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Aims: Gradients in water potential of soil and plant system drives the water movement in soil-plant-atmospheric continuum. Here, we demonstrate how root water potential measured directly from the roots upon changes in soil water potential would contribute to the understanding of the drought response in Chrysopogon zizanoides. Methods: Plants of Chrysopogon zizanoides L. were sampled at different soil water status (inducing drought) and growth periods (3-, 4- and 5- months). The roots and leaves of the plants were dissected to measure the root water potential and specific leaf area, respectively. The root water potential was measured in a WP4C dew-point potentiometer. Root diameter corresponding to the roots measured for root water potential was also measured. Results: Our findings showed a logarithmic increase in gradient between soil and root water potential under the induced drought stress, similar to the existing findings of root hydraulic conductance. Specific leaf area significantly decreased with root water potential, indicating the hydraulic continuity between roots and leaves. A new power law correlation between root diameter and root water potential established a trait-based understanding of root water uptake. Conclusion: The aggregation of such root water potential measurements using potentiometer would offer strategies to explore the implications of below-ground plant behaviour in applications such as slope stability and irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical suction ranges for plants upon drought stress are essential for devising precision irrigation schemes in de-desertification measures in arid urban regions. The objective of the current study is to develop a novel framework for drought stress evaluation, considering measured changes in photosynthetic leaf parameters with root zone soil suction. A native grass species Axonopus compressus was grown in three different growth media—bare sand, sand with periodic organic nutrient treatment and sand amended with 5% biochar for 56 days, followed by continued drought. The corresponding grass leaf response of stomatal conductance (SC), quantum photosynthetic efficiency (QPE), effective photochemical quantum yield, i.e. Y(II), and maximum photochemical quantum yield, i.e. (Fv/Fm), were measured. The threshold suction at around 10 kPa for all treatment types indicates the state at which an initial drop in transpiration occurred, marked by significant change in SC, QPE and Y(II). A new terminology termed as "tipping suction" was coined to describe the condition wherein the grass reaches a "life or death state", a stage at which the grass could progress to permanent wilting or return to sustenance. This stage is marked by a rapid decrease of Y(II), and the tipping suction ranging between 55 and 200 kPa is dependent on soil water retention capacity and the plant root biomass. The tipping suction differs from the permanent wilting point wherein complete suppression of Fv/Fm occurred. This study suggests that it is ideal to calculate plant-available water content by considering threshold suction and tipping point for maintaining optimum growth and resist plant mortality, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar amended soil (BAS) has been explored as a cover material for geo-environmental applications such as landfill cover due to its vegetation potential. Soil erosion in these infrastructures can progressively lead to failure and hamper the workability of the system. BAS is compacted for geo-environmental applications, unlike agricultural soil, which are loose in nature. Furthermore, the love-hate relationship of biochar with water can potentially affect the functioning of compacted cover system. Thus, the performance of compacted BAS in the context of erosion potential is not well understood. The major objective of this technical note was to explore the erosion potential of compacted BAS sourced from four distinct biochars. Biochar were produced in-house and mixed with soil at 5% and 10% by weight. In total, 81 pinhole erosion tests were performed to gauge the erosion rate of bare soil and BAS at three different compaction states at same compaction energy. It was revealed that the erosion rate decreased with gradual increment in water content for BAS, which was mainly attributed to the change of particle orientation from flocculated to dispersed along the compaction curve. Addition of biochar to soil resulted in decrease of erosion along the dry state whereas the opposite was observed for wet state. This was attributed to the surface functional groups as well as particle gradation of biochar. Erodibility coefficient and critical shear stress plot of soil and BAS revealed that addition of biochar had minimal effect on erosion of compacted silty sand. Unlabelled Image • Production of biochar from different wastes for compacted soil erosion treatment • Surface functional groups and particle morphology of biochar influence soil erosion • Addition of biochar had minimal effect on erosion of compacted silty sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent wilting point (PWP) is generally used to ascertain plant resistance against abiotic drought stress and designated as the soil water content (θ) corresponding to soil suction (ψ) at 1500 kPa obtained from the soil water retention curve. Determination of PWP based on only pre-assumed ψ may not represent true wilting condition for soils with contrasting water retention abilities. In addition to ψ, there is a need to explore significance of additional plant parameters (i.e., stomatal conductance and photosynthetic status) in determining PWP. This study introduces a new framework for determining PWP by integrating plant leaf response and ψ during drought. Axonopus compressus were grown in two distinct textured soils (clayey loam and silty sand), after which drought was initiated till wilting. Thereafter, ψ and θ within the root zone were measured along with corresponding leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic status. It was found that coarse textured silty sand causes wilting at much lower ψ (≈ 300 kPa) than clayey loam (≈ 1600 kPa). Plant response to drought was dependent on the relative porosity and mineralogy of the soil, which governs the ease at which roots can grow, assimilate soil O2, and uptake water. For clay loam, the held water within the soil matrix does not facilitate easy root water uptake by relatively coarse root morphology. Contrastingly, fine root hair formation in silty sand facilitated higher plant water uptake and doubled the plant survival time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]