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3. Population genomic analysis of Aegilops tauschii identifies targets for bread wheat improvement

Author

Gaurav, Kumar, Arora, Sanu, Silva, Paula, Sánchez-Martín, Javier, Horsnell, Richard, Gao, Liangliang, Brar, Gurcharn S, Widrig, Victoria, John Raupp, W, Singh, Narinder, Wu, Shuangye, Kale, Sandip M, Chinoy, Catherine, Nicholson, Paul, Quiroz-Chávez, Jesús, Simmonds, James, Hayta, Sadiye, Smedley, Mark A, Harwood, Wendy, Pearce, Suzannah, Gilbert, David, Kangara, Ngonidzashe, Gardener, Catherine, Forner-Martínez, Macarena, Liu, Jiaqian, Yu, Guotai, Boden, Scott A, Pascucci, Attilio, Ghosh, Sreya, Hafeez, Amber N, O’Hara, Tom, Waites, Joshua, Cheema, Jitender, Steuernagel, Burkhard, Patpour, Mehran, Justesen, Annemarie Fejer, Liu, Shuyu, Rudd, Jackie C, Avni, Raz, Sharon, Amir, Steiner, Barbara, Kirana, Rizky Pasthika, Buerstmayr, Hermann, Mehrabi, Ali A, Nasyrova, Firuza Y, Chayut, Noam, Matny, Oadi, Steffenson, Brian J, Sandhu, Nitika, Chhuneja, Parveen, Lagudah, Evans, Elkot, Ahmed F, Tyrrell, Simon, Bian, Xingdong, Davey, Robert P, Simonsen, Martin, Schauser, Leif, Tiwari, Vijay K, Randy Kutcher, H, Hucl, Pierre, Li, Aili, Liu, Deng-Cai, Mao, Long, Xu, Steven, Brown-Guedira, Gina, Faris, Justin, Dvorak, Jan, Luo, Ming-Cheng, Krasileva, Ksenia, Lux, Thomas, Artmeier, Susanne, Mayer, Klaus FX, Uauy, Cristobal, Mascher, Martin, Bentley, Alison R, Keller, Beat, Poland, Jesse, and Wulff, Brande BH

Subjects
Genetics, Biotechnology, Human Genome, Aegilops, Bread, Genomics, Metagenomics, Plant Breeding, Triticum
Abstract

Aegilops tauschii, the diploid wild progenitor of the D subgenome of bread wheat, is a reservoir of genetic diversity for improving bread wheat performance and environmental resilience. Here we sequenced 242 Ae. tauschii accessions and compared them to the wheat D subgenome to characterize genomic diversity. We found that a rare lineage of Ae. tauschii geographically restricted to present-day Georgia contributed to the wheat D subgenome in the independent hybridizations that gave rise to modern bread wheat. Through k-mer-based association mapping, we identified discrete genomic regions with candidate genes for disease and pest resistance and demonstrated their functional transfer into wheat by transgenesis and wide crossing, including the generation of a library of hexaploids incorporating diverse Ae. tauschii genomes. Exploiting the genomic diversity of the Ae. tauschii ancestral diploid genome permits rapid trait discovery and functional genetic validation in a hexaploid background amenable to breeding.

Published
2022

6. High molecular weight glutenin gene diversity in Aegilops tauschii demonstrates unique origin of superior wheat quality

Author

Delorean, Emily, Gao, Liangliang, Lopez, Jose Fausto Cervantes, Wulff, Brande BH, Ibba, Maria Itria, and Poland, Jesse

Subjects
Human Genome, Genetics, Aegilops, Crops, Agricultural, Genetic Variation, Glutens, Molecular Weight, Plant Breeding, Plant Proteins, Open Wild Wheat Consortium
Abstract

Central to the diversity of wheat products was the origin of hexaploid bread wheat, which added the D-genome of Aegilops tauschii to tetraploid wheat giving rise to superior dough properties in leavened breads. The polyploidization, however, imposed a genetic bottleneck, with only limited diversity introduced in the wheat D-subgenome. To understand genetic variants for quality, we sequenced 273 accessions spanning the known diversity of Ae. tauschii. We discovered 45 haplotypes in Glu-D1, a major determinant of quality, relative to the two predominant haplotypes in wheat. The wheat allele 2 + 12 was found in Ae. tauschii Lineage 2, the donor of the wheat D-subgenome. Conversely, the superior quality wheat allele 5 + 10 allele originated in Lineage 3, a recently characterized lineage of Ae. tauschii, showing a unique origin of this important allele. These two wheat alleles were also quite similar relative to the total observed molecular diversity in Ae. tauschii at Glu-D1. Ae. tauschii is thus a reservoir for unique Glu-D1 alleles and provides the genomic resource to begin utilizing new alleles for end-use quality improvement in wheat breeding programs.

Published
2021

12. Multiple wheat genomes reveal global variation in modern breeding

Author

Walkowiak, Sean, Gao, Liangliang, Monat, Cecile, Haberer, Georg, Kassa, Mulualem T, Brinton, Jemima, Ramirez-Gonzalez, Ricardo H, Kolodziej, Markus C, Delorean, Emily, Thambugala, Dinushika, Klymiuk, Valentyna, Byrns, Brook, Gundlach, Heidrun, Bandi, Venkat, Siri, Jorge Nunez, Nilsen, Kirby, Aquino, Catharine, Himmelbach, Axel, Copetti, Dario, Ban, Tomohiro, Venturini, Luca, Bevan, Michael, Clavijo, Bernardo, Koo, Dal-Hoe, Ens, Jennifer, Wiebe, Krystalee, N’Diaye, Amidou, Fritz, Allen K, Gutwin, Carl, Fiebig, Anne, Fosker, Christine, Fu, Bin Xiao, Accinelli, Gonzalo Garcia, Gardner, Keith A, Fradgley, Nick, Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Juan, Halstead-Nussloch, Gwyneth, Hatakeyama, Masaomi, Koh, Chu Shin, Deek, Jasline, Costamagna, Alejandro C, Fobert, Pierre, Heavens, Darren, Kanamori, Hiroyuki, Kawaura, Kanako, Kobayashi, Fuminori, Krasileva, Ksenia, Kuo, Tony, McKenzie, Neil, Murata, Kazuki, Nabeka, Yusuke, Paape, Timothy, Padmarasu, Sudharsan, Percival-Alwyn, Lawrence, Kagale, Sateesh, Scholz, Uwe, Sese, Jun, Juliana, Philomin, Singh, Ravi, Shimizu-Inatsugi, Rie, Swarbreck, David, Cockram, James, Budak, Hikmet, Tameshige, Toshiaki, Tanaka, Tsuyoshi, Tsuji, Hiroyuki, Wright, Jonathan, Wu, Jianzhong, Steuernagel, Burkhard, Small, Ian, Cloutier, Sylvie, Keeble-Gagnère, Gabriel, Muehlbauer, Gary, Tibbets, Josquin, Nasuda, Shuhei, Melonek, Joanna, Hucl, Pierre J, Sharpe, Andrew G, Clark, Matthew, Legg, Erik, Bharti, Arvind, Langridge, Peter, Hall, Anthony, Uauy, Cristobal, Mascher, Martin, Krattinger, Simon G, Handa, Hirokazu, Shimizu, Kentaro K, Distelfeld, Assaf, Chalmers, Ken, Keller, Beat, Mayer, Klaus FX, Poland, Jesse, Stein, Nils, McCartney, Curt A, Spannagl, Manuel, Wicker, Thomas, and Pozniak, Curtis J

Subjects
Genetics, Biotechnology, Human Genome, Acclimatization, Animals, Centromere, Chromosome Mapping, Cloning, Molecular, DNA Copy Number Variations, DNA Transposable Elements, Edible Grain, Genes, Plant, Genetic Introgression, Genetic Variation, Genome, Plant, Genomics, Haplotypes, Insecta, Internationality, NLR Proteins, Plant Breeding, Plant Diseases, Plant Proteins, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Polyploidy, Triticum, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Advances in genomics have expedited the improvement of several agriculturally important crops but similar efforts in wheat (Triticum spp.) have been more challenging. This is largely owing to the size and complexity of the wheat genome1, and the lack of genome-assembly data for multiple wheat lines2,3. Here we generated ten chromosome pseudomolecule and five scaffold assemblies of hexaploid wheat to explore the genomic diversity among wheat lines from global breeding programs. Comparative analysis revealed extensive structural rearrangements, introgressions from wild relatives and differences in gene content resulting from complex breeding histories aimed at improving adaptation to diverse environments, grain yield and quality, and resistance to stresses4,5. We provide examples outlining the utility of these genomes, including a detailed multi-genome-derived nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein repertoire involved in disease resistance and the characterization of Sm16, a gene associated with insect resistance. These genome assemblies will provide a basis for functional gene discovery and breeding to deliver the next generation of modern wheat cultivars.

Published
2020

19. The Aegilops ventricosa 2NvS segment in bread wheat: cytology, genomics and breeding

Author

Gao, Liangliang, Koo, Dal-Hoe, Juliana, Philomin, Rife, Trevor, Singh, Daljit, Lemes da Silva, Cristiano, Lux, Thomas, Dorn, Kevin M., Clinesmith, Marshall, Silva, Paula, Wang, Xu, Spannagl, Manuel, Monat, Cecile, Friebe, Bernd, Steuernagel, Burkhard, Muehlbauer, Gary J., Walkowiak, Sean, Pozniak, Curtis, Singh, Ravi, Stein, Nils, Mascher, Martin, Fritz, Allan, and Poland, Jesse

Published
2021
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25. Aquaculture Access Control Model in Intelligent Monitoring and Management System Based on Group/Role

Author

Zhang, Qiyu, Chen, Yingyi, Zhen, Zhumi, Xu, Jing, Zhu, Ling, Gao, Liangliang, Liu, Yanzhong, Rannenberg, Kai, Editor-in-chief, Sakarovitch, Jacques, Series editor, Goedicke, Michael, Series editor, Tatnall, Arthur, Series editor, Neuhold, Erich J., Series editor, Pras, Aiko, Series editor, Tröltzsch, Fredi, Series editor, Pries-Heje, Jan, Series editor, Whitehouse, Diane, Series editor, Reis, Ricardo, Series editor, Furnell, Steven, Series editor, Furbach, Ulrich, Series editor, Gulliksen, Jan, Series editor, Rauterberg, Matthias, Series editor, Li, Daoliang, editor, and Li, Zhenbo, editor

Published
2016
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26. Discovery of Antibacterial Compounds against Xanthomonas citrisubsp. citrifrom a Marine Fungus Aspergillus terreusSCSIO 41202 and the Mode of Action

Author

Zhang, Jun, Gao, Liangliang, Lin, Huiting, Liang, Yan, You, Mingnan, Ding, Lijian, Feng, Fangjian, Yang, Bin, and Liu, Yonghong

Abstract

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citrisubsp. citri(Xcc), is a severe citrus disease. Currently, copper-containing pesticides are widely used to manage this disease, posing high risks to the environment and human health. This study reports the discovery of naturally occurring anti-Xcccompounds from a deep-sea fungus, Aspergillus terreusSCSIO 41202, and the possible mode of action. The ethyl acetate extract of A. terreuswas subjected to bioassay-guided isolation, resulting in the discovery of eight anti-Xcccompounds (1–8) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.078 to 0.625 mg/mL. The chemical structures of these eight metabolites were determined by integrative analysis of various spectroscopic data. Among these compounds, Asperporonin A (1) and Asperporonin B (2) were identified as novel compounds with a very unusual structural skeleton. The electronic circular dichroism was used to determine the absolute configurations of 1and 2through quantum chemical calculation. A bioconversion pathway involving pinacol rearrangement was proposed to produce the unusual compounds (1–2). Compound 6exhibited an excellent anti-Xcceffect with a MIC value of 0.078 mg/mL, which was significantly more potent than the positive control CuSO4(MIC = 0.3125 mg/mL). Compound 6inhibited cell growth by disrupting biofilm formation, destroying the cell membrane, and inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. In vivo tests indicated that compound 6is highly effective in controlling citrus canker disease. These results indicate that compounds 1–8, especially 6, have the potential as lead compounds for the development of new, environmentally friendly, and efficient anti-Xccpesticides.

Published
2024
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29. Antibacterial Mechanism, Control Efficiency, and Nontarget Toxicity Evaluation of Actinomycin X2against Xanthomonas citriSubsp. citri

Author

Gao, Liangliang, Huang, Meiling, Xiong, Qin, Liang, Yan, Mi, Lanfang, Jiang, Yueming, and Zhang, Jun

Abstract

The present study investigated the antibacterial mechanism, control efficiency, and nontarget toxicity of actinomycin X2(Act-X2) against Xanthomonas citrisubsp. citri (Xcc) for the first time. Act-X2almost completely inhibited the proliferation of Xcc in the growth curve assay at a concentration of 0.25 MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 31.25 μg/mL). This inhibitory effect was achieved by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), blocking the formation of biofilms, obstructing the synthesis of intracellular proteins, and decreasing the enzymatic activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) of Xcc. Molecular docking and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis results indicated that Act-X2steadily bonded to the RNA polymerase, ribosome, malate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase to inhibit their activities, thus drastically reducing the expression levels of related genes. Act-X2showed far more effectiveness than the commercially available pesticide Cu2(OH)3Cl in the prevention and therapy of citrus canker disease. Furthermore, the nontarget toxicity evaluation demonstrated that Act-X2was not phytotoxic to citrus trees and exhibited minimal toxicity to earthworms in both contact and soil toxic assays. This study suggests that Act-X2has the potential as an effective and environmentally friendly antibacterial agent.

Published
2024
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43. Population genomic analysis of Aegilops tauschii identifies targets for bread wheat improvement

Author

Gaurav, Kumar, primary, Arora, Sanu, additional, Silva, Paula, additional, Sánchez-Martín, Javier, additional, Horsnell, Richard, additional, Gao, Liangliang, additional, Brar, Gurcharn S., additional, Widrig, Victoria, additional, John Raupp, W., additional, Singh, Narinder, additional, Wu, Shuangye, additional, Kale, Sandip M., additional, Chinoy, Catherine, additional, Nicholson, Paul, additional, Quiroz-Chávez, Jesús, additional, Simmonds, James, additional, Hayta, Sadiye, additional, Smedley, Mark A., additional, Harwood, Wendy, additional, Pearce, Suzannah, additional, Gilbert, David, additional, Kangara, Ngonidzashe, additional, Gardener, Catherine, additional, Forner-Martínez, Macarena, additional, Liu, Jiaqian, additional, Yu, Guotai, additional, Boden, Scott A., additional, Pascucci, Attilio, additional, Ghosh, Sreya, additional, Hafeez, Amber N., additional, O’Hara, Tom, additional, Waites, Joshua, additional, Cheema, Jitender, additional, Steuernagel, Burkhard, additional, Patpour, Mehran, additional, Justesen, Annemarie Fejer, additional, Liu, Shuyu, additional, Rudd, Jackie C., additional, Avni, Raz, additional, Sharon, Amir, additional, Steiner, Barbara, additional, Kirana, Rizky Pasthika, additional, Buerstmayr, Hermann, additional, Mehrabi, Ali A., additional, Nasyrova, Firuza Y., additional, Chayut, Noam, additional, Matny, Oadi, additional, Steffenson, Brian J., additional, Sandhu, Nitika, additional, Chhuneja, Parveen, additional, Lagudah, Evans, additional, Elkot, Ahmed F., additional, Tyrrell, Simon, additional, Bian, Xingdong, additional, Davey, Robert P., additional, Simonsen, Martin, additional, Schauser, Leif, additional, Tiwari, Vijay K., additional, Randy Kutcher, H., additional, Hucl, Pierre, additional, Li, Aili, additional, Liu, Deng-Cai, additional, Mao, Long, additional, Xu, Steven, additional, Brown-Guedira, Gina, additional, Faris, Justin, additional, Dvorak, Jan, additional, Luo, Ming-Cheng, additional, Krasileva, Ksenia, additional, Lux, Thomas, additional, Artmeier, Susanne, additional, Mayer, Klaus F. X., additional, Uauy, Cristobal, additional, Mascher, Martin, additional, Bentley, Alison R., additional, Keller, Beat, additional, Poland, Jesse, additional, and Wulff, Brande B. H., additional

Published
2021
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45. A High-Throughput Skim-sequencing Approach for Genotyping, Dosage Estimation and Identifying Translocations

Author

Adhikari, Laxman, primary, Shrestha, Sandesh, additional, Wu, Shuanyge, additional, Crain, Jared, additional, Gao, Liangliang, additional, Evers, Byron, additional, Wilson, Duane, additional, Ju, Yoonha, additional, Koo, Dal-Hoe, additional, Hucl, Pierre, additional, Pozniak, Curtis, additional, Walkowiak, Sean, additional, Wang, Xiaoyun, additional, Wu, Jing, additional, Glaubitz, Jeffrey C., additional, DeHaan, Lee, additional, Friebe, Bernd, additional, and Poland, Jesse, additional

Published
2021
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49. Fermentation by Penicillium polonicumimproves the functional components and biological effects of orange peel via producing β-glucosidase without the risk of potential mycotoxins

Author

Liang, Yan, Lai, Chunling, Gao, Liangliang, Wu, Qingna, Huang, Meiling, Jiang, Yueming, and Zhang, Jun

Abstract

This paper presented the initial investigation into the impact of Penicillium polonicumfermentation on the functional components and bioactivities of navel orange peel. The fermentation process resulted in a notable enhancement of the total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and antiglycation activity of orange peel. Eighteen flavonoids were isolated and identified from the ethanolic extract of fermented orange peel (FEE) by employing chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The results of the HPLC analysis showed that three flavanones (naringenin, hesperetin, and isosakuranetin) were newly produced and present in high concentrations in FEE, with hesperetin being the most abundant component (39.74 mg/g) in comparison to the ethanolic extract of unfermented orange peel (EE). The TPC, TFC, antioxidant, and antiglycation activities of FEE, as well as the enzymatic activity of β-glucosidase in the fermented orange peels, showed a gradual increase with the progression of fermentation time over a five-month period. HPLC analysis revealed that the fermentation metabolites generated by P. polonicumin rice and orange peel media exhibited distinct profiles, indicating that the fermentation of orange peel by P. polonicumdid not result in the production of potential mycotoxins. The findings of this study provided a scientific basis for the high-value utilization of navel orange peels and established a reference point for the potential applications of other peel byproducts via microbial fermentation.

Published
2024
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50. Multiple wheat genomes reveal global variation in modern breeding

Author

70983196, 10273492, Walkowiak, Sean, Gao, Liangliang, Monat, Cecile, Haberer, Georg, Kassa, Mulualem T., Brinton, Jemima, Ramirez-Gonzalez, Ricardo H., Kolodziej, Markus C., Delorean, Emily, Thambugala, Dinushika, Klymiuk, Valentyna, Byrns, Brook, Gundlach, Heidrun, Bandi, Venkat, Siri, Jorge Nunez, Nilsen, Kirby, Aquino, Catharine, Himmelbach, Axel, Copetti, Dario, Ban, Tomohiro, Venturini, Luca, Bevan, Michael, Clavijo, Bernardo, Koo, Dal-Hoe, Ens, Jennifer, Wiebe, Krystalee, N’Diaye, Amidou, Fritz, Allen K., Gutwin, Carl, Fiebig, Anne, Fosker, Christine, Fu, Bin Xiao, Accinelli, Gonzalo Garcia, Gardner, Keith A., Fradgley, Nick, Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Juan, Halstead-Nussloch, Gwyneth, Hatakeyama, Masaomi, Koh, Chu Shin, Deek, Jasline, Costamagna, Alejandro C., Fobert, Pierre, Heavens, Darren, Kanamori, Hiroyuki, Kawaura, Kanako, Kobayashi, Fuminori, Krasileva, Ksenia, Kuo, Tony, McKenzie, Neil, Murata, Kazuki, Nabeka, Yusuke, Paape, Timothy, Padmarasu, Sudharsan, Percival-Alwyn, Lawrence, Kagale, Sateesh, Scholz, Uwe, Sese, Jun, Juliana, Philomin, Singh, Ravi, Shimizu-Inatsugi, Rie, Swarbreck, David, Cockram, James, Budak, Hikmet, Tameshige, Toshiaki, Tanaka, Tsuyoshi, Tsuji, Hiroyuki, Wright, Jonathan, Wu, Jianzhong, Steuernagel, Burkhard, Small, Ian, Cloutier, Sylvie, Keeble-Gagnère, Gabriel, Muehlbauer, Gary, Tibbets, Josquin, Nasuda, Shuhei, Melonek, Joanna, Hucl, Pierre J., Sharpe, Andrew G., Clark, Matthew, Legg, Erik, Bharti, Arvind, Langridge, Peter, Hall, Anthony, Uauy, Cristobal, Mascher, Martin, Krattinger, Simon G., Handa, Hirokazu, Shimizu, Kentaro K., Distelfeld, Assaf, Chalmers, Ken, Keller, Beat, Mayer, Klaus F. X., Poland, Jesse, Stein, Nils, McCartney, Curt A., Spannagl, Manuel, Wicker, Thomas, Pozniak, Curtis J., 70983196, 10273492, Walkowiak, Sean, Gao, Liangliang, Monat, Cecile, Haberer, Georg, Kassa, Mulualem T., Brinton, Jemima, Ramirez-Gonzalez, Ricardo H., Kolodziej, Markus C., Delorean, Emily, Thambugala, Dinushika, Klymiuk, Valentyna, Byrns, Brook, Gundlach, Heidrun, Bandi, Venkat, Siri, Jorge Nunez, Nilsen, Kirby, Aquino, Catharine, Himmelbach, Axel, Copetti, Dario, Ban, Tomohiro, Venturini, Luca, Bevan, Michael, Clavijo, Bernardo, Koo, Dal-Hoe, Ens, Jennifer, Wiebe, Krystalee, N’Diaye, Amidou, Fritz, Allen K., Gutwin, Carl, Fiebig, Anne, Fosker, Christine, Fu, Bin Xiao, Accinelli, Gonzalo Garcia, Gardner, Keith A., Fradgley, Nick, Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Juan, Halstead-Nussloch, Gwyneth, Hatakeyama, Masaomi, Koh, Chu Shin, Deek, Jasline, Costamagna, Alejandro C., Fobert, Pierre, Heavens, Darren, Kanamori, Hiroyuki, Kawaura, Kanako, Kobayashi, Fuminori, Krasileva, Ksenia, Kuo, Tony, McKenzie, Neil, Murata, Kazuki, Nabeka, Yusuke, Paape, Timothy, Padmarasu, Sudharsan, Percival-Alwyn, Lawrence, Kagale, Sateesh, Scholz, Uwe, Sese, Jun, Juliana, Philomin, Singh, Ravi, Shimizu-Inatsugi, Rie, Swarbreck, David, Cockram, James, Budak, Hikmet, Tameshige, Toshiaki, Tanaka, Tsuyoshi, Tsuji, Hiroyuki, Wright, Jonathan, Wu, Jianzhong, Steuernagel, Burkhard, Small, Ian, Cloutier, Sylvie, Keeble-Gagnère, Gabriel, Muehlbauer, Gary, Tibbets, Josquin, Nasuda, Shuhei, Melonek, Joanna, Hucl, Pierre J., Sharpe, Andrew G., Clark, Matthew, Legg, Erik, Bharti, Arvind, Langridge, Peter, Hall, Anthony, Uauy, Cristobal, Mascher, Martin, Krattinger, Simon G., Handa, Hirokazu, Shimizu, Kentaro K., Distelfeld, Assaf, Chalmers, Ken, Keller, Beat, Mayer, Klaus F. X., Poland, Jesse, Stein, Nils, McCartney, Curt A., Spannagl, Manuel, Wicker, Thomas, and Pozniak, Curtis J.

Abstract

Advances in genomics have expedited the improvement of several agriculturally important crops but similar efforts in wheat (Triticum spp.) have been more challenging. This is largely owing to the size and complexity of the wheat genome, and the lack of genome-assembly data for multiple wheat lines. Here we generated ten chromosome pseudomolecule and five scaffold assemblies of hexaploid wheat to explore the genomic diversity among wheat lines from global breeding programs. Comparative analysis revealed extensive structural rearrangements, introgressions from wild relatives and differences in gene content resulting from complex breeding histories aimed at improving adaptation to diverse environments, grain yield and quality, and resistance to stresses. We provide examples outlining the utility of these genomes, including a detailed multi-genome-derived nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein repertoire involved in disease resistance and the characterization of Sm1, a gene associated with insect resistance. These genome assemblies will provide a basis for functional gene discovery and breeding to deliver the next generation of modern wheat cultivars.

Published
2020

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