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The mannofucogalactan as a major component of water extract was obtained from fruit bodies of Fomitopsis officinalis by extraction with boiling water followed by deproteination, decoloration, and purification using anion-exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Its structure was characterized using the data of monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The studied polysaccharide was a branched mannofucogalactan with a backbone composed of partially 3-O-methylated 1,6-O-linked α- D -galactopyranosyl residues. Almost every second residue in the backbone was substituted at O-2 by 3-O-α- D -mannopyranosyl-α- L -fucopyranosyl and β- D -galactopyranosyl residues. The non-reducing terminal α- L -fucopyranosyl units, which were identified by GC–MS analyses, appeared to be the part of mannofucogalactan side chains also.

This study assesses the potential of natural Mongolian clinoptilolite for ammonium ion removal from aqueous solution. The effect of relevant parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial ammonium concentration was examined, respectively. The results show that pH contributes to ammonium removal efficiency as it can influence both the character of the exchanging ions and clinoptilolite itself, ammonium removal by clinoptilolite occurs rapidly within the first 15 minutes of contact time, the ammonium removal capacity of clinoptilolite increases with the increase of the initial ammonium concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms of ammonium uptake. Freundlich model correlates very well with the experimental data. Based on the results, it can be concluded that natural zeolite is suitable for the removal of NH 4+ ions in sewage.