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4. West Nile virus surveillance using sentinel birds: results of eleven years of testing in corvids in a region of northern Italy.

Author

Tamba, Marco, Bonilauri, Paolo, Galletti, Giorgio, Casadei, Gabriele, Santi, Annalisa, Rossi, Arianna, and Calzolari, Mattia

Subjects
WEST Nile virus, WATCHFUL waiting, H7N9 Influenza, MOSQUITO vectors, TRANSPLANTATION of organs, tissues, etc., BLOOD transfusion
Abstract

The natural transmission cycle of West Nile virus (WNV) involves birds as primary hosts and mosquitoes as vectors, but this virus can spread to mammals, human beings included. Asymptomatic infected donors pose a risk to the safety of blood transfusions and organ transplants, as WNV can be transmitted through these medical procedures. Since 2009, the region of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy has been implementing an integrated surveillance system in order to detect WNV circulation in the environment at an early stage. Here we report the results of the two components of the surveillance system, the active testing of corvids and humans, and demonstrate that bird surveillance alone improves a surveillance system based solely on human case detection. As WNV risk reduction measures are applied on a provincial basis, we assessed the ability of this surveillance system component to detect virus circulation prior to the notification of the first human case for each province. Overall, 99 epidemic seasons were evaluated as a result of 11 years (2013-2023) of surveillance in the nine provinces of the region. In this period, 22,314 corvids were tested for WNV and 642 (2.9%) were found to be infected. WNV was generally first detected in birds in July, with sample prevalence peaks occurring between August and September. During the same period, 469 autochthonous human cases were notified, about 60% of which were reported in August. WNV was detected 79 times out of the 99 seasons considered. The virus was notified in birds 73 times (92.4%) and 60 times (75.9%) in humans. WNV was first or only notified in birds in 57 seasons (72.1%), while it was first or only notified in humans in 22 seasons (27.8%). Active surveillance in corvids generally allows the detection of WNV before the onset of human cases. Failure of virus detection occurred mainly in seasons where the number of birds tested was low. Our results show that active testing of a minimum of 3.8 corvids per 100 km2 provides a satisfactory timeliness in the virus detection, but for early detection of WNV it is crucial to test birds between mid-June and mid-August. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Paratuberculosis, Animal Welfare and Biosecurity: A Survey in 33 Northern Italy Dairy Goat Farms

Author

Gaffuri, Alessandra, primary, Barsi, Filippo, additional, Magni, Edoardo, additional, Bergagna, Stefania, additional, Dellamaria, Debora, additional, Ricchi, Matteo, additional, De Paolis, Livia, additional, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Arrigoni, Norma, additional, Lorenzi, Valentina, additional, Fusi, Francesca, additional, Prosperi, Alice, additional, and Garbarino, Chiara, additional

Published
2023
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7. Eleven Years of Health Monitoring in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy)

Author

Rossi, Arianna, primary, Santi, Annalisa, additional, Barsi, Filippo, additional, Casadei, Gabriele, additional, Di Donato, Alessandra, additional, Fontana, Maria Cristina, additional, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Garbarino, Chiara Anna, additional, Lombardini, Annalisa, additional, Musto, Carmela, additional, Prosperi, Alice, additional, Pupillo, Giovanni, additional, Rugna, Gianluca, additional, and Tamba, Marco, additional

Published
2023
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8. Microbiological and Chemical Analysis of Food Collected Under Official Control in the Emilia-Romagna Region of Northern Italy, 2014–2019

Author

Rosamilia, Alfonso, primary, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Accurso, Damiano, additional, Bardasi, Lia, additional, Taddei, Roberta, additional, Chiapponi, Chiara, additional, Ricchi, Matteo, additional, Bonilauri, Paolo, additional, Rugna, Gianluca, additional, Rubini, Silva, additional, Frasnelli, Matteo, additional, Fiorentini, Laura, additional, Tamba, Marco, additional, Diegoli, Giuseppe, additional, and Padovani, Anna, additional

Published
2023
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12. Wildlife Hosts of Leishmania infantum in a Re-Emerging Focus of Human Leishmaniasis, in Emilia-Romagna, Northeast Italy

Author

Taddei, Roberta, primary, Bregoli, Arianna, additional, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Carra, Elena, additional, Fiorentini, Laura, additional, Fontana, Maria Cristina, additional, Frasnelli, Matteo, additional, Musto, Carmela, additional, Pupillo, Giovanni, additional, Reggiani, Alessandro, additional, Santi, Annalisa, additional, Rossi, Arianna, additional, Tamba, Marco, additional, Calzolari, Mattia, additional, and Rugna, Gianluca, additional

Published
2022
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21. Enhanced West Nile Virus Circulation in the Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy Regions (Northern Italy) in 2018 Detected by Entomological Surveillance

Author

Calzolari, Mattia, primary, Angelini, Paola, additional, Bolzoni, Luca, additional, Bonilauri, Paolo, additional, Cagarelli, Roberto, additional, Canziani, Sabrina, additional, Cereda, Danilo, additional, Cerioli, Monica Pierangela, additional, Chiari, Mario, additional, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Moirano, Giovenale, additional, Tamba, Marco, additional, Torri, Deborah, additional, Trogu, Tiziana, additional, Albieri, Alessandro, additional, Bellini, Romeo, additional, and Lelli, Davide, additional

Published
2020
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22. Bulk tank milk quality data is unlikely to give useful information about dairy cow welfare at herd level

Author

Ginestreti, Jessica, primary, Strano, Rosa Maria, additional, Lorenzi, Valentina, additional, Fusi, Francesca, additional, Angelucci, Alessandra, additional, Ferrara, Giandomenico, additional, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Bergagna, Stefania, additional, Bolzoni, Giuseppe, additional, Zanardi, Giorgio, additional, Buffoli, Elena, additional, Marcolini, Antonio, additional, and Bertocchi, Luigi, additional

Published
2020
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24. Occurrence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in bivalve molluscs and associations with Escherichia coli in molluscs and faecal coliforms in seawater

Author

Rubini, Silva, primary, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, D’Incau, Mario, additional, Govoni, Guido, additional, Boschetti, Lari, additional, Berardelli, Chiara, additional, Barbieri, Stefania, additional, Merialdi, Giuseppe, additional, Formaglio, Andrea, additional, Guidi, Enrica, additional, Bergamini, Mauro, additional, Piva, Silvia, additional, Serraino, Andrea, additional, and Giacometti, Federica, additional

Published
2018
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25. Economics of One Health: Costs and benefits of integrated West Nile virus surveillance in Emilia-Romagna

Author

Paternoster, Giulia, primary, Babo Martins, Sara, additional, Mattivi, Andrea, additional, Cagarelli, Roberto, additional, Angelini, Paola, additional, Bellini, Romeo, additional, Santi, Annalisa, additional, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Pupella, Simonetta, additional, Marano, Giuseppe, additional, Copello, Francesco, additional, Rushton, Jonathan, additional, Stärk, Katharina D. C., additional, and Tamba, Marco, additional

Published
2017
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27. Detection and quantification of Paenibacillus larvae spores in samples of bees, honey and hive debris as a tool for American foulbrood risk assessment.

Author

BASSI, Stefano, CARPANA, Emanuele, BERGOMI, Patrizia, and GALLETTI, Giorgio

Subjects
PAENIBACILLUS, BEE colonies, LARVAE, PARASITES, HONEYBEES
Abstract

American foulbrood (AFB) is a severe bacterial brood disease of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. Low-levels of P. larvae in honey bee colonies are very widespread and can be considered endemic, whereas AFB occurs in clinical form only when a certain level of spores is reached in the colony. We studied for the first time the relationship between the level of the wintry contamination by P. larvae in materials taken from the hive and the onset of the disease in the following spring. In ten apiaries, from 125 colonies without signs of AFB, samples of adult bees, honey from the brood chamber and hive debris were collected in winter and cultured to detect P. larvae spore levels. The colonies were then checked in spring, until the end of May, for AFB symptoms. The performance of tests based on bees, honey and hive debris was evaluated, with respect to the results of clinical examination, by determination and comparison of sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and positive predictive value (PPV) at different cut-off thresholds. Using the presence or absence of spores as a cut-off threshold, the examination of debris and bees showed a good Se (100%), while the Se of honey was limited (81.25%). At the same cut-off threshold, debris showed a greater Sp than that of bees (57.80% vs 7.34%). At increased cut-off thresholds, the Se was always higher for bee examination than for debris examination, whereas Sp and PPV were always higher for debris than for bees. The results showed that the levels of P. larvae spores in adult bees and, above all, in hive debris can be a useful tool for AFB risk assessment. The identification and proper management of the colonies with an increased risk of developing the disease is crucial for reducing the impact of AFB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018

30. Mosquito, Bird and Human Surveillance of West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2010

Author

Calzolari, Mattia, primary, Gaibani, Paolo, additional, Bellini, Romeo, additional, Defilippo, Francesco, additional, Pierro, Anna, additional, Albieri, Alessandro, additional, Maioli, Giulia, additional, Luppi, Andrea, additional, Rossini, Giada, additional, Balzani, Agnese, additional, Tamba, Marco, additional, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Gelati, Antonio, additional, Carrieri, Marco, additional, Poglayen, Giovanni, additional, Cavrini, Francesca, additional, Natalini, Silvano, additional, Dottori, Michele, additional, Sambri, Vittorio, additional, Angelini, Paola, additional, and Bonilauri, Paolo, additional

Published
2012
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33. Evidence of Simultaneous Circulation of West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Mosquitoes Sampled in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2009

Author

Calzolari, Mattia, primary, Bonilauri, Paolo, additional, Bellini, Romeo, additional, Albieri, Alessandro, additional, Defilippo, Francesco, additional, Maioli, Giulia, additional, Galletti, Giorgio, additional, Gelati, Antoni, additional, Barbieri, Ilaria, additional, Tamba, Marco, additional, Lelli, Davide, additional, Carra, Elena, additional, Cordioli, Paolo, additional, Angelini, Paola, additional, and Dottori, Michele, additional

Published
2010
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35. Wildlife Hosts of Leishmania Infantum in a Re-Emerging Focus of Human Leishmaniasis, in Emilia-Romagna, Northeast Italy

Author

Roberta Taddei, Arianna Bregoli, Giorgio Galletti, Elena Carra, Laura Fiorentini, Maria Cristina Fontana, Matteo Frasnelli, Carmela Musto, Giovanni Pupillo, Alessandro Reggiani, Annalisa Santi, Arianna Rossi, Marco Tamba, Mattia Calzolari, Gianluca Rugna, Taddei, Roberta, Bregoli, Arianna, Galletti, Giorgio, Carra, Elena, Fiorentini, Laura, Fontana, Maria Cristina, Frasnelli, Matteo, Musto, Carmela, Pupillo, Giovanni, Reggiani, Alessandro, Santi, Annalisa, Rossi, Arianna, Tamba, Marco, Calzolari, Mattia, and Rugna, Gianluca

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), life_sciences_other, reservoir, General Immunology and Microbiology, wildlife, artiodactyl, European hare, Leishmania infantum, artiodactyls, roe deer, red fox, wild boar, Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Molecular Biology
Abstract

In the last decade, an upsurge of human leishmaniasis has been reported in the Emilia-Romagna region, Northeast Italy. Epidemiologic data have raised doubts about the role of dogs as the main reservoirs for Leishmania infantum. In the present study, a total of 1077 wild animals were screened for L. infantum DNA in earlobe and spleen samples from 2019 to 2022. The lymph nodes were tested only in 23 animals already positive in the earlobe and/or spleen. A total of 71 (6.6%) animals resulted positive in at least one of the sampled tissues, including 3/18 (16.7%) wolves, 6/39 (15.4%) European hares, 38/309 (12.3%) roe deer, 1/11 (9.1%) red deer, 8/146 (4.9%) wild boars, 13/319 (4.1%) red foxes, 1/54 (1.9%) porcupine, and 1/59 (1.7%) European badger. Most of the infected animals (62/71) tested positive only in the earlobe tissue, only four animals (two roe deer and two wild boars) tested positive only in the spleen, and five animals (three roe deer and two red foxes) resulted positive for both tissues. L. infantum DNA was detected in the lymph nodes of 6/23 animals. L. infantum detection occurred in all seasons associated with low real-time PCR Ct values. Further research is needed in order to clarify the role of wildlife in the re-emerging focus of leishmaniasis in Northeast Italy.

Published
2022

36. Occurrence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in bivalve molluscs and associations with Escherichia coli in molluscs and faecal coliforms in seawater

Author

C Chiara Berardelli, D Andrea Formaglio, S Barbieri, A Mario D’Incau, C Lari Boschetti, E Andrea Serraino, A Giuseppe Merialdi, Enrica Guidi, E Silvia Piva, A Silva Rubini, B Guido Govoni, A Giorgio Galletti, Mauro Bergamini, E. Federica Giacometti, Rubini, Silva, Galletti, Giorgio, D’Incau, Mario, Govoni, Guido, Boschetti, Lari, Berardelli, Chiara, Barbieri, Stefania, Merialdi, Giuseppe, Formaglio, Andrea, Guidi, Enrica, Bergamini, Mauro, Piva, Silvia, Serraino, Andrea, and Giacometti, Federica

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Salmonella, Veterinary medicine, 030106 microbiology, Faecal coliforms, Ruditapes, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Seawaters, Escherichia coli, medicine, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Seawater, Bivalve mollusc, Shellfish, Salmonella enterica subsp enterica, biology, Ambientale, Bivalve molluscs, biology.organism_classification, Mytilus, Coliform bacteria, Fecal coliform, Salmonella enterica, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract

The objectives of this study were to present data on the presence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and on the enumeration of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms respectively in different species of bivalve molluscs and seawater and to conduct a retrospective evaluation to assess the capacity of E. coli in molluscs and faecal coliforms and S. enterica subsp. enterica in sea and brackish water to predict the presence of S. enterica subsp. enterica in bivalve molluscs, and therefore, the risk of exposure for consumers. Data were collected from 4972 seawater samples and 5785 live bivalve molluscs samples (2877 Ruditapes philippinarum , 2177 Mytilus galloprovincialis, 256 Chamelae gallina and 475 C. gigas and O. edulis ) collected in the molluscs production area of Ferrara, Northern Italy, from 1997 to 2015. An overall S. enterica subsp. enterica occurrence of 2.2% was reported in water and molluscs, with percentages varying depending on the type of sample and on the classification areas. All the 237 Salmonella strains were identified as genus Salmonella and a total of 53 different serovars were observed. Significant associations between the fecal indicators and presence of S. enterica subsp. enterica were observed both applying EU and USA criteria, but, it should be noted that the EU approach seems to be more stringent achieving the goal of identifying the most critical batches (94 out of the 100) whereas, following the USA approach, a not negligible and higher number of batches compliant for faecal coliforms but contaminated by S. enterica subsp. enterica has to be mentioned. In any case, the faecal indicators E. coli in molluscs and faecal coliforms in seawaters reflect only in part the presence of S. enterica subsp. enterica in molluscs and the consequent potential risk for consumers. Microbiological evaluation of seawaters seems to have a minor impact into the prediction of S. enterica subsp. enterica presence in molluscs.

Published
2018

37. Suitability of a Salmonella control programme based on serology in slaughter heavy pigs

Author

Giulia Paternoster, Antonino Caminiti, A. Santi, Silvia Tagliabue, G. Galletti, Marcello Trevisani, Mariagrazia Zanoni, Matteo Gradassi, Giovanni Loris Alborali, Marco Tamba, Gradassi, Matteo, Caminiti, Antonino, Galletti, Giorgio, Santi, Annalisa, Paternoster, Giulia, Tamba, Marco, Zanoni, Mariagrazia, Tagliabue, Silvia, Alborali, Giovanni Lori, and Trevisani, Marcello

Subjects
Salmonella, Swine, animal diseases, Sus scrofa, Seroprevalence, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Serology, Animal science, Seroepidemiologic Studies, medicine, Animals, Cecum, Swine Diseases, Salmonella Infections, Animal, General Veterinary, Medicine (all), Bayes Theorem, Europe, Heavy pig, Herd, Veterinary (all), Bayesian framework, Lymph Nodes, Abattoirs
Abstract

The key component of most European pig Salmonella control programmes is the classification of herds according to seroprevalence at slaughter. The objectives of this study were to estimate the true Salmonella seroprevalence, and investigate the association between the true status of infection and serology in slaughter heavy pigs. Blood of 3340 pigs was collected and tested with ELISA. From 385 pigs, also lymph nodes and cecal content were collected for bacteriology. Analysis was performed in a Bayesian framework. Results showed that a large proportion of pigs was serologically positive (herd seroprevalence 93% and within-herd seroprevalence higher than 81% in half of herds at cut-off 10 OD%). The association between the true status of infection and serology was not significant, and therefore the classification of heavy pig herds according to seroprevalence at slaughter would not be suitable to reduce the risk of introducing Salmonella into the food chain.

Published
2014

38. Re-emergence of human leishmaniasis in northern Italy, 2004 to 2022: a retrospective analysis.

Author

Todeschini R, Musti MA, Pandolfi P, Troncatti M, Baldini M, Resi D, Natalini S, Bergamini F, Galletti G, Santi A, Rossi A, Rugna G, Granozzi B, Attard L, Gaspari V, Liguori G, Ortalli M, and Varani S

Subjects
Humans, Animals, Dogs, Retrospective Studies, Italy epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Visceral epidemiology, Leishmaniasis epidemiology, Leishmaniasis veterinary, Psychodidae, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Leishmania infantum
Abstract

BackgroundHuman leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease transmitted by sand flies and endemic in the Mediterranean region. In Italy, leishmaniasis is present in the south and the western coastal regions, with an epidemic peak detected in northern Italy in the early 1970s.AimTo examine temporal trends, and demographic, clinical, geographical and environmental features of human leishmaniasis cases recorded by the local health unit (LHU) of Bologna, northern Italy.MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, we analysed human leishmaniasis cases recorded from 2004 to 2022 within the Bologna LHU. We also conducted serological investigations for canine leishmaniasis in owned dogs living near the place of infection of human cases.ResultsIn total, 173 cases of human leishmaniasis were detected, and 154 cases were considered autochthonous. An increase of human cases was observed since 2004, with incidence peaks above 2 cases/100,000 inhabitants in 2013, 2018 and 2022; epidemic peaks were preceded by dry summers. Most cases lived in the plain and hilly areas less than 400 m above sea level and many resided in isolated housing, in city outskirts, and/or near uncultivated areas, watercourses and railway sections. The incidence of canine leishmaniasis did not increase in the study period.ConclusionAn epidemic of human leishmaniasis with fluctuating annual numbers of cases, probably related to environmental and climatic factors, was identified in the Bologna LHU. Understanding the risk factors and the environmental characteristics related to places of infection is crucial to evaluate the public health implications of leishmaniasis.

Published
2024
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39. A surveillance program on canine leishmaniasis in the public kennels of Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy.

Author

Santi A, Renzi M, Baldelli R, Calzolari M, Caminiti A, Dell'Anna S, Galletti G, Lombardini A, Paternoster G, and Tamba M

Subjects
Animals, Dog Diseases parasitology, Dogs, Epidemiological Monitoring, Geography, Italy epidemiology, Leishmania infantum immunology, Leishmaniasis, Visceral epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Visceral parasitology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Antibodies, Protozoan blood, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Leishmania infantum isolation & purification, Leishmaniasis, Visceral veterinary, Psychodidae parasitology
Abstract

Since 2007, a canine leishmaniasis (CanL) surveillance program has been carried out in public kennels of the Emilia-Romagna region with the aim of providing health guarantees for dog adoptions. According to this program, monitoring activities were performed to verify the presence of sandflies and infected dogs, and a specific CanL risk class was assigned to each kennel, resulting in different control approaches (entomological and/or serological monitoring, clinical surveillance, therapeutic treatment of infected dogs, protections against vector bites). From 2007 to 2012, 20,931 dogs, 89.8% of which were identified by microchip and housed in 73 kennels, were examined using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. In all, 528 (2.8%) dogs tested positive, and 43.0% of these were asymptomatic. The authors used monitoring results, in particular serological tests performed on dogs at admittance to the kennel and annual controls of sentinel dogs, to estimate CanL risk in the whole region and to evaluate the efficacy of the preventive measures adopted. CanL seroprevalence in dogs tested at the admittance in kennels increased significantly from 2010 (1.0%; 29/2858) to 2012 (2.4%; 69/2841). In contrast, the number of seroconversions in sentinel dogs was stable in 2010 (1.2%; 11/896) and 2011 (1.6%; 13/825) and decreased in 2012 (0.9%; 8/850), suggesting the efficacy of the preventive measures applied.

Published
2014
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