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CEACAM1 functions as a novel heterophilic ligand for TIM-3 and is necessary for TIM-3-mediated tolerance, which has marked consequences for inflammation, infection and cancer. Interaction of CEACAM1 and TIM-3 T cell regulation is mediated by a number of inhibitory cell surface molecules such as T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), a possible target for cancer immunotherapy that has been reported to act as an immune checkpoint in tumour-induced immune suppression. However, the tolerance inducing ligand for TIM-3 has yet to be uncovered, and TIM-3 may also possess activating functions under some circumstances. This study identifies carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CAECAM1) as the heterophilic ligand for murine TIM-3 that is required for TIM-3 to mediate tolerance and ensure its optimal maturation, cell surface expression and regulatory function. Co-blockade of CEACAM1 and TIM-3 leads to enhancement of anti-tumour immune responses, with improved elimination of tumours in mouse colorectal cancer models. T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3, also known as HAVCR2) is an activation-induced inhibitory molecule involved in tolerance and shown to induce T-cell exhaustion in chronic viral infection and cancers.sup.1,2,3,4,5. Under some conditions, TIM-3 expression has also been shown to be stimulatory. Considering that TIM-3, like cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1), is being targeted for cancer immunotherapy, it is important to identify the circumstances under which TIM-3 can inhibit and activate T-cell responses. Here we show that TIM-3 is co-expressed and forms a heterodimer with carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), another well-known molecule expressed on activated T cells and involved in T-cell inhibition.sup.6,7,8,9,10. Biochemical, biophysical and X-ray crystallography studies show that the membrane-distal immunoglobulin-variable (IgV)-like amino-terminal domain of each is crucial to these interactions. The presence of CEACAM1 endows TIM-3 with inhibitory function. CEACAM1 facilitates the maturation and cell surface expression of TIM-3 by forming a heterodimeric interaction in cis through the highly related membrane-distal N-terminal domains of each molecule. CEACAM1 and TIM-3 also bind in trans through their N-terminal domains. Both cis and trans interactions between CEACAM1 and TIM-3 determine the tolerance-inducing function of TIM-3. In a mouse adoptive transfer colitis model, CEACAM1-deficient T cells are hyper-inflammatory with reduced cell surface expression of TIM-3 and regulatory cytokines, and this is restored by T-cell-specific CEACAM1 expression. During chronic viral infection and in a tumour environment, CEACAM1 and TIM-3 mark exhausted T cells. Co-blockade of CEACAM1 and TIM-3 leads to enhancement of anti-tumour immune responses with improved elimination of tumours in mouse colorectal cancer models. Thus, CEACAM1 serves as a heterophilic ligand for TIM-3 that is required for its ability to mediate T-cell inhibition, and this interaction has a crucial role in regulating autoimmunity and anti-tumour immunity., Author(s): Yu-Hwa Huang [sup.1] , Chen Zhu [sup.2] , Yasuyuki Kondo [sup.1] , Ana C. Anderson [sup.2] , Amit Gandhi [sup.1] , Andrew Russell [sup.3] , Stephanie K. Dougan [sup.4] [...]

A general methodology that can be used to in estimating heterogeneous preferences in situations of discrete choice under risk. Requirements include such that the existing heterogeneity can be summarized in a one-dimensional parameter, and that some exogenous source of variation should exist in the menus faced by the agents.

Author(s): Yu-Hwa Huang; Chen Zhu; Yasuyuki Kondo; Ana C. Anderson; Amit Gandhi; Andrew Russell; Stephanie K. Dougan; Britt-Sabina Petersen; Espen Melum; Thomas Pertel; Kiera L. Clayton; Monika Raab; Qiang Chen; [...]