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Recent years have seen an increase in governmental interference in digital communication. Most research on this topic has focused on the application level, studying how content is manipulated or removed on websites, blogs, or social media. However, in order for governments to obtain and maintain control of digital data flows, they need to secure access to the network infrastructure at the level of Internet service providers. In this paper, we study how the network topology of the Internet varies across different political environments, distinguishing between control at the level of individual Internet users (access) and a higher level in the hierarchy of network carriers (transit). Using a novel method to estimate the structure of the Internet from network measurements, we show that in autocratic countries, state-owned (rather than privately owned) providers have a markedly higher degree of control over transit networks. We also show that state-owned Internet providers often provide Internet access abroad, with a clear focus on other autocratic countries. Together, these results suggest that in autocracies, the network infrastructure is organized in a way that is more susceptible to the monitoring and manipulation of Internet data flows by state-owned providers both domestically and abroad.

An instrument was validated through factorial structure to measure the advantages, levels of reflection, and communicative competencies of the podcast, as well as to establish the levels of reliability and consistency of the measuring instrument. Likewise, confirmatory analysis was carried out to validate the proposed structural model and establish the relationships of the factors using the PLS-SEM methodology, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. It was validated with a sample of 142 teachers. It was demonstrated that there is a causality relationship of the variables, given by the coefficient of determination R2, the level of influence of the independent variables: levels of reflection and advantages; on the dependent variable, communicative competencies; the level of influence of the exogenous variable: advantages with the endogenous variable: levels of reflection in teachers. A high degree of construct validity was shown through the fit indices of the confirmatory factorial analysis.

Tradicionalmente viene argumentándose que el medievalismo en general y el hispano en particular adoleció en las décadas centrales del siglo pasado de una falta interés por un tema actualmente en boga: los estudios sobre la Corte. En este trabajo proponemos algunas reflexiones sobre la atención mostrada a este tema por las principales escuelas del medievalismo que les permitió, ya en la década de los 30, incorporarse al debate sobre los séquitos regios desde una perspectiva propia.

Abstract Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1), which demethylates mono- or di- methylated histone H3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me1/2), is essential for early embryogenesis and development. Here we show that LSD1 is dispensable for mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal but is required for mouse ESC growth and differentiation. Reintroduction of a catalytically-impaired LSD1 (LSD1MUT) recovers the proliferation capability of mouse ESCs, yet the enzymatic activity of LSD1 is essential to ensure proper differentiation. Indeed, increased H3K4me1 in Lsd1 knockout (KO) mouse ESCs does not lead to major changes in global gene expression programs related to stemness. However, ablation of LSD1 but not LSD1MUT results in decreased DNMT1 and UHRF1 proteins coupled to global hypomethylation. We show that both LSD1 and LSD1MUT control protein stability of UHRF1 and DNMT1 through interaction with HDAC1 and the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 7 (USP7), consequently, facilitating the deacetylation and deubiquitination of DNMT1 and UHRF1. Our studies elucidate a mechanism by which LSD1 controls DNA methylation in mouse ESCs, independently of its lysine demethylase activity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil (YEO) on models of experimental arthritis, persistent inflammation, and nociception in mice. YEO treatment at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced the infiltration of leukocytes into the joint cavities of mice submitted to zymosan-induced arthritis 6 h and 7 days after arthritis induction. At these doses, YEO treatment reduced the formation of joint edema 4 and 6 h after arthritis induction, and at a dose of 200 mg/kg, YEO treatment reduced mechanical hyperalgesia 3 and 4 h after arthritis induction. At the dose of 200 mg/kg, YEO treatment reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cartilage destruction in the zymosan-induced arthritis model, and reduced edema formation and mechanical hyperalgesia in the model of persistent inflammation (21 days) induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) in mice. YEO treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg reduced the nociceptive response in experimental models of nociception induced by acetic acid and formalin. The YEO treatment reduced inflammatory parameters in the experimental arthritis model, and presented antiarthritic, anti-hyperalgesic, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Juan Martínez Montañés was one of the most important sculptors and altarpiece architects of the Spanish Golden Age. The restoration of the Santa Clara church in Seville has presented a unique opportunity to study the main altarpiece, crafted by Montañés between 1621 and 1623. He was also in charge of the polychromy and gilding, believing that delegating these procedures to others would diminish the quality of his work. This conviction led to a well-known lawsuit with the renowned contemporary Spanish painter Francisco Pacheco. Ultimately, the painter and sculptor Baltasar Quintero performed the polychromy of this altarpiece, but under the strict conditions of Montañés. Various non-invasive analytical techniques, such as CT, UVF, XRF, and digital microscopy, were employed to study wood treatment and polychromy. Additionally, three samples were prepared as cross-sections and analysed by SEM-EDX. The results revealed Montañés’ meticulous woodwork, anticipating its long-term preservation. Consistent with Montañés’ commitment to maintaining the superior quality of his work, the analysis showed an absence of a ground layer in the flesh areas, while the gilding was executed with high-quality gold. The pigment palette corresponds to the treaties and documents of his time, and the extensive areas of later retouches were accurately located. These new data provide a deeper understanding of both the technique and the high standards of one of the most important and globally recognised sculptors.

Objetivo: La miocardiopatía inflamatoria (MCI) es una enfermedad asociada a disfunción cardiaca y remodelado ventricular. Actualmente entre los métodos diagnósticos se encuentra la caracterización tisular por resonancia magnética cardiaca (RMC), para identificar cambios inflamatorios. Múltiples investigaciones han evaluado mecanismos autoinmunes del daño miocárdico secundario a COVID-19, con la interrogante de si es posible diferenciar y caracterizar lesiones de MCI post-COVID-19. Método: Estudio retrospectivo y comparativo de 29 resonancias (12 pacientes fueron diagnosticados con MCI post-COVID-19 y 17 con daño miocárdico autoinmune), comparando la caracterización de los mapas T1, T2 y volumen extra celular (VEC) por RMC. Resultados: La caracterización tisular de pacientes con MCI post-COVID-19 no tuvo diferencias significativas respecto a pacientes con daño miocárdico de etiología autoinmune. MCI post-COVID-19: mapa T1 1,109 ms, mapa T2 58, VEC 41%. Daño miocárdico de etiología autoinmune: mapa T1 1,132 ms mapa T2 61 ms y VEC 38 (p > 0.05). Conclusión: Los valores de mapa T1, T2 y VEC son similares entre pacientes con MCI post-COVID-19 y daño miocárdico por enfermedades autoinmunes, existiendo mecanismos similares de lesión miocárdica en ambos grupos, lo que es consistente con la literatura actual acerca de las vías de daño miocárdico por SARS-CoV-2.

Soil erosion is a major threat to soil security, and therefore to agriculture. To address this challenge, effective strategies are needed to protect soil resources without compromising crop yields. Currently, there are three main players involved: scientists, policymakers, and land managers. However, the technical knowledge required to understand how soil erosion affects food production hinders the communication of the potential benefits of soil sustainability strategies to nontechnical stakeholders, such as farmers and food producers. Moreover, a major player in this fight is still missing, consumers. If there is no connection between soil and society then the soil itself may not be valued and it is less likely to be managed sustainably. In this study, we propose the concept of soil footprint, defined as the ratio of soil loss to crop yield, to communicate, quantify, and compare soil security for different crops. It is a versatile concept that can be applied for a multitude of potential practical uses. To showcase some of these potential uses, we used national data to calculate the soil footprint of the ten main crops in Spain. We demonstrate the utility of this metric to compare and rank crops, identify problematic regions, and assess the effect of land management on the soil footprint. The soil footprint indicator offers advantages in terms of simplicity, facilitating easy calculation, comparison, and interpretation by non-technical users. This can engage society in soil conservation, empower land managers to define sustainable soil management strategies, and promote policies to enhance soil security.

Se reporta los dos primeros casos de micetoma pulmonar por Scedosporium sp, en el Perú, tratados quirúrgicamente en el Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue. Se practicó resección pulmonar debido a micetoma pulmonar de donde se tomó muestras que fueron enviadas a microbiología y anatomía patológica para cultivo y estudio histopatológico. Se identificó el moho Scedosporium sp en dos pacientes con secuelas cavitarias por tuberculosis, quienes presentaron tos y hemoptisis de dos meses y tres años de evolución, respectivamente. Radiológicamente las cavidades estaban ocupadas por una "bola fúngica". La histopatología indicó presencia de abundantes hifas, indistinguibles de las de Aspergillus sp, mientras que la inmunodifusión para Aspergillus fue negativa.