Search

Natural killer (NK) cell activity, cortisol and catecholamine levels, and physiological reactivity were examined in 15 healthy women who volunteered to take a cognitive stress test (the Stroop test). Relationships were explored among the physiological and selected psychosocial variables. Urine and blood samples were taken to examine catecholamine and cortisol concentrations and NK cell activity immediately before, immediately after, and hourly for 6 hours after the Stroop test. During the Stroop test, heart rate, skin conductance, peripheral skin temperature, and blood pressure were measured. Although skin conductance, heart rate, and blood pressure increased in response to the Stroop test, neuroendocrine values did not. Cortisol secretion decreased after the Stroop test and appeared to follow the normal circadian rhythm. NK cell activity was variable among individual participants but tended to increase over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone involvement, a hallmark of advanced cancer, results in intolerable pain, substantial morbidity, and impaired quality of life in 34%-45% of cancer patients. Despite the publication of 15 studies on massage therapy (MT) in cancer patients, little is known about the longitudinal effects of MT and safety in cancer patients with bone metastasis. The purpose of this study was to describe the feasibility of MT and to examine the effects of MT on present pain intensity (PPI), anxiety, and physiological relaxation over a 16- to 18-hour period in 30 Taiwanese cancer patients with bone metastases. A quasi-experimental, one-group, pretest-post-test design with repeated measures was used to examine the time effects of MT using single-item scales for pain (PPI-visual analog scale [VAS]) and anxiety (anxiety-VAS), the modified Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MSF-MPQ), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). MT was shown to have effective immediate [t(29)=16.5, P=0.000; t(29)=8.9, P=0.000], short-term (20-30 minutes) [t(29)=9.3, P=0.000; t(29)=10.1, P=0.000], intermediate (1-2.5 hours) [t(29)=7.9, P=0.000; t(29)=8.9, P=0.000], and long-term benefits (16-18 hours) [t(29)=4.0, P=0.000; t(29)=5.7, P=0.000] on PPI and anxiety. The most significant impact occurred 15 [F=11.5(1,29), P<0.002] or 20 [F=20.4(1,29), P<0.000] minutes after the intervention. There were no significant time effects in decreasing or increasing HR and MAP. No patient reported any adverse effects as a result of MT. Clinically, the time effects of MT can assist health care providers in implementing MT along with pharmacological treatment, thereby enhancing cancer pain management. Randomized clinical trials are needed to validate the effectiveness of MT in this cancer population. Copyright © 2009 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To provide a review of the biology of lung tumor development and progression, and advances in gene and antimetastatic therapies., Data Sources: Review articles, research studies, and book chapters pertaining to the biology of lung cancer., Conclusion: Advances in understanding the molecular basis of lung cancer initiation, promotion, and progression will provide more effective methods of early detection and treatment of this disease. Promising new treatment methods based on tumor biology include gene therapies, antibodies against growth factors, and agents that prevent angiogenesis and tissue invasion., Implications for Nursing Practice: An understanding of the biology of cancer assists nurses with the development of protocols for the assessment and monitoring of patients receiving treatments based on cancer biology. Oncology nurses will assume important counseling roles with the development of genetic testing and prognostic markers.

We compared the fine structure of the biopsied rectal mucosa of seven allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients who had gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) with that of four recipients without GVHD. In GVHD, lymphocytes formed the predominant cellular infiltrate. Lymphocytes indented the cytoplasmic membranes of enterocytes by point contact, extended broad pseudopods to the nuclear membranes of the enterocytes, and surrounded desmosomes. The membranes of target cells were never breached, however. We hypothesize that these lymphocyte-to-epithelial-cell contacts represent the recognition phase of alloimmune T-lymphocyte cytolysis. Damage to the enterocytes resulted in both coagulative necrosis and "apoptosis" (the development of membrane-bound cell fragments--"apoptotic bodies"). Epithelial injury and lymphocytic infiltration predominated in the bases of the crypts in mild GVHD and extended to the surface epithelium in severe GVHD. Chemoradiotherapy-induced injury, present early post-transplant, was diffuse and severe but transient. In GVHD, damage to the enterocytes, necrosis, and intercellular edema extended beyond the time of resolution of chemoradiotherapy-induced injuries. Patients without GVHD, studied after resolution of chemoradiation injury, had rectal epithelium with little or no injury and no evidence of either increased numbers of lymphocytes or of the intimate lymphocyte-to-epithelial-cell contacts described in those with GVHD.

Recent data show that stem cells in primate epidermis are concentrated at the bases of rete ridges. Because the early lesions of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the vertebrate skin are in basal epidermis and hair follicle cells, the authors hypothesized that stem cells or their early progeny might be targeted. In this study they used morphometric methods to examine the distribution of the lesions of GVHD in the skin and lip of human bone marrow allograft recipients. They found that rete ridges are the primary sites of attack in early GVHD of the skin. They also found that the concentration of stem cells in ridges for various anatomic sites (body or arm, palm or sole, and lip) is directly proportional to the frequency and concentration of the lesions of GVHD. Osmotic fragility and the expression of early differentiation antigens related to the major histocompatibility complex are discussed as potential explanations for this phenomenon.

Cytotoxic lymphocytes are thought to kill target cells by means of potent cytotoxic granules that congregate near the microtubular organizing center and the Golgi apparatus at one pole of the killer cell. We searched for evidence of this type of polarization in 12 lip biopsy specimens from patients with acute and/or chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) compared with two lip specimens from normal individuals. Lymphocytes with such polarization were found in contact with epithelial cells of the squamous mucosa in all 12 cases of GVHD, and cells of the cuboidal minor salivary duct epithelium were found in two of 11 evaluable cases. The data add support to the hypothesis that cytolytic lymphocytes attack epithelial cells in GVHD.

The epidermal ultrastructure of 11 allogeneic bone marrow recipients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was compared with that of 4 recipients without chronic GVHD. This electron microscope study revealed three patterns of epidermal injury typical of chronic GVHD. The first type was a nonacantholytic (nondissecting) injury with a prominent cellular infiltrate consisting primarily of lymphocytes accompanied by a few macrophages. The second type was an acantholytic (dissecting) injury with a prominent infiltrate, while the third was a nondissecting injury with a sparse infiltrate. Broad-zone contact was observed between lymphocytes and all epidermal cell types as well as between other lymphocytes and macrophages. Point contact was only observed between lymphocytes and epidermal cells. Lymphocytes appeared to detach desmosomes from adjacent keratinocytes by isolating them with cytoplasmic projections, a phenomenon not previously described. Typical damage to the epidermal cells in the basal and spinous layers consisted of either swelling of the organelles or condensation of the cytoplasm and nucleus. In the keratinocyte, the condensation reaction resulted in the formation of colloid bodies, some of which were phagocytized by macrophages. Besides the cytolytic events, a concurrent stimulatory reaction occurred in the epidermal cells. The number of melanosomes in melanocytes and of Langerhans cell granules and dense bodies in the Langerhans cells all increased. Extensive areas of replication and disruption of the basal lamina were subjacent to areas of necrosis in the basal layer.