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Summaries of harvested and non-harvested fishes in the MPA and nMPA locations.

International audience

We used reared larvae of Gramma loreto sized 5.5 to 10.5 mm to study ontogeny of morphology and swim- ming. The larvae are slender to moderate in depth, with laterally compressed bodies, about 28 myomeres, a coiled gut that is not compact, extending to 50% to 60% of body length, an inconspicuous gas bladder, head spination limited to tiny preopercular spines, no pectoral-girdle spination, more spines than soft rays in the dorsal fin, and fins without elongate or early-forming elements. The limited pigment is most prominent along the base of the dorsal and anal fins. The development of critical speed (Ucrit) in G. loreto larvae was similar to that of other warm-water species, but speed ranged from 0.2 to 13.5 cm s-1 (mean 7.3, SE 0.7, body lengths s-1), which is relatively slow. Increase in speed with size was linear at 2.7 cm s-1 per mm increase in size. The actual and relative Ucrit of G. loreto were low, and only the four largest, fastest larvae would have been swimming in an inertial hydrodynamic environment. Therefore, for most of their pelagic larval duration the ability of G. loreto larvae to influence their dispersal by horizontal swimming is likely to be low compared with that of many other warm-water fish species. Hemos utilizado larvas cultivadas de Gramma loreto, 5.5-10.5 mm, para estudiar el desarrollo ontogénico en morfología y natación. Las larvas son delgadas o moderamente gruesas, con cuerpos comprimidos lateralmente, con 28 miómeros, un tubo digestivo en espiral, no compacto y que se extiende hasta el 50-60% de la longitud del cuerpo, con una vejiga natatoria inconspicua, espinas en la cabeza limitadas a diminutas espinas preoperculares, sin espinas en la pectoral, mayor número de espinas que de radios blandos en la aleta dorsal, y aletas sin elementos alargados. La pigmentación es limitada, siendo más prominente a lo largo de la base de las aletas dorsal y anal. El desarrollo de la velocidad crítica (Ucrit) en las larvas de G. loreto fue similar al de otras especies de aguas cálidas, sin embargo la velocidad varió de 0.2 a 13.5 cm s-1 (promedio 7.3, ES 0.7, longitud del cuerpo s-1), lo que es relativamente lento. El incremento de velocidad con la talla fue lineal a 2.7 cm s-1 por mm de incremento en talla. La Ucrit real y la relativa de G. loreto fue baja, y solamente las cuatro larvas más grandes y más rápidas , hubieran nadado en un ambiente hidrodinámico inercial. Por tanto, durante la mayor parte de su periodo larvario pelágico la capacidad de las larvas de G. loreto para influir en su dispersión por la natación horizontal es probablemente baja en comparación con muchas otras especies de peces de aguas cálidas.

International audience; The analysis of the C-O stable isotope composition of coral reef fish otoliths from Taiaro, a French Polynesian atoll normally isolated from the Pacific Ocean, has been performed to address two main questions. The first is to confirm previous results which suggest that a lagoonal coral reef fish population is able to achieve its ontogenetic cycle without any open ocean phase. If so, are O isotopic values of otoliths an indicator of temperature fluctuations in the tropical Pacific Ocean related to climate change and in particular temperature variations of water masses? δ18O and δ13C values on both lagoon and open ocean fish otoliths caught in 2006 indicated clearly that O-isotopes reached the isotopic equilibrium; in contrast, all δ13C values exhibited a strong isotopic disequilibrium related to metabolic activity. Stable isotope compositions revealed a clear differentiation between fish from lagoons and those from the open ocean (with a δ18O enrichment of 1 ‰ in favour of the lagoon). This confirmed a lack of connectivity between habitats and that fish from lagoon lived their entire life cycle in the lagoon. Both δ18O and δ13C data indicated differences between nucleus and edge signatures with changes in fish behavior from the larval life to adulthood (habitat, diet, etc.), and a clear adaptation of dietary behavior of lagoon fish. The comparison of the 2006 data set with those of 1994 showed that environmental conditions were stable in the lagoon, leading to a very narrow range of variations in the δ18O values. δ18O of fish otoliths of the open ocean exhibited a wider variation (+0.25 ‰) between 1994 and 2006, suggesting a decrease in temperature linked to a change of SST, which can be interpreted in terms of climate change associated with El Nino Southern Oscilation (ENENSO). These differences could also be due to a switch of habitats during the life cycle of fish from the open ocean.

International audience; The present study investigated the effects of tidal state (ebb vs. rising tide) on juvenile fish communities on three reef flats at Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean). Diurnal underwater visual surveys recorded 11,289 juveniles from 102 species during October-November 2011. Juvenile fishes were separated into three categories according to their habitat dependence: transient, semi-transient and resident. The three-factor ANOVA showed that the fish density differed significantly according to tidal range (p = 0.006) and habitat dependence (p = 0.001), and not according to sites (p = 0.316). Thus, transient fishes were mainly present on the fringing reef flats at rising tide and changed in abundance with tidal state, while resident fish groups differed little during tidal state. Overall, these results suggest that transient fishes would use the reef flat only as a temporary habitat at high tide, while resident fish would use the reef flat during all conditions of tidal flow.

International audience; In order to ensure a sustainable management of reef fisheries, data need to be collected regularly on the effect of these fisheries on both fish resources and the ecosystems that sustain them. Habitat and resources monitoring programs can provide such information, but are difficult to implement as they involve a range of technical, financial and human resources. Regarding these problems, the involvement of the local population in monitoring programs, called participatory monitoring, seems to offer solutions. Indeed, participatory monitoring has the potential of increasing the number of data collected at low cost, while taking advantage of the traditional ecological knowledge available locally. Some questions need clarifying, however: which methods can bring relevant information for the monitoring of reef fisheries while being appropriate to the motivations and skills of the local population? Is the degree of participation of the local population sufficient to make the monitoring program work, particularly over the long term? To answer these questions, participatory monitoring methods commonly used for coral reef ecosystems have been implemented to assess reef fisheries at three different sites: Moorea island and Tikehau atoll in French Polynesia, and the Bay of Tulear in Madagascar. While highlighting the relevance of some participatory monitoring programs for snapshot and large-scale surveys, the results of this study also show their lesser interest for regular data gathering on long-time scales. In any case, strong coordination and supervision by scientists are considered essential.; La gestion durable des écosystèmes coralliens nécessite de disposer d’informations régulières concernant l’impact des pêcheries sur les ressources récifales et sur les écosystèmes dont elles dépendent. Les suivis intégrés des ressources, des habitats et des espèces associées qui visent à fournir ce type d’informations sont difficiles à mettre en œuvre, car ils impliquent de nombreuses ressources humaines, techniques et financières. Face à ces problèmes, la participation de la société civile dans les programmes de suivi semble en mesure d’apporter des solutions. Dans le but de tester cette hypothèse, des méthodes de suivi participatif ont été mises en œuvre afin de caractériser des pêcheries récifales sur trois socio-écosystèmes contrastés : l’île de Moorea et l’atoll de Tikehau en Polynésie française, et le littoral de Tuléar à Madagascar. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent la pertinence de certains suivis participatifs pour fournir une vision écosystémique dans le cas de collecte de données ponctuelles et de large envergure, et leur intérêt moindre pour la collecte continue de données sur de longues échelles de temps. Dans tous les cas, une structure de coordination et l’implication de scientifiques s’avèrent primordiales pour assurer pérennité et fiabilité au système de suivi.