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Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) are known to orchestrate multiple components of the tumor microenvironment, whereas the influence of the whole stromal-fibroblast compartment is less understood. Here, an extended stromal fibroblast signature was investigated to define its impact on immune cell infiltration. The lung cancer adenocarcinoma (LUAD) data set of the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) was used to test whole stroma signatures and cancer-associated fibroblast signatures for their impact on prognosis. 3D cell cultures of the NSCLC cancer cell line A549 together with the fibroblast cell line SV80 were used in combination with infiltrating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for in-vitro investigations. Immune cell infiltration was assessed via flow cytometry, chemokines were analyzed by immunoassays and RNA microarrays. Results were confirmed in specimens from NSCLC patients by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry as well as in the TCGA data set. The TCGA analyses correlated the whole stromal-fibroblast signature with an improved outcome, whereas no effect was found for the CAF signatures. In 3D microtumors, the presence of fibroblasts induced infiltration of B cells and CD69 + CD4 + T cells, which was linked to an increased expression of CCL13 and CXCL16. The stroma/lymphocyte interaction was confirmed in NSCLC patients, as stroma-rich tumors displayed an elevated B cell count and survival in the local cohort and the TCGA data set. A whole stromal fibroblast signature was associated with an improved clinical outcome in lung adenocarcinoma and in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that this signature increases B and T cell recruitment via induction of chemokines., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.)

Background/aim: Pembrolizumab alone or combined with chemotherapy is now approved in PD-L1-positive patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Since real-world data are pending, our goal was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) therapy in an unselected cohort of patients with SCCHN., Patients and Methods: We analyzed 78 patients with recurrent or metastatic SCCHN from three Austrian cancer centers that received CPI therapy alone or with chemotherapy as palliative first-line systemic treatment for this retrospective study. Patient characteristics, details on treatment, and survival were analyzed by a chart-based review., Results: Of the 78 patients analyzed, 55 patients were treated with CPI alone (45 with Pembrolizumab, 10 with Nivolumab) and 23 patients received chemotherapy with a platinum and 5-FU in addition to CPI. With a median follow-up of twelve months, the median PFS of all patients was 4 months [95% confidence interval (CI)=2.2-5.8] and the median OS was 11 months (95% CI=7.1-14.9). The overall response and disease control rates were 20.5% and 46.1%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical outcome between patient groups with a different combined positive score (CPS). The rate of reported immune related adverse events was comparable to existing data., Conclusion: Our findings confirm the results of the KEYNOTE-048 trial that CPI therapy alone or together with chemotherapy is an effective treatment for patients with recurrent or metastatic CPS-positive SCCHN., (Copyright © 2023 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Objectives: We investigated whether soluble immune checkpoints (sICPs) predict treatment resistance, relapse and infections in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV)., Methods: Plasma sICP concentrations from available samples obtained during conduct of the RAVE trial were measured by immunoabsorbent assays from patients with either proteinase 3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA vasculitis and were correlated with clinical outcomes, a set of biomarkers and available flow cytometry analyses focusing on T cell subsets. Log-rank test was used to evaluate survival benefits, and optimal cut-off values of the marker molecules were calculated using Yeldons J., Results: Analysis of 189 plasma samples at baseline revealed higher concentrations of sTim-3, sCD27, sLag-3, sPD-1 and sPD-L2 in patients with MPO-ANCA vasculitis (n=62) as compared with PR3-ANCA vasculitis (n=127). Among patients receiving rituximab induction therapy (n=95), the combination of lower soluble (s)Lag-3 (<90 pg/mL) and higher sCD27 (>3000 pg/mL) predicted therapy failure. Twenty-four out of 73 patients (32.9%) in the rituximab arm reaching remission at 6 months relapsed during follow-up. In this subgroup, high baseline values of sTim-3 (>1200 pg/mL), sCD27 (>1250 pg/mL) and sBTLA (>1000 pg/mL) were associated with both sustained remission and infectious complications. These findings could not be replicated in 94 patients randomised to receive cyclophosphamide/azathioprine., Conclusions: Patients with AAV treated with rituximab achieved remission less frequently when concentrations of sLag-3 were low and concentrations of sCD27 were high. Higher concentrations of sTim-3, sCD27 and sBTLA at baseline predicted relapse in patients treated with rituximab. These results require confirmation but may contribute to a personalised treatment approach of AAV., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by molecular heterogeneity with diverse immune cell infiltration patterns, which has been linked to therapy sensitivity and resistance. However, full understanding of how immune cell phenotypes vary across different patient subgroups is lacking. Here, we dissect the NSCLC tumor microenvironment at high resolution by integrating 1,283,972 single cells from 556 samples and 318 patients across 29 datasets, including our dataset capturing cells with low mRNA content. We stratify patients into immune-deserted, B cell, T cell, and myeloid cell subtypes. Using bulk samples with genomic and clinical information, we identify cellular components associated with tumor histology and genotypes. We then focus on the analysis of tissue-resident neutrophils (TRNs) and uncover distinct subpopulations that acquire new functional properties in the tissue microenvironment, providing evidence for the plasticity of TRNs. Finally, we show that a TRN-derived gene signature is associated with anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatment failure., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Effective targeted treatment strategies resulted from molecular profiling of lung cancer with distinct prevalent mutation profiles in smokers and non-smokers. Although Rn is the second most important risk factor, data for Rn-dependent driver events are limited. Therefore, a Rn-exposed cohort of lung cancer patients was screened for oncogenic drivers and their survival and genetic profiles were compared with data of the average regional population. Genetic alterations were analysed in 20 Rn-exposed and 22 histologically matched non-Rn exposed LC patients using targeted Next generation sequencing (NGS) and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Sufficient material and sample quality could be obtained in 14/27 non-exposed versus 17/22 Rn-exposed LC samples. Survival was analysed in comparison to a histologically and stage-matched regional non-exposed lung cancer cohort ( n = 51) for hypothesis generating. Median overall survivals were 83.02 months in the Rn-exposed and 38.7 months in the non-exposed lung cancer cohort ( p = 0.22). Genetic alterations of both patient cohorts were in high concordance, except for an increase in MET alterations and a decrease in TP53 mutations in the Rn-exposed patients in this small hypothesis generating study.

With the increase in long-term survivorship of head and neck cancer (HNC), the functional outcomes are gaining importance. We reported the functional outcomes of HNC patients using the HNC-Functional InTegrity (FIT) Scales, which is a validated tool for the rapid clinical assessment of functional status based on observable clinical criteria. Patients with newly diagnosed HNC treated at the Medical University of Innsbruck between 2008 and 2020 were consecutively included, and their status in the six functional domains of food-intake, breathing, speech, pain, mood, and neck and shoulder mobility was scored by the treating physician at oncological follow-up visits on a scale from 0 (loss of function) to 4 (full function). HNC-FIT scales were available for 681 HNC patients at a median of 35 months after diagnosis. The response status was complete remission in 79.5%, 18.1% had recurrent or persistent disease, and 2.4% had a second primary HNC. Normal or near-normal scores (3 and 4) were seen in 78.6% for food intake, 88.7% for breathing, 83.7% for speech, 89% for pain, 91.8% for mood, and 87.5% for neck and shoulder mobility. A normal or near-normal outcome in all six functional domains was observed in 61% of patients. Clinically relevant impairment (score 1-2) in at least one functional domain was observed in 30%, and 9% had loss of function (score 0) in at least one functional domain. The main factors associated with poor functional outcome in a multivariable analysis were recurrence or persistent disease, poor general health (ASA III and IV), and higher T stage. Particularly, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors impaired breathing and speech function, and primary radiation therapy or concomitant systemic therapy and radiotherapy worsened food intake. Clinically relevant persistent functional deficits in at least one functional domain must be expected in 40% of the patients with HNC. The treatment of these functional deficits is an essential task of oncologic follow-up.

Objective: It is controversial whether there is efficacy or safety benefit of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) in advanced EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared to standard chemotherapy. We aim to assess the efficacy and safety of EGFR-TKIs compared to other chemotherapeutics in EGFR-mutated NSCLC., Materials and Methods: Up to April 27th, 2020, PubMed, Embase, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for articles or trials meeting the inclusion criteria. After filtering, 230 eligible studies were initially identified. Data extraction followed PRISMA and included outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and severe adverse events (SAEs). Direct and indirect meta-analyses were generated in the context of log-linear mixed-effects models, with fixed effects for each relative comparison and random effects for each study., Results: The results showed that EGFR-TKI therapy had improved PFS with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.40 (95% CI: 0.36-0.44, p<0.001) compared to standard chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the EGFR-TKIs showed no benefit on OS (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.83-1.10, p=0.556). In the analysis of adverse events, EGFR-TKIs had fewer SAEs than standard chemotherapy (HR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.26-0.33, p<0.001)., Conclusions: Our systemic review indicates that EGFR-TKI therapy has improved PFS, and reduced SAEs compared to standard chemotherapy in advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC.

Remdesivir has demonstrated clinical benefits in randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 1-4 and was first approved for COVID-19 patients. 5 However, whether remdesivir causes gastrointestinal adverse drug reaction (GI-ADRs) including hepatotoxicity is less clear. 1-4 , 6 Therefore, we aimed to detect a diverse spectrum of GI-ADRs associated with remdesivir using VigiBase, the World Health Organization's international pharmacovigilance database of individual case safety reports., (Copyright © 2021 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

EMT promotes radio- and chemotherapy resistance in HNSCC in vitro. As EMT has been correlated to the transcription factor Slug in tumor specimens from HNSCC patients, we assessed whether Slug overexpression predicts radio- and chemotherapy resistance and favors upfront surgery in HNSCC patients. Slug expression was determined by IHC scoring in tumor specimens from patients with incident HNSCC. Patients were treated with either definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (primary RT/CRT) or upfront surgery with or without postoperative RT or CRT (upfront surgery/PORT). Treatment failure rates and overall survival (OS) were compared between RT/CRT and upfront surgery/PORT in Slug-positive and Slug-negative patients. Slug IHC was positive in 91/354 HNSCC patients. Primary RT/CRT showed inferior response rates (univariate odds ratio (OR) for treatment failure, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.7 to 7.9; p = 0.001) and inferior 5-year OS (univariate, p < 0.001) in Slug-positive patients. The independent predictive value of Slug expression status was confirmed in a multivariable Cox model ( p = 0.017). Slug-positive patients had a 3.3 times better chance of survival when treated with upfront surgery/PORT versus primary RT/CRT. For HNSCC patients, Slug IHC represents a novel and feasible predictive biomarker to support upfront surgery.

Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages, but its association with cancer risk remains controversial and unclear. We performed an umbrella review to clarify and determine the associations between tea consumption and various types of cancer by summarizing and recalculating the existing meta-analyses. Meta-analyses of observational studies reporting associations between tea consumption and cancer risk were searched on PubMed and Embase. Associations found to be statistically significant were further classified into levels of evidence (convincing, suggestive, or weak), based on P value, between-study heterogeneity, prediction intervals, and small study effects. Sixty-four observational studies (case-control or cohort) corresponding to 154 effect sizes on the incidence of 25 types of cancer were included. Forty-three (27.9%) results in 15 different types of cancer were statistically significant. When combining all studies on the same type of cancer, 19 results in 11 different types of cancer showed significant associations with lower risk of gastrointestinal tract organ cancer (oral, gastric, colorectal, biliary tract, and liver cancer), breast cancer, and gynecological cancer (endometrial and ovarian cancer) as well as leukemia, lung cancer, and thyroid cancer. Only the reduced risk of oral cancer in tea-consuming populations (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.72; P value < 10-6) was supported by convincing evidence. Suggestive evidence was found for 6 results on biliary tract, breast, endometrial, liver, and oral cancer. To summarize, tea consumption was shown to have protective effects on some types of cancer, particularly oral cancer. More well-designed prospective studies are needed with consideration of other factors that can cause biases., (Copyright © The Author(s) on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition 2020.)

Multiple studies have suggested that ω-3 fatty acid intake may have a protective effect on cancer risk; however, its true association with cancer risk remains controversial. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses to summarize and evaluate the evidence for the association between ω-3 fatty acid intake and cancer outcomes. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to December 1, 2018. We included meta-analyses of observational studies that examined associations between intake of fish or ω-3 fatty acid and cancer risk (gastrointestinal, liver, breast, gynecologic, prostate, brain, lung, and skin) and determined the level of evidence of associations. In addition, we appraised the quality of the evidence of significant meta-analyses by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. We initially screened 598 articles, and 15 articles, including 57 meta-analyses, were eligible. Among 57 meta-analyses, 15 reported statistically significant results. We found that 12 meta-analyses showed weak evidence of an association between ω-3 fatty acid intake and risk of the following types of cancer: liver cancer (n = 4 of 6), breast cancer (n = 3 of 14), prostate cancer (n = 3 of 11), and brain tumor (n = 2 of 2). In the other 3 meta-analyses, studies of endometrial cancer and skin cancer, there were no assessable data for determining the evidence levels. No meta-analysis showed convincing, highly suggestive, or suggestive evidence of an association. In the sensitivity analysis of meta-analyses by study design, we found weak associations between ω-3 fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk in cohort studies, but no statistically significant association in case-control studies. However, the opposite results were found in case of brain tumor risk. Although ω-3 fatty acids have been studied in several meta-analyses with regard to a wide range of cancer outcomes, only weak associations were identified in some cancer types, with several limitations. Considering the nonsignificant or weak evidence level, clinicians and researchers should cautiously interpret reported associations between ω-3 fatty acid consumption and cancer risks., (Copyright © The Author(s) on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition 2020.)

In the highly dynamic field of advanced malignancies, biomarkers from liquid samples are urgently needed to improve treatment tailoring. However, the heterogenic data lack direct comparison of assays, vectors and relevant validations are rarely found. Therefore, we classified the available studies based on three categories: Measured vectors, applied technique and detected biomarker. High blood tumor mutational burden and low baseline levels of soluble programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) appear to predict treatment responses to immunotherapy. A high PD-1 + CD4 + T-cell count was associated with poor overall survival, PD-1 + CD8 + T-cells connect to a favorable outcome. Circulating tumor cells expressing PD-L1 were mainly associated with poor overall survival and treatment failure. CONCLUSION: Measurement of immunological factors as liquid biomarkers is feasible and has shown promising results. The use of coherent nomenclatures, cross-platform assay comparisons and validations through appropriate powered clinical trials are urgently required to push this auspicious field., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cancer risk has been associated with certain gene variations in microRNA (miRNA), but conflicting evidence warrants re-assessing of significant results in meta-analyses. We summarized published meta-analyses that assess the associations between miRNA polymorphism and cancers to show the validity of the findings., Method: We searched PubMed and investigated the results of meta-analyses published through November 2018. We re-assessed the results based on false-positive report probability (FPRP) to test the noteworthiness of the associations., Results: Sixty-eight miRNA polymorphisms in 45 meta-analyses associated with cancer were included. Four (7.4%) and sixteen (25.0%) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were noteworthy (FPRP < 0.2) at a prior probability of 0.001 for interesting candidate genes and a statistical power to detect an odds ratio (OR) of 1.1 and 1.5, respectively. The four miRNA SNPs noteworthy at an OR of 1.1 were as follows: miR-146a/rs2910164 Cvs.G; miR-27a/rs895819 Cvs.T; miR-423/rs6505162 Cvs.A; and miR-605/rs2043556 Cvs.T. The 16 SNPs noteworthy at an OR of 1.5 include the four genotype comparisons at an OR of 1.1, and the additional 12 genotype comparisons were as follows: miR-196a2/rs11614913 Tvs.C; miR-27a/rs895819 GGvs.AA + AG; miR-196a2/rs11614913 C vs.T; miR-146a/rs2910164 Gvs.C; miR-196a2/rs11614913 Tvs.C; miR-146a/rs2910164 Cvs.G; miR-499/rs3746444 homozygous model; miR-146a/rs2910164 CCvs.GG + GC; miR-499/rs3746444 TCvs.TT; miR-499/rs3746444 GAvs.AA; miR-146a/rs2910164 CCvs.GG; and miR-499/rs3746444 Gvs.A. No association was noteworthy at a prior probability of 0.000001., Conclusion: Out of 68 published associations of miRNA polymorphisms with cancer, sixteen have shown noteworthiness in our re-assessing meta-analysis. Our findings summarize the results of meta-analyses on the association of cancer with SNPs and underline the importance of interpreting results with caution., (© 2020 Stichting European Society for Clinical Investigation Journal Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The aim of this study is to provide an overview and understand the strength of evidence and the extent of potential biases and the validity of claimed associations between the use of statins and cancer mortality or survival. We performed a comprehensive umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematically appraised the relevant meta-analyses of observational studies on the associations between statin use and cancer mortality or survival in various kinds of cancer. We searched the PubMed database and screened the reference list of relevant articles. We obtained the summary effect, 95% confidence interval, heterogeneity, and also examined small study effects and 95% prediction intervals for effect sizes, and the level of evidence was determined from the criteria. Regarding cancer mortality, statin use showed convincing evidence for an association with a reduced cancer-specific mortality rate for colorectal cancer. Four associations with reduced all-cause mortality (for breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endocrine-related gynecological cancer, and ovarian cancer) had a suggestive evidence. Moreover, analyses in nine cancers showed a weak level of evidence, while the remaining 15 did not indicate significant changes in either direction. Although there was a preventive effect of statin on cancer mortality in some cancer types, the evidence supporting the use of statins to reduce cancer mortality or survival was low., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a genomic biomarker that predicts favorable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Here, we set out to assess the predictive value of TMB on long-term survival outcomes in patients undergoing ICIs. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and clinicaltrials.gov from inception to 6 August 2019. We included retrospective studies or clinical trials of ICIs that reported hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and/or progression-free survival (PFS) according to TMB. Data on 5712 patients from 26 studies were included. Among patients who received ICIs, high TMB groups showed better OS (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.67) and PFS (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.67) compared to low TMB groups. In patients with high TMB, those who received ICIs had a better OS (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.95) and PFS (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.92) compared to those who received chemotherapy alone, while in patients with low TMB, such ICI benefits of OS or PFS were not statistically significant. In conclusion, TMB may be an effective biomarker to predict survival in patients undergoing ICI treatment. The role of TMB in identifying patient groups who may benefit from ICIs should be determined in future randomized controlled trials.

We conducted a systematic review for evidence of the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. We searched PubMed from inception to 14 February 2018 for meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of cancer immunotherapies. Re-analyses were performed to estimate the summary effect size under random-effects, the 95% confidence interval (CI), heterogeneity, and the 95% prediction interval, and we determined the strength of the evidence. We examined publication bias and excess significance bias. 63 articles corresponding to 247 meta-analyses were eligible. Nine meta-analyses were classified to have convincing evidence, and 75 were classified as suggestive evidence. The clinical benefit of immunotherapy was supported by convincing evidence in the following settings: anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for treating advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the combination of rituximab and chemotherapy for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, adoptive cell immunotherapy for NSCLC, and the combination of interferon α and chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma. A further meta-analysis of 16 RCTs showed that anti-PD-1/PD-L1 mAb therapy had a benefit in patients with solid tumors (overall survival; hazard ratio = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.68-0.79; p < 0.001), supported by convincing evidence. In the future, rigorous approaches are needed when interpreting meta-analyses to gain better insight into the true efficacy of cancer immunotherapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Hyperprogressive disease (HPD) is a recently acknowledged pattern of rapid tumor progression after the initiation of immune checkpoint inhibitors. HPD has been observed across various types of tumors and has been associated with poor survival. We performed a meta-analysis to identify baseline (i.e., prior to programmed cell death 1 [PD-1, PDCD1] / programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 [PD-L1, CD274] inhibitor therapy) patient factors associated with risks of developing HPD during PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. We searched eight databases until 6 June 2019. We calculated the summary odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model and explored between-study heterogeneity and small-study effects. A total of nine articles was eligible (217 HPD cases, 1519 cancer patients) for meta-analysis. There was no standard definition of HPD, and the incidence of HPD ranged from 1 to 30%. We identified twenty-three baseline patient factors, of which five factors were statistically significantly associated with HPD. These were serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) above the upper normal limit (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.02-3.49, p = 0.043), more than two metastatic sites (OR = 1.86, 1.34-2.57, p < 0.001), liver metastases (OR = 3.33, 2.07-5.34, p < 0.001), Royal Marsden Hospital prognostic score of 2 or above (OR = 3.33, 1.96-5.66, p < 0.001), and positive PD-L1 expression status that was inversely correlated with HPD (OR = 0.60, 0.36-0.99, p = 0.044). Between-study heterogeneity was low. Evidence of small-study effect was found in one association (PD-L1 expression). Subset analyses of patients with non-small cell lung cancer showed similar results. Future studies are warranted to identify underlying molecular mechanisms and to test their roles as predictive biomarkers of HPD.

Statins are reported to reduce the risk of cancer, but the results of various published studies have been contradictory. We carried out an umbrella review to provide an overview and understand the strength of evidence, extent of potential biases, and validity of claimed associations between the use of statins and cancer incidence. We comprehensively re-analyzed the data of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies on associations between statin use and cancer incidence. We also assessed the strength of evidence of the re-analyzed outcomes, which were determined from the criteria including statistical significance of the p-value of random-effects, as well as fixed-effects meta-analyses, small study effects, between-study heterogeneity, and a 95% prediction interval. Using a conventional method to assess the significance of meta-analysis (p-value < 0.05), statins had a statistically significant effect on reducing cancer incidence in 10 of 18 types of cancer. When we graded the level of evidence, no cancer type showed convincing evidence, and four cancers (esophageal cancer, hematological cancer, leukemia, and liver cancer) showed suggestive evidence of a preventive effect. There was weak evidence of an association with six cancers, and no significance for the remaining eight cancers. None of the meta-analyses of RCTs on the association of statin and cancer incidence showed a statistical significance. Although there was a preventive effect of statin on cancer incidence in 10 of the 18 cancer types, the evidence supporting the use of statins to reduce cancer incidence was low. Therefore, the associations between statin use and cancer incidence should be carefully considered by clinicians., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Analyzing mouse tumor models in vivo, human T cells ex vivo, and human lung cancer samples, we provide direct evidence that NR2F6 acts as an immune checkpoint. Genetic ablation of Nr2f6, particularly in combination with established cancer immune checkpoint blockade, efficiently delays tumor progression and improves survival in experimental mouse models. The target genes deregulated in intratumoral T lymphocytes upon genetic ablation of Nr2f6 alone or together with PD-L1 blockade reveal multiple advantageous transcriptional alterations. Acute Nr2f6 silencing in both mouse and human T cells induces hyper-responsiveness that establishes a non-redundant T-cell-inhibitory function of NR2F6. NR2F6 protein expression in T-cell-infiltrating human NSCLC is upregulated in 54% of the cases (n = 303) and significantly correlates with PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression. Our data define NR2F6 as an intracellular immune checkpoint that suppresses adaptive anti-cancer immune responses and set the stage for clinical validation of targeting NR2F6 for next-generation immuno-oncological regimens.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment was booming at this year's ASCO 2018 meeting as several well-performed phase III trials with practice-changing potential were presented. Thereby immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) consolidated its major role in the treatment of NSCLC patients without genetic alterations and extended its use by showing impressive data on ICB combination therapies (mainly combined with chemotherapy). Furthermore the role of predictive biomarkers for ICB therapy (Programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1] expression, tumor mutational burden [TMB] testing and others) have been further developed and blood-based tests were presented with promising data revealing the potential of this minimally invasive method for treatment monitoring and guidance in the future. Nevertheless the best biomarker is still elusive and future research is ongoing and might be a multimodal approach combining different modalities. No major studies concerning new genetic alterations or innovative targets were presented and the focus in genetic driven NSCLC was the evaluation of combinational approaches (e.g. in epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] mutation positve patients, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor [TKI] plus anti-angiogenic agent or chemotherapy backbone). The presented results showed some benefit for the combinational approach; however toxicity might be an issue and further validation is necessary. Summarizing, ASCO 2018 showed that combinational approaches will be the future standard treatment in NSCLC and that biomarker identification is more heterogeneous and complex than anticipated, but presented next generation techniques may pave the way to a more personalized cancer therapy., Competing Interests: G. Gamerith declares that she has received travel grants, honoraria and speaker’s fee from BMS, MSD, Roche, Astra Zeneca and Amgen. J. Rudzki declares that he has received honoraria and speaker’s fee from BMS, Roche, MSD, Astra Zeneca, Amgen and served as advisor for BMS, Roche, MSD, Astra Zeneca, Amgen, Gilead/Kite. A. Pircher has received speaker’s fee and honoraria for advisory boards from Astra Zeneca, Roche, Pfizer and MSD. F. Kocher declares that he has no competing interests.