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Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) have potential carcinogenic and mutagenic activity and are generated in cooked protein‐rich foods. Adding proanthocyanidins (PAs) to these foods before frying is an effective way to reduce HCAs. In this study, polymeric PAs (PPA) and ultrasound‐assisted acid‐catalyzed/catechin nucleophilic depolymerized PAs (UAPA, a type of oligomeric PA) were prepared from Chinese quince fruits (CQF). Different levels of PPA and UAPA (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15%) were added to chicken meatballs and tofu; then these foods were fried, and the content of HCAs in them after frying was investigated. The results showed that PPA and, particularly, UAPA significantly inhibited the formation of HCAs in fried meatballs and tofu, and this inhibition was dose‐dependent. The inhibition of HCAs by both PPA and UAPA was stronger in the chicken meatballs than in fried tofu. The level of total HCAs was significantly reduced by 57.84% (from 11.93 to 5.03 ng/g) after treatment of meatballs with 0.15% UAPA, with inhibition rates of 78.94%, 50.37%, and 17.81% for norharman, harman, and 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), respectively. Of note, there was a negative correlation between water, lipid, protein, creatine, and glucose content and HCA content in the crust, interior, and whole (crust‐plus‐interior) measurements of all fried samples. Interestingly, PPA and UAPA were found more effective in inhibiting HCAs in the exterior crust than in the interior of the fried chicken meatballs. These results provide evidence that further studies on the reduction of the formation of harmful HCAs in fried foods by adding CQF PAs could be valuable to the fried food industry. Practical Application: Chinese quince proanthocyanidins treatments significantly inhibited the generation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in chicken meatballs and tofu when deep‐fried. These results suggest that Chinese quince proanthocyanidins can be used as natural food additive for reducing HCAs in fried foods, laying the foundation for using Chinese quince fruit proanthocyanidins for HCA inhibition in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the first protective layer of modern industrial processes, the alarm system plays a decisive role in ensuring safety, reliability and efficient production of the process. However, most of the current industrial alarm systems are suffering from the common issue "alarm flood", which seriously affects the required function of the alarm system. In this paper, according to the characteristics of industrial processes and alarm management life cycle, five main reasons leading to "alarm flood" are summarized; the state of the art of key technologies, systematic frameworks, specifications, software packages and application status about alarm management are reviewed in terms of alarm modeling and root-cause analysis, alarm limit design, alarm prioritization, alarm type identification and processing, and alarm system performance assessment. Finally, problems and new challenges in the field of alarm management are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthesis is one of the vital physiological processes easily affected by environmental changes. As a plant group growing in specific low temperature and strong irradiance environment, the photosynthetic apparatus of alpine plants have developed special morphologically and physiolog-cally mechanisms in adapting to this extreme adverse environment. However, due to the high heter-ogeneity of habitats, there exist great differences in the photo-protection and adaptation mechanisms among different alpine plants. This paper reviewed the recent researches about the morphology and ultramicro-anatomical structure of the chloroplasts in photosynthetic apparatus of alpine plants and the photo-protection and adaptation mechanisms of the plants, and proposed the further research di-rections on the physiological adaptation of the photosynthesis of alpine plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated leaf tissue structure, leaf epidermis characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of Polygonum viviparum at different altitudes (2300, 3200 and 3900 m) on the Qilian Mountain, using paraffin section, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods. The results showed that plant leaves were typical bifacial. With increasing altitude, the number of leaf epidermal hair reduced but the diameter of hair increased, with more compact of the cuticular wax layer on leaf lower epidermis. Leaf thickness reached a maximum at 3200 m and was increased by 39.6% and 50.5%, respectively, compared with that from 2300 m and 3900 m. From 2300 m to 3200 m, the cell layers of palisade tissue increased from two to three, while intercellular space decreased. The cell layer of spongy tissue did not change, whereas intercellular space increased with increasing altitude. At 3900 m, the number of cell layer of palisade tissue reduced to two, epidermal cell volume and the intercellular space of palisade tissue increased while the intercellular space of spongy tissue decreased. The thickness of epidermal cell increased. There was no significant difference among three altitudes in the number of cell layers. The accumulation of surface appurtenances and the substomatal appendages, and stomata density of lower epidermis increased with altitude. Meanwhile, the position of stomata changed from arched epidermis to invagination. From 2300 m to 3200 m, the grana lamella increased from 6-9 to 8-12 and then reduced to 2-3 at 3900 m. The number of grana decreased, the lamellae became dense, the arrangement direction of grana was irregular at 3900 m. The chloroplasts swelling and the envelope partially degradation could be observed. The correlations among the anatomical characteristics of leaves indicated an apparent co-evolution between parts of anatomical indices in the leaves. In particular, indices such as spongy tissue thickness exhibited high plasticity across altitudes. Our results suggested that diffe-rences in anatomical structure and ultrastructure characteristics of P. viviparum along altitude were adaptation strategies for the complicated alpine heterogeneous habitats.

Photosynthesis is one of the vital physiological processes easily affected by environmental changes. As a plant group growing in specific low temperature and strong irradiance environment, the photosynthetic apparatus of alpine plants have developed special morphologically and physiologically mechanisms in adapting to this extreme adverse environment. However, due to the high heterogeneity of habitats, there exist great differences in the photo-protection and adaptation mechanisms among different alpine plants. This paper reviewed the recent researches about the morphology and ultramicro-anatomical structure of the chloroplasts in photosynthetic apparatus of alpine plants and the photo-protection and adaptation mechanisms of the plants, and proposed the further research directions on the physiological adaptation of the photosynthesis of alpine plants.