100% in the renal capsule model. The live animal imaging system revealed that the tumors derived from EC9706-I0 cells grew more slowly than those from EC9706-I3 cells at weeks 3– 14. The EC9706-I3 xenograft model displayed a spontaneous metastatic site, including kidney, heart, liver, lung, pancreas, and spleen, with a distant metastatic rate of 80%. Conclusion: Our data suggested that the metastatic model was successfully established, providing a novel platform for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of metastasis in ESCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although temperament-character traits and attitudes toward premature ejaculation (PE) are known to be associated with PE, it is of great significance to study them in PE. Moreover, few studies have evaluated these traits and attitudes in the new classification of 4 subtypes of PE. We investigated the temperament-character traits and attitudes toward PE in 4 types of PE and their associations with PE. Between December 2018 and December 2019, we conducted a survey in our hospital, and enrolled 350 men who complained of PE and 252 men without any complaint of PE. Temperament-character traits and attitudes toward PE were independently assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised and several targeted questions, respectively. The Index of Premature Ejaculation (IPE) was used to evaluate ejaculation control, sexual life satisfaction, and distress caused by PE. The outcomes included differences of temperament-character traits and attitudes toward PE among 2 groups and their associations with PE. Of the 2 groups, men with PE complaints had lower novelty seeking/self-transcendence (NS/ST) scores and higher harm avoidance (HA) scores vs men without any complaints of PE. Among the 4 types of PE, men with variable PE had the highest score of HA and lowest score of NS; the lowest score of ST was recorded in men with lifelong PE. Additionally, the total and subdomain scores of IPE in men with subjective PE were higher than the other subtypes of PE. After adjusting for age, positive correlations were observed in HA score and total and subdomain scores of IPE, whereas the inverse was true corresponding to NS and ST. The current study has provided a new perspective for understanding the impact of psychological factors on PE. This is the first study to systematically assess the effects of personality traits and attitudes on PE, especially among the 4 types of PE. The main drawback is that the generalizability of this study may be limited by the fact that it was conducted in a single cultural/societal background. Men who complained of PE tended to react with indifference or rejection to novelty, tended to feel unsatisfied, cannot effectively adapt to changes in the surrounding environment, and tended to avoid situations involving risk. These characteristics could lead to their becoming disheartened when faced with PE. Furthermore, the attitude of men with PE reflects the needs of the patient during treatment from one aspect. Gao P, Gao J Wang Y, et al. Temperament-Character Traits and Attitudes Toward Premature Ejaculation in 4 Types of Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Med 2021;18:72–82. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method for determining environmental control target values was presented. • A novel fitness function was built by introducing energy consumption coefficient. • Optimizing the nutrient solution temperature promoted the Pn. • The method did not require the characteristics of the Pn response curves. Photosynthesis serves as the foundation for vegetable crop yield. It is crucial to appropriately regulate the environmental parameters associated with photosynthesis to ensure efficient production and energy conservation in plant factories or greenhouses. In this research, we proposed a novel optimization approach for determining the target value of environmental control, aiming to balance plant growth and energy cost. By employing hydroponic lettuces as experimental samples, we measured their photosynthetic rates (Pn) under various combinations of four environmental factors: air temperature (AT), nutrient solution temperature (NST), photon flux density (PFD), and CO 2 concentration ([CO 2 ]). The photosynthetic data were combined with the support vector regression algorithm to develop a Pn prediction model. This model achieved a coefficient of determination of 0.9748, a root mean square error value of 0.9302 µmol∙m−2∙s−1, and a mean absolute error value of 1.1813 µmol∙m−2∙s−1. The model provide data for subsequent environmental control. The quantum genetic algorithm (QGA) was employed to search the optimal Pn and corresponding PFD, [CO 2 ], and NST at different ATs. The fitness function for QGA was developed considering both the Pn and the energy consumption. This approach could calculate the target environments (PFD, [CO 2 ], and NST) for any given AT. Compared with the Pn maximization approach, the energy cost-saving rate was 1.5 to 3.5 times higher than the Pn loss. The proposed approach could quickly and accurately determine an optimal environmental control target value, outperforming other approaches in complexity and generality. Thus, this study offers an elegant approach to environmental control for hydroponic cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An environmental control method aims at high photosynthesis rate and low control cost. • Discrete surface curvature measuring the curved degree of surfaces was proposed. • Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ was improved. • Constraint region of photosynthetic response surface was defined. Protected greenhouse provides a suitable micro-environment for crop growth, which enhances the quality and yield of agricultural products. How to optimize the greenhouse environment is currently a pressing issue in protected agriculture. In this research, we propose a new environmental control method from the perspectives of crop photosynthesis rate and environmental control cost. The photosynthesis rate data are collected from a nested experiment of tomatoes, and these data are combined with the support vector regression algorithm to establish a photosynthesis rate model. The cost function of greenhouse environmental control is established by theoretical calculation. The non-dominated solution sets of photosynthesis rate and control cost are obtained through an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ. To determine the optimal solution among the numerous Pareto solutions, the geometric characteristics of the photosynthetic response surface are considered to constrain the control target. Then, a discrete surface curvature method is proposed to computer the constraint region. The intersection between the Pareto solutions and the constraint region is regarded as the environmental control target. The validation experiment demonstrates that the proposed method can effectively enhance photosynthetic accumulation and reduce control cost. Compared to the traditional saturation method, this method achieves a 53% cost reduction while still obtaining 89% photosynthetic accumulation. Compared to the U-chord method, this method increases photosynthetic accumulation by 12% with only a 3% increase in cost. The research has important implications for protected agriculture production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]