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2. Assessing the Relationship and Effect of Air Pollution [PM 2.5] on Child Respiratory Illness and Child Mortality in the Philippines

Author

Roel F. Ceballos, Rachell C. Gallano, and Lenard D. Visaya

Subjects
Child respiratory illness, Child mortality, Decision support for children’s health, Environmental health, PM 2.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066
Abstract

Air pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the air, which can seriously impact human health and the environment. Among the air pollutants, fine particulate matter (PM) 2.5, being a microscopic particle, poses serious health risks since it can enter the blood circulation and go deep into the lungs. PM 2.5 has been linked to several health problems, such as early mortality, problems with children's development, and unfavorable birth outcomes. In this regard, the study aims to investigate the relationship and effect of PM 2.5 on child respi-ratory illness and child mortality in the Philippines. Data on child respiratory illness and mortality were sourced from the 2022 Philippine National Demo-graphic and Health Survey by the Philippine Statistics Authority. PM 2.5 data was obtained from the official website of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources' Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB). Choropleth map, correlation plot, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results reveal that regions with the greatest number of highly urbanized cities and greater industrial and economic activities have higher levels of PM 2.5. The relationship is positive and significant between PM 2.5 and child respiratory illnesses. (Acute respiratory illness, r=0.87; Asthma, r=0.90) and child mortality (neonatal mortality, r=0.72; post neonatal mortality, r=0.71; under five mortality, r=0.61). As PM 2.5 levels increase, the rates of child respiratory illnesses and child mortality are also expected to increase. Mitigating elevated PM 2.5 levels in urban settings necessitates a collaborative approach involving government agencies, industries, communities, and individuals. By integrating regulatory measures, embracing technological innovations, fostering public awareness, and promoting community engagement, it is feasible to alleviate the adverse effects of air pollution on children's health and the general well-being of the public.

Published
2024
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3. Case report: De novo pathogenic variant in WFS1 causes Wolfram-like syndrome debuting with congenital bilateral deafness

Author

Laura Alías, Miguel López de Heredia, Sabina Luna, Núria Clivillé, Lídia González-Quereda, Pía Gallano, Júlia de Juan, Albert Pujol, Santiago Diez, Susana Boronat, César Orús, Adriana Lasa, and María del Prado Venegas

Subjects
WFS1 gene, congenital hearing loss, NGS, Wolfram-like syndrome, optic atrophy, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Background: Congenital deafness could be the first manifestation of a syndrome such as in Usher, Pendred, and Wolfram syndromes. Therefore, a genetic study is crucial in this deficiency to significantly improve its diagnostic efficiency, to predict the prognosis, to select the most adequate treatment required, and to anticipate the development of other associated clinical manifestations.Case presentation: We describe a young girl with bilateral congenital profound deafness, who initially received a single cochlear implant. The genetic study of her DNA using a custom-designed next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel detected a de novo pathogenic heterozygous variant in the WFS1 gene related to Wolfram-like syndrome, which is characterized by the presence of other symptoms such as optic atrophy. Due to this diagnosis, a second implant was placed after the optic atrophy onset. The speech audiometric results obtained with both implants indicate that this work successfully allows the patient to develop normal speech. Deterioration of the auditory nerves has not been observed.Conclusion: The next-generation sequencing technique allows a precise molecular diagnosis of diseases with high genetic heterogeneity, such as hereditary deafness, while this was the only symptom presented by the patient at the time of analysis. The NGS panel, in which genes responsible for both syndromic and non-syndromic hereditary deafness were included, was essential to reach the diagnosis in such a young patient. Early detection of the pathogenic variant in the WFS1 gene allowed us to anticipate the natural evolution of the disease and offer the most appropriate management to the patient.

Published
2022
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4. Guía clínica para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la distrofia miotónica tipo 1, DM1 o enfermedad de Steinert

Author

G. Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, J. Díaz-Manera, M. Almendrote, S. Azriel, J. Eulalio Bárcena, P. Cabezudo García, A. Camacho Salas, C. Casanova Rodríguez, A.M. Cobo, P. Díaz Guardiola, R. Fernández-Torrón, M.P. Gallano Petit, P. García Pavía, M. Gómez Gallego, A.J. Gutiérrez Martínez, I. Jericó, S. Kapetanovic García, A. López de Munaín Arregui, L. Martorell, G. Morís de la Tassa, R. Moreno Zabaleta, J.L. Muñoz-Blanco, J. Olivar Roldán, S.I. Pascual Pascual, R. Peinado Peinado, H. Pérez, J.J. Poza Aldea, M. Rabasa, A. Ramos, A. Rosado Bartolomé, M.Á. Rubio Pérez, J.A. Urtizberea, G. Zapata-Wainberg, and E. Gutiérrez-Rivas

Subjects
Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: La enfermedad de Steinert o distrofia miotónica tipo 1 (DM1), (OMIM 160900) es la miopatía más prevalente en el adulto. Es una enfermedad multisistémica con alteración de prácticamente todos los órganos y tejidos y una variabilidad fenotípica muy amplia, lo que implica que deba ser atendida por diferentes especialistas que dominen las alteraciones más importantes. En los últimos años se ha avanzado de manera exponencial en el conocimiento de la enfermedad y en su manejo. El objetivo de la guía es establecer recomendaciones para el diagnóstico, el pronóstico, el seguimiento y el tratamiento de las diferentes alteraciones de la DM1. Material y métodos: Esta guía de consenso se ha realizado de manera multidisciplinar. Se ha contado con neurólogos, neumólogos, cardiólogos, endocrinólogos, neuropediatras y genetistas que han realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Recomendaciones: Se recomienda realizar un diagnóstico genético con cuantificación precisa de tripletes CTG. Los pacientes con DM1 deben seguir control cardiológico y neumológico de por vida. Antes de cualquier cirugía con anestesia general debe realizarse una evaluación respiratoria. Debe monitorizarse la presencia de síntomas de disfagia periódicamente. Debe ofrecerse consejo genético a los pacientes con DM1 y a sus familiares. Conclusión: La DM1 es una enfermedad multisistémica que requiere un seguimiento en unidades especializadas multidisciplinares. Abstract: Background and objectives: Steinert's disease or myotonic dystrophy type 1 (MD1), (OMIM 160900), is the most prevalent myopathy in adults. It is a multisystemic disorder with dysfunction of virtually all organs and tissues and a great phenotypical variability, which implies that it has to be addressed by different specialities with experience in the disease. The knowledge of the disease and its management has changed dramatically in recent years. This guide tries to establish recommendations for the diagnosis, prognosis, follow-up and treatment of the complications of MD1. Material and methods: Consensus guide developed through a multidisciplinary approach with a systematic literature review. Neurologists, pulmonologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, neuropaediatricians and geneticists have participated in the guide. Recommendations: The genetic diagnosis should quantify the number of CTG repetitions. MD1 patients need cardiac and respiratory lifetime follow-up. Before any surgery under general anaesthesia, a respiratory evaluation must be done. Dysphagia must be screened periodically. Genetic counselling must be offered to patients and relatives. Conclusion: MD1 is a multisystemic disease that requires specialised multidisciplinary follow-up. Palabras clave: Guía clínica, Enfermedad de Steinert, Distrofia miotónica tipo 1, Complicaciones, Recomendaciones, Disfagia, Keywords: Clinical guideline, Steinert's disease, Myotonic dystrophy type 1, Complications, Recommendations, Dysphagia

Published
2020
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5. Clinical guide for the diagnosis and follow-up of myotonic dystrophy type 1, MD1 or Steinert's disease

Author

G. Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, J. Díaz-Manera, M. Almendrote, S. Azriel, J. Eulalio Bárcena, P. Cabezudo García, A. Camacho Salas, C. Casanova Rodríguez, A.M. Cobo, P. Díaz Guardiola, R. Fernández-Torrón, M.P. Gallano Petit, P. García Pavía, M. Gómez Gallego, A.J. Gutiérrez Martínez, I. Jericó, S. Kapetanovic García, A. López de Munaín Arregui, L. Martorell, G. Morís de la Tassa, R. Moreno Zabaleta, J.L. Muñoz-Blanco, J. Olivar Roldán, S.I. Pascual Pascual, R. Peinado Peinado, H. Pérez, J.J. Poza Aldea, M. Rabasa, A. Ramos, A. Rosado Bartolomé, M.Á. Rubio Pérez, J.A. Urtizberea, G. Zapata-Wainberg, and E. Gutiérrez-Rivas

Subjects
Guía clínica, Enfermedad de Steinert, Distrofia miotónica tipo 1, Complicaciones, Recomendaciones, Disfagia, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Background and objectives: Steinert's disease or myotonic dystrophy type 1 (MD1), (OMIM 160900), is the most prevalent myopathy in adults. It is a multisystemic disorder with dysfunction of virtually all organs and tissues and a great phenotypical variability, which implies that it has to be addressed by different specialities with experience in the disease. The knowledge of the disease and its management has changed dramatically in recent years. This guide tries to establish recommendations for the diagnosis, prognosis, follow-up and treatment of the complications of MD1. Material and methods: Consensus guide developed through a multidisciplinary approach with a systematic literature review. Neurologists, pulmonologists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, neuropaediatricians and geneticists have participated in the guide. Recommendations: The genetic diagnosis should quantify the number of CTG repetitions. MD1 patients need cardiac and respiratory lifetime follow-up. Before any surgery under general anaesthesia, a respiratory evaluation must be done. Dysphagia must be screened periodically. Genetic counselling must be offered to patients and relatives. Conclusion: MD1 is a multisystemic disease that requires specialised multidisciplinary follow-up. Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: La enfermedad de Steinert o distrofia miotónica tipo 1 (DM1), (OMIM 160900) es la miopatía más prevalente en el adulto. Es una enfermedad multisistémica con alteración de prácticamente todos los órganos y tejidos y una variabilidad fenotípica muy amplia, lo que implica que deba ser atendida por diferentes especialistas que dominen las alteraciones más importantes. En los últimos años se ha avanzado de manera exponencial en el conocimiento de la enfermedad y en su manejo. El objetivo de la guía es establecer recomendaciones para el diagnóstico, el pronóstico, el seguimiento y el tratamiento de las diferentes alteraciones de la DM1. Material y métodos: Esta guía de consenso se ha realizado de manera multidisciplinar. Se ha contado con neurólogos, neumólogos, cardiólogos, endocrinólogos, neuropediatras y genetistas que han realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Recomendaciones: Se recomienda realizar un diagnóstico genético con cuantificación precisa de tripletes CTG. Los pacientes con DM1 deben seguir control cardiológico y neumológico de por vida. Antes de cualquier cirugía con anestesia general debe realizarse una evaluación respiratoria. Debe monitorizarse la presencia de síntomas de disfagia periódicamente. Debe ofrecerse consejo genético a los pacientes con DM1 y a sus familiares. Conclusión: La DM1 es una enfermedad multisistémica que requiere un seguimiento en unidades especializadas multidisciplinares.

Published
2020
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7. Publisher Correction: Characterization of three TRAPPC11 variants suggests a critical role for the extreme carboxy terminus of the protein

Author

Milev, Miroslav P., Stanga, Daniela, Schänzer, Anne, Nascimento, Andrés, Saint-Dic, Djenann, Ortez, Carlos, Natera-de Benito, Daniel, Barrios, Desiré González, Colomer, Jaume, Badosa, Carmen, Jou, Cristina, Gallano, Pia, Gonzalez-Quereda, Lidia, Töpf, Ana, Johnson, Katherine, Straub, Volker, Hahn, Andreas, Sacher, Michael, and Jimenez-Mallebrera, Cecilia

Published
2020
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8. Molecular characterization of congenital myasthenic syndromes in Spain

Author

Natera-de Benito, D., Töpf, A., Vilchez, J.J., González-Quereda, L., Domínguez-Carral, J., Díaz-Manera, J., Ortez, C., Bestué, M., Gallano, P., Dusl, M., Abicht, A., Müller, J.S., Senderek, J., García-Ribes, A., Muelas, N., Evangelista, T., Azuma, Y., McMacken, G., Paipa Merchan, A., Rodríguez Cruz, P.M., Camacho, A., Jiménez, E., Miranda-Herrero, M.C., Santana-Artiles, A., García-Campos, O., Dominguez-Rubio, R., Olivé, M., Colomer, J., Beeson, D., Lochmüller, H., and Nascimento, A.

Published
2017
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9. Next-generation sequencing reveals a new mutation in the LTBP2 gene associated with microspherophakia in a Spanish family

Author

Laura Alías, Jaume Crespi, Lidia González-Quereda, Jesús Téllez, Elisabeth Martínez, Sara Bernal, and Ma Pia Gallano

Subjects
Microspherophakia, LTBP2 gene, NGS, Clinical exome sequencing, TruSight one sequencing panel, Internal medicine, RC31-1245, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Abstract Background Microspherophakia is a rare autosomal recessive eye disorder characterized by small spherical lens. It may present as an isolated finding or in association with other ocular and/or systemic disorders. This clinical and genetic heterogeneity requires the study of large genes (ADAMTSL4, FBN1, LTBP2, ADAMTSL-10 and ADAMTSL17). The purpose of the present study is to identify the genetic cause of this pathology in a consanguineous Spanish family. Methods A clinical exome sequencing experiment was executed by the TruSight One® Sequencing Panel (TSO) from Illumina©. Sanger sequencing was used to validate the NGS results. Results Only the insertion of an adenine in exon 36 of the LTBP2 gene (c.5439_5440insA) was associated with pathogenicity. This new mutation was validated by Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis was also performed. Haplotype analyses using the polymorphic markers D14S1025, D14S43 and D14S999 close to the LTBP2 gene indicated identity by descent in this family. Conclusion We describe the first case of a microspherophakia phenotype associated with a novel homozygous mutation in the LTBP2 gene in a consanguineous Caucasian family by means of NGS technology.

Published
2018
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12. Characterization of three TRAPPC11 variants suggests a critical role for the extreme carboxy terminus of the protein

Author

Milev, Miroslav P., Stanga, Daniela, Schänzer, Anne, Nascimento, Andrés, Saint-Dic, Djenann, Ortez, Carlos, Natera-de Benito, Daniel, Barrios, Desiré González, Colomer, Jaume, Badosa, Carmen, Jou, Cristina, Gallano, Pia, Gonzalez-Quereda, Lidia, Töpf, Ana, Johnson, Katherine, Straub, Volker, Hahn, Andreas, Sacher, Michael, and Jimenez-Mallebrera, Cecilia

Published
2019
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14. Espectro mutacional de la distrofia muscular de Duchenne en España: estudio de 284 casos

Author

I. Vieitez, P. Gallano, L. González-Quereda, S. Borrego, I. Marcos, J.M. Millán, T. Jairo, C. Prior, J. Molano, M.J. Trujillo-Tiebas, J. Gallego-Merlo, M. García-Barcina, M. Fenollar, and C. Navarro

Subjects
Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Resumen: Introducción: La distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) es una enfermedad neuromuscular grave que afecta a uno de cada 3.500 varones nacidos y sigue un patrón de herencia ligada al cromosoma X. En esta enfermedad se observa una ausencia total de la distrofina, generalmente debida a mutaciones en el gen DMD, que altera la pauta de lectura y en torno al 80% de los casos son debidos a deleciones y duplicaciones de uno o más exones. Métodos: Se han revisado 284 casos de varones diagnosticados genéticamente de DMD entre los años 2007 y 2014. Estos pacientes provienen de 8 hospitales españoles de referencia que cubren la mayor parte del territorio español. Para la identificación de las mutaciones se realizaron las técnicas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa multiplex, MLPA y secuenciación. Resultados: Los pacientes con DMD presentan en su mayoría grandes deleciones (46,1%) o grandes duplicaciones (19,7%) en el gen de la distrofina. El restante 34,2% corresponde al conjunto de mutaciones puntuales, destacando las sustituciones nucleotídicas tipo nonsense que aparecen en la mitad de los casos. Este estudio permitió identificar 23 nuevas mutaciones en DMD: 7 grandes deleciones y 16 mutaciones puntuales. Conclusiones: El algoritmo de diagnóstico genético aplicado por los centros participantes es el más adecuado para genotipificar a los pacientes con DMD. La especificidad genética de las distintas terapias en desarrollo pone de manifiesto la importancia de conocer la mutación de cada paciente, siendo un 38,7% de ellos susceptibles de participar en los ensayos clínicos actuales. Abstract: Introduction: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease that affects one in 3500 live-born males. The total absence of dystrophin observed in DMD patients is generally caused by mutations that disrupt the reading frame of the DMD gene, and about 80% of cases harbour deletions or duplications of one or more exons. Methods: We reviewed 284 cases of males with a genetic diagnosis of DMD between 2007 and 2014. These patients were selected from 8 Spanish reference hospitals representing most areas of Spain. Multiplex PCR, MLPA, and sequencing were performed to identify mutations. Results: Most of these DMD patients present large deletions (46.1%) or large duplications (19.7%) in the dystrophin gene. The remaining 34.2% correspond to point mutations, and half of these correspond to nonsense mutations. In this study we identified 23 new mutations in DMD: 7 large deletions and 16 point mutations. Conclusions: The algorithm for genetic diagnosis applied by the participating centres is the most appropriate for genotyping patients with DMD. The genetic specificity of different therapies currently being developed emphasises the importance of identifying the mutation appearing in each patient; 38.7% of the cases in this series are eligible to participate in current clinical trials. Palabras clave: Distrofia muscular Duchenne, Análisis mutacional, Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, Secuenciación, Diagnóstico genético, Keywords: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Mutational analysis, Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, Sequencing, Genetic diagnosis

Published
2017
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15. Mutational spectrum of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Spain: study of 284 cases

Author

I. Vieitez, P. Gallano, L. González-Quereda, S. Borrego, I. Marcos, J.M. Millán, T. Jairo, C. Prior, J. Molano, M.J. Trujillo-Tiebas, J. Gallego-Merlo, M. García-Barcina, M. Fenollar, and C. Navarro

Subjects
Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Introduction: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease that affects one in 3500 live-born males. The total absence of dystrophin observed in DMD patients is generally caused by mutations that disrupt the reading frame of the DMD gene, and about 80% of cases harbour deletions or duplications of one or more exons. Methods: We reviewed 284 cases of males with a genetic diagnosis of DMD between 2007 and 2014. These patients were selected from 8 Spanish reference hospitals representing most areas of Spain. Multiplex PCR, MLPA, and sequencing were performed to identify mutations. Results: Most of these DMD patients present large deletions (46.1%) or large duplications (19.7%) in the dystrophin gene. The remaining 34.2% correspond to point mutations, and half of these correspond to nonsense mutations. In this study we identified 23 new mutations in DMD: 7 large deletions and 16 point mutations. Conclusions: The algorithm for genetic diagnosis applied by the participating centres is the most appropriate for genotyping patients with DMD. The genetic specificity of different therapies currently being developed emphasises the importance of identifying the mutation appearing in each patient; 38.7% of the cases in this series are eligible to participate in current clinical trials. Resumen: Introducción: La distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) es una enfermedad neuromuscular grave que afecta a uno de cada 3.500 varones nacidos y sigue un patrón de herencia ligada al cromosoma X. En esta enfermedad se observa una ausencia total de la distrofina, generalmente debida a mutaciones en el gen DMD, que altera la pauta de lectura y en torno al 80% de los casos son debidos a deleciones y duplicaciones de uno o más exones. Métodos: Se han revisado 284 casos de varones diagnosticados genéticamente de DMD entre los años 2007 y 2014. Estos pacientes provienen de 8 hospitales españoles de referencia que cubren la mayor parte del territorio español. Para la identificación de las mutaciones se realizaron las técnicas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa multiplex, MLPA y secuenciación. Resultados: Los pacientes con DMD presentan en su mayoría grandes deleciones (46,1%) o grandes duplicaciones (19,7%) en el gen de la distrofina. El restante 34,2% corresponde al conjunto de mutaciones puntuales, destacando las sustituciones nucleotídicas tipo nonsense que aparecen en la mitad de los casos. Este estudio permitió identificar 23 nuevas mutaciones en DMD: 7 grandes deleciones y 16 mutaciones puntuales. Conclusiones: El algoritmo de diagnóstico genético aplicado por los centros participantes es el más adecuado para genotipificar a los pacientes con DMD. La especificidad genética de las distintas terapias en desarrollo pone de manifiesto la importancia de conocer la mutación de cada paciente, siendo un 38,7% de ellos susceptibles de participar en los ensayos clínicos actuales. Keywords: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Mutational analysis, Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, Sequencing, Genetic diagnosis, Palabras clave: Distrofia muscular Duchenne, Análisis mutacional, Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, Secuenciación, Diagnóstico genético

Published
2017
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17. P.156 Novel repeat expansions in PLIN4 in two Spanish families suffering from autosomal dominant distal myopathy with unique pathological features

Author

Olivé, M., primary, Stevanovski, I., additional, Quereda, L. González, additional, Morris, G., additional, Segarra-Casas, A., additional, Rodriguez-Santiago, B., additional, Gallano, P., additional, Alvarez, R., additional, Vesperinas, A., additional, Millan, B. San, additional, Navarro, C., additional, Ravenscroft, G., additional, Illa, I., additional, Deveson, I., additional, and Gallardo, E., additional

Published
2022
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21. CIBERER: Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Author

Luque J, Mendes I, Gómez B, Morte B, de Heredia ML, Herreras E, Corrochano V, Bueren J, Gallano P, Artuch-Iriberri R, Fillat C, Pérez-Jurado LA, Montoliu L, Carracedo Á, Millán JM, Webb SM, Palau F, CIBERER Network, and Lapunzina P

Subjects
research network, new therapeutic approaches, rare diseases, genetics, novel genes
Abstract

CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research.

Published
2022

22. Systematic Collaborative Reanalysis of Genomic Data Improves Diagnostic Yield in Neurologic Rare Diseases

Author

Bullich G, Matalonga L, Pujadas M, Papakonstantinou A, Piscia D, Tonda R, Artuch-Iriberri R, Gallano P, Garrabou G, González JR, Grinberg-Vaisman DR, Guitart M, Laurie S, Lázaro C, Luengo C, Martí R, Milà M, Ovelleiro D, Parra G, Pujol A, Tizzano E, Macaya A, Palau F, Ribes A, Pérez-Jurado LA, and Beltran S

Abstract

Many patients experiencing a rare disease remain undiagnosed even after genomic testing. Reanalysis of existing genomic data has shown to increase diagnostic yield, although there are few systematic and comprehensive reanalysis efforts that enable collaborative interpretation and future reinterpretation. The Undiagnosed Rare Disease Program of Catalonia project collated previously inconclusive good quality genomic data (panels, exomes, and genomes) and standardized phenotypic profiles from 323 families (543 individuals) with a neurologic rare disease. The data were reanalyzed systematically to identify relatedness, runs of homozygosity, consanguinity, single-nucleotide variants, insertions and deletions, and copy number variants. Data were shared and collaboratively interpreted within the consortium through a customized Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform, which also enables future data reinterpretation. Reanalysis of existing genomic data provided a diagnosis for 20.7% of the patients, including 1.8% diagnosed after the generation of additional genomic data to identify a second pathogenic heterozygous variant. Diagnostic rate was significantly higher for family-based exome/genome reanalysis compared with singleton panels. Most new diagnoses were attributable to recent gene-disease associations (50.8%), additional or improved bioinformatic analysis (19.7% ), and standardized phenotyping data integrated within the Undiagnosed Rare Disease Program of Catalonia Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform functionalities (18%).

Published
2022

23. DMD Mutations in 576 Dystrophinopathy Families: A Step Forward in Genotype-Phenotype Correlations.

Author

Jonas Juan-Mateu, Lidia Gonzalez-Quereda, Maria Jose Rodriguez, Manel Baena, Edgard Verdura, Andres Nascimento, Carlos Ortez, Montserrat Baiget, and Pia Gallano

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Recent advances in molecular therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) require precise genetic diagnosis because most therapeutic strategies are mutation-specific. To understand more about the genotype-phenotype correlations of the DMD gene we performed a comprehensive analysis of the DMD mutational spectrum in a large series of families. Here we provide the clinical, pathological and genetic features of 576 dystrophinopathy patients. DMD gene analysis was performed using the MLPA technique and whole gene sequencing in blood DNA and muscle cDNA. The impact of the DNA variants on mRNA splicing and protein functionality was evaluated by in silico analysis using computational algorithms. DMD mutations were detected in 576 unrelated dystrophinopathy families by combining the analysis of exonic copies and the analysis of small mutations. We found that 471 of these mutations were large intragenic rearrangements. Of these, 406 (70.5%) were exonic deletions, 64 (11.1%) were exonic duplications, and one was a deletion/duplication complex rearrangement (0.2%). Small mutations were identified in 105 cases (18.2%), most being nonsense/frameshift types (75.2%). Mutations in splice sites, however, were relatively frequent (20%). In total, 276 mutations were identified, 85 of which have not been previously described. The diagnostic algorithm used proved to be accurate for the molecular diagnosis of dystrophinopathies. The reading frame rule was fulfilled in 90.4% of DMD patients and in 82.4% of Becker muscular dystrophy patients (BMD), with significant differences between the mutation types. We found that 58% of DMD patients would be included in single exon-exon skipping trials, 63% from strategies directed against multiexon-skipping exons 45 to 55, and 14% from PTC therapy. A detailed analysis of missense mutations provided valuable information about their impact on the protein structure.

Published
2015
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26. Clinical and genetic spectrum of a large cohort of patients with delta-sarcoglycan muscular dystrophy

Author

Alonso-Perez, J, Gonzalez-Quereda, L, Bruno, C, Panicucci, C, Alavi, A, Nafissi, S, Nilipour, Y, Zanoteli, E, Isihi, LMD, Melegh, B, Hadzsiev, K, Muelas, N, Vilchez, JJ, Dourado, ME, Kadem, N, Kutluk, G, Umair, M, Younus, M, Pegorano, E, Bello, L, Crawford, TO, Suarez-Calvet, X, Topf, A, Guglieri, M, Marini-Bettolo, C, Gallano, P, Straub, V, and Diaz-Manera, J

Subjects
SGCD, LGMD-R6, 2F, registries, muscular dystrophies, delta-sarcoglycan, LGMD-R6/2F, SGCD, delta-sarcoglycan, muscular dystrophies, registries
Abstract

Sarcoglycanopathies include four subtypes of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDR3, LGMDR4, LGMDR5 and LGMDR6) that are caused, respectively, by mutations in the SGCA, SGCB, SGCG and SGCD genes. Delta-sarcoglycanopathy (LGMDR6) is the least frequent and is considered an ultra-rare disease. Our aim was to characterize the clinical and genetic spectrum of a large international cohort of LGMDR6 patients and to investigate whether or not genetic or protein expression data could predict a disease's severity. This is a retrospective study collecting demographic, genetic, clinical and histological data of patients with genetically confirmed LGMDR6 including protein expression data from muscle biopsies. We contacted 128 paediatric and adult neuromuscular units around the world that reviewed genetic data of patients with a clinical diagnosis of a neuromuscular disorder. We identified 30 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of LGMDR6 of which 23 patients were included in this study. Eighty-seven per cent of the patients had consanguineous parents. Ninety-one per cent of the patients were symptomatic at the time of the analysis. Proximal muscle weakness of the upper and lower limbs was the most common presenting symptom. Distal muscle weakness was observed early over the course of the disease in 56.5% of the patients. Cardiac involvement was reported in five patients (21.7%) and four patients (17.4%) required non-invasive ventilation. Sixty per cent of patients were wheelchair-bound since early teens (median age of 12.0 years). Patients with absent expression of the sarcoglycan complex on muscle biopsy had a significant earlier onset of symptoms and an earlier age of loss of ambulation compared to patients with residual protein expression. This study confirmed that delta-sarcoglycanopathy is an ultra-rare neuromuscular condition and described the clinical and molecular characteristics of the largest yet-reported collected cohort of patients. Our results showed that this is a very severe and quickly progressive disease characterized by generalized muscle weakness affecting predominantly proximal and distal muscles of the limbs. Similar to other forms of sarcoglycanopathies, the severity and rate of progressive weakness correlates inversely with the abundance of protein on muscle biopsy.

Published
2021

28. Genetic diagnosis of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy through mRNA analysis: new splicing events

Author

Segarra-Casas, Alba, Domínguez-González, Cristina, Hernández-Laín, Aurelio, Sanchez-Calvin, Maria Teresa, Camacho, Ana, Rivas, Eloy, Campo-Barasoain, Andrea, Madruga, Marcos, Ortez, Carlos, Natera-de Benito, Daniel, Nascimento, Andrés, Codina, Anna, Rodriguez, Maria Jose, Gallano, Pia, and Gonzalez-Quereda, Lidia

Abstract

BackgroundUp to 7% of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) or Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) remain genetically undiagnosed after routine genetic testing. These patients are thought to carry deep intronic variants, structural variants or splicing alterations not detected through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification or exome sequencing.MethodsRNA was extracted from seven muscle biopsy samples of patients with genetically undiagnosed DMD/BMD after routine genetic diagnosis. RT-PCR of the DMDgene was performed to detect the presence of alternative transcripts. Droplet digital PCR and whole-genome sequencing were also performed in some patients.ResultsWe identified an alteration in the mRNA level in all the patients. We detected three pseudoexons in DMDcaused by deep intronic variants, two of them not previously reported. We also identified a chromosomal rearrangement between Xp21.2 and 8p22. Furthermore, we detected three exon skipping events with unclear pathogenicity.ConclusionThese findings indicate that mRNA analysis of the DMDgene is a valuable tool to reach a precise genetic diagnosis in patients with a clinical and anatomopathological suspicion of dystrophinopathy that remain genetically undiagnosed after routine genetic testing.

Published
2023
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29. Interplay between DMD point mutations and splicing signals in Dystrophinopathy phenotypes.

Author

Jonàs Juan-Mateu, Lidia González-Quereda, Maria José Rodríguez, Edgard Verdura, Kira Lázaro, Cristina Jou, Andrés Nascimento, Cecilia Jiménez-Mallebrera, Jaume Colomer, Soledad Monges, Fabiana Lubieniecki, Maria Eugenia Foncuberta, Samuel Ignacio Pascual-Pascual, Jesús Molano, Montserrat Baiget, and Pia Gallano

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

DMD nonsense and frameshift mutations lead to severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy while in-frame mutations lead to milder Becker muscular dystrophy. Exceptions are found in 10% of cases and the production of alternatively spliced transcripts is considered a key modifier of disease severity. Several exonic mutations have been shown to induce exon-skipping, while splice site mutations result in exon-skipping or activation of cryptic splice sites. However, factors determining the splicing pathway are still unclear. Point mutations provide valuable information regarding the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing and elements defining exon identity in the DMD gene. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of 98 point mutations related to clinical phenotype and their effect on muscle mRNA and dystrophin expression. Aberrant splicing was found in 27 mutations due to alteration of splice sites or splicing regulatory elements. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to test the ability of the available algorithms to predict consequences on mRNA and to investigate the major factors that determine the splicing pathway in mutations affecting splicing signals. Our findings suggest that the splicing pathway is highly dependent on the interplay between splice site strength and density of regulatory elements.

Published
2013
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34. FROM THE SPINAL CORD TO THE MUSCLE

Author

Alonso-Pérez, J., primary, Gonález-Quereda, L., additional, Semplicini, C., additional, Gallano, P., additional, Pegoraro, E., additional, Nascimento, A., additional, Ortez, C., additional, Devisser, M., additional, Van der Krooi, A., additional, Garrido, C., additional, Santos, M., additional, Guglieri, M., additional, Straub, V., additional, Schara, U., additional, Study group, S. Sarcoglycan, additional, and Díaz-Manera, J., additional

Published
2020
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35. HEREDITARY NEUROPATHIES & ALS

Author

Gonzalez-Quereda, L., primary, Gallano, P., additional, Pagola, I., additional, Rodriguez, M., additional, Bernal, S., additional, Torné, L., additional, and Jericó, I., additional

Published
2020
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36. Calpainopathy - a survey of mutations and polymorphisms

Author

Richard, I., Roudaut, C., Saenz, A., Pogue, R., Grimbergen, J.E.M.A., Anderson, L.V.B., Beley, C., Cobo, A.-M., Diego, C. de, Eymard, B., Gallano, P., Ginjaar, H.B., Lasa, A., Pollitt, C., Topaloglu, H., Urtizberea, J.A., Visser, M. de, van der Kooi, A., Bushby, K., Bakker, E., Lopez de Munain, A., Fardeau, M., and Beckmann, J.S.

Subjects
Calpain -- Genetic aspects, Genetic polymorphisms -- Research, Muscular dystrophy -- Genetic aspects, Gene mutations -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Defects in the human CAPN3 gene are associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. The CAPN3 gene encodes a form of calpain specific to skeletal muscles. Ninety-seven different pathogenic mutations in CAPN3 have been identified, distributed across the gene's entire length. The mutations include 4 nonsense mutations, 32 deletions or insertions, 8 splice-site mutations, and 53 missense mutations. Twelve polymorphisms and five unclassified variants have also been found.

Published
1999

37. Bulimias

Author

CARMEN GALLANO

Subjects
bulimia, histeria, fantasma, objeto, goce., Therapeutics. Psychotherapy, RC475-489
Abstract

En la clínica psicoanalítica no podemos hablar de la "bulimia", como lo hace el dsm-iv cuando define las características generales de la "bulimia nerviosa", pues lo que recibimos en la practica psicoanalítica son sujetos que se presentan como pacientes, c

Published
2003

39. X chromosome inactivation does not necessarily determine the severity of the phenotype in Rett syndrome patients

Author

Xiol C, Vidal S, Pascual-Alonso A, Blasco L, Brandi N, Pacheco P, Gerotina E, O'Callaghan M, Pineda M, Armstrong J, Aguirre F, Aleu M, Alonso X, Alsius M, Amoros M, Antinolo G, Aquino L, Arellano C, Arriola G, Arteaga R, Baena N, Barcos M, Belzunces N, Boronat S, Camacho T, Campistol J, del Campo M, Campo A, Cancho R, Candau R, Canos I, Carrascosa M, Carratala-Marco F, Casano J, Castro P, Cobo A, Colomer J, Conejo D, Corrales M, Cortes R, Cruz G, Csanyi G, de Santos M, de Toledo M, Del Campo M, Del Toro M, Domingo R, Duat A, Duque R, Esparza A, Fernandez R, Fons M, Fontalba A, Galan E, Gallano P, Gamundi M, Garcia P, Garcia M, Garcia-Barcina M, Garcia-Catalan M, Garcia-Cazorla A, Garcia-Minaur S, Garcia-Penas J, Garcia-Silva M, Gassio R, Gean E, Gil B, Gokben S, Gonzalez L, Gonzalez V, Gonzalez J, Gonzalez G, Guillen E, Guitart M, Guitet M, Gutierrez J, Gutierrez E, Herranz J, Iglesias G, Karacic I, Lahoz C, Lao J, Lapunzina P, Lautre-Ecenarro M, Lluch M, Lopez L, Lopez-Ariztegui A, Macaya A, Marin R, Marquez C, Martin E, Martinez B, Martinez-Salcedo E, Mas M, Mateo G, Mendez P, Jimenez A, Moreno S, Mulas F, Narbona J, Nascimento A, Nieto M, Nunes T, Nunez N, Obon M, Onsurbe I, Ortez C, Orts E, Martinez F, Parrilla R, Pascual S, Patino A, Perez-Poyato M, Perez-Duenas B, Poo P, Puche E, Ramos F, Raspall M, Roche A, Roldan S, Rosell J, Ruiz C, Ruiz-Falco M, Russi M, Samarra J, San Antonio V, Sanchez I, Sanmartin X, Sans A, Santacana A, Scholl-Burgi S, Serrano N, Serrano M, Martin-Tamayo P, Tendero A, Torrents J, Tortosa D, Trivino E, Troncoso L, Turon E, Vazquez P, Vazquez C, Velazquez R, Ventura C, Verdu A, Vernet A, Vila M, Villar C, Rett Working Grp, Ege Üniversitesi, [Xiol C, Vidal S, Pascual-Alonso A, Blasco L, Pacheco P] Molecular and Genetics Medicine Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain. [Brandi N] Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, alelos, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2, Rett, Síndrome de, humanos, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, 0302 clinical medicine, Genes, X-Linked, X Chromosome Inactivation, Genetic Phenomena::Gene Expression Regulation::Epigenesis, Genetic::Dosage Compensation, Genetic::X Chromosome Inactivation [PHENOMENA AND PROCESSES], Genotype, enfermedades y anomalías neonatales congénitas y hereditarias::enfermedades genéticas congénitas::enfermedades y anomalías neonatales congénitas y hereditarias::enfermedades genéticas congénitas::trastornos heredodegenerativos del sistema nervioso::retraso mental ligado al cromosoma X::síndrome de Rett [ENFERMEDADES], lcsh:Science, genes, X chromosome, Genetics, Mutation, Multidisciplinary, Molecular medicine, Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities::Genetic Diseases, Inborn::Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities::Genetic Diseases, Inborn::Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System::Mental Retardation, X-Linked::Rett Syndrome [DISEASES], Brain, Phenotype, estudios de asociación genética, fenotipo, Female, Sequence Analysis, encéfalo, inactivación del cromosoma X, análisis de secuencias, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, fenómenos genéticos::regulación de la expresión génica::epigénesis genética::compensación de dosis genética::inactivación del cromosoma X [FENÓMENOS Y PROCESOS], Rett syndrome, Biology, X-inactivation, Article, MECP2, Cromosoma X, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Rett Syndrome, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Allele, mutación, Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Nuclear Proteins::Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 [CHEMICALS AND DRUGS], Alleles, Genetic Association Studies, proteína 2 de unión a metil-CpG, lcsh:R, predisposición genética a la enfermedad, Sequence Analysis, DNA, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, aminoácidos, péptidos y proteínas::proteínas::aminoácidos, péptidos y proteínas::proteínas::aminoácidos, péptidos y proteínas::proteínas::nucleoproteínas::proteínas cromosómicas no histona::proteína 2 de unión a metil-CpG [COMPUESTOS QUÍMICOS Y DROGAS], lcsh:Q, síndrome de Rett, genotipo, Transcripció genètica - Regulació, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

WOS: 000481590200024, PubMed ID: 31427717, Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurological disorder usually caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. Since the MECP2 gene is located on the X chromosome, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) could play a role in the wide range of phenotypic variation of RTT patients; however, classical methylation-based protocols to evaluate XCI could not determine whether the preferentially inactivated X chromosome carried the mutant or the wild-type allele. Therefore, we developed an allele-specific methylation-based assay to evaluate methylation at the loci of several recurrent MECP2 mutations. We analyzed the XCI patterns in the blood of 174 RTT patients, but we did not find a clear correlation between XCI and the clinical presentation. We also compared XCI in blood and brain cortex samples of two patients and found differences between XCI patterns in these tissues. However, RTT mainly being a neurological disease complicates the establishment of a correlation between the XCI in blood and the clinical presentation of the patients. Furthermore, we analyzed MECP2 transcript levels and found differences from the expected levels according to XCI. Many factors other than XCI could affect the RTT phenotype, which in combination could influence the clinical presentation of RTT patients to a greater extent than slight variations in the XCI pattern., Spanish Ministry of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/FEDER) [PI15/01159]; Crowdfunding program PRECIPITA, from the Spanish Ministry of Health (Fundacion Espanola para la Ciencia y la Tecnologia); Catalan Association for Rett Syndrome; Fondobiorett; Mi Princesa Rett, We thank all patients and their families who contributed to this study. The work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/FEDER, PI15/01159); Crowdfunding program PRECIPITA, from the Spanish Ministry of Health (Fundacion Espanola para la Ciencia y la Tecnologia); the Catalan Association for Rett Syndrome; Fondobiorett and Mi Princesa Rett.

Published
2019

40. Fourth meeting of the European Neurological Society 25–29 June 1994 Barcelona, Spain: Abstracts of Symposia and free communications

Author

Harms, L., Bock, A., JÄnisch, W., Valdueza, J., Weber, J., Link, I., De Keyser, J., Goossens, A., Wilczak, N., Vedeler, C., Bjorge, L., Uvestad, E., Conti, G., Williams, K., Ginsberg, L., Rafique, S., Rapoport, S. I., Gershfeld, N. L., De La Meilleure, G., Crevits, L., Faiss, J. H., Heye, N., Blanke, J., Sackmann, A., Kastrup, O., Doornbos, R., van der Worp, H. B., Kappelle, L. J., Bar, P. R., Davie, C. A., Barker, G. J., Brenton, D., Miller, D. H., Thompson, A. J., Block, F., Schwarz, M., Delodovici, L., Baruzzi, F., Bonaldi, G., Dario, A., Marra, A., Mercuri, A., Dworzak, F., Cavallari, P., Confalonieri, P., Zuffi, M., Antozzi, C., Cornelio, F., Baldissera, F., Chassande, B., Ameri, A., Eymard, B., Poisson, M., Vérier, A., Brunet, P., Congia, S., Murgia, P. L., Cannas, A., Borghero, G., Uselli, S., Mellino, G., Ferrai, R., Lampis, R., Massa, R., Muzzetto, B., Giannini, F., Rossi, S., Cioni, R., d'Aniello, C., Guarneri, A., Battistini, N., Ceriani, F., Del Santo, A., Poloni, M., Campo, J. F., Iglesias, F., Guitera, M. V., Farinas, C., Pascual, J., Leno, C., Berciano, J., Thorpe, I. W., Kendall, B. E., McDonald, W. I., Moulignier, A., Dromer, F., Baudrimont, M., Dupont, B., Gozlan, J., El Amrani, M., Petit, J. C., Roullet, E., Sterzi, R., Causaran, R., Protti, A., Riva, M., Erminio, F., Arena, O., Villa, F., Maccagnano, E., Miletta, M., Spinelli, F., Ben-Hur, T., Weidenfeldl, J., Rao, N. S., Chari, C. C., Laforet, P., Matheron, S., Adams, D., Chemouilli, Ph., Desi, M., Said, G., Davous, P., Lionnet, F., Pulik, M., Genet, P., Rozenberg, F., Cartier, L. M., Castillo, J. L., Cea, J. G., Villagra, R., de Saint Martin, L., Mahieux, F., Manifacier, M. J., Mattos, K., Queiros, C., Publio, L., Vinhas, V., PeÇanha-Martins, A. C., Melo, A., Liska, U., Zifko, U., Budka, H., Drlicek, M., Grisold, W., Kaufmann, R., Kaiser, R., Czygan, M., Gomes, I., Jones, N., Cunha, S., EmbiruÇu, E. Katiane, Vieira, V., Araujo, I., Alexandra, M., Ferreira, A., Goes, J., Chemouilli, P., Israel-Biet, Masson, H., Lacroix, C., Gasnault, J., Hildebrandt-Müller, B., Oschmann, P., Krack, P., Willems, W. R., Dorndorf, W., Freitas, V., Bittencourt, A., Fernandes, D., Nascimento, M. H., Severo, M., Moraes, D., Muller, M., Hasert, K., Merkelbach, S., Schimrigk, K., van Oosten, B. W., Lai, M., Polman, C. H., Bertelsmann, F. W., Hodgkinson, S., Cabre, P. H., Volpe, L., Smadja, D., Vernant, J. P., Villaroya, H., Violleau, K., Younes-Chennoufi, A. Ben, Baumann, N., Villanueva-Hemandez, P., Ballabriga, J., Basart, E., Arbizu, T. X., Perez-Serra, J., Vinuels, F., Giron, J. M., Castilla, J. M., Redondo, L., Izquierdo, G., Lauer, K., Henneberg, A., Bittmann, N., Link, D., Wollinsky, K. H., Mobner, R., Fassbender, K., Kuhnen, J., Schwartz, A., Hennerici, M., Miller, A., Lider, O., Abramsky, O., Weiner, H. L., Offner, H., Vanderbark, A. A., Paoino, E., Fainardi, E., Addonizio, M. C., Ruppi, P., Tola, M. R., Granieri, E., Carreras, M., Sazdovitch, V., Joutel, A., Verdier-taillefer, M. H., Heinzlef, O., Radder, C., Tournier-Lasserve, E., Brenner, R. E., Munro, P. M. G., Williams, S. C. R., Bell, J. D., Hawkins, C. P., Filippi, M., Campi, A., Dousset, V., Canal, N., Comi, G., Zhu, J., Weber, F., Retska, R., List, J., Zhang, L., Brock, M., Taphoorn, M. J. B., Heimans, J. J., van der Veen, E. A., Karim, A. B. M. F., Sarazin, M., Argentino, N., Delattre, J. Y., Derkinderen, P., Buchwald, B., Schroter, G., Serve, G., Franke, C. H., Conrad, B., Kitchen, N. D., Thomas, D. G. T., Forman, A. D., Ang, Kie- Kian, Price, R., Stephens, C., Salmaggi, A., Nermni, R., Silvani, A., Forno, M. G., Luksch, R., Boiardi, A., Grzelec, H., Fryze, C., Nowacki, P., Zdziarska, B., Sanson, M., Merel, P., Richard, S., Rouleau, G., Thomas, G., Olsen, N. K., Pfeiffer, P., Egund, N., Bentzen, S. M., Johannesen, L., Mondrup, K., Rose, C., Zyluk, B., Wondrusch, E., Berger, O., Fast, N., Jellinger, K., Lindner, K., Urman, A., Thibault, J. L., Duyckaerts, Ch., Strik, H., Muller, B., Richter, E., Krauseneck, P., Steinbrecher, A., Schabet, M., Hess, C., Bamberg, M., Dichgans, J., Counsell, C. E., McLeod, M., Grant, R., Creel, G. B., Claus, D., Sieber, E., Engelhardt, A., Rechlin, T., Thierauf, P., Neubauer, U., Peresson, M., Di Giovacchino, G., Romani, G. L., Di Silverio, F., Danek, A., Kuffner, M., Hoermann, R., Schopohl, J., Laska, M., Heye, B., Zangaladze, A. T., Valls-SoIè, J., Cammarota, A., Alvarez, R., Tolosa, E., Hallett, M., Ulbricht, D., Ganslandt, O., Kober, H., Vieth, J., Grummich, P., Pongratz, H., Brigel, C., Fahlbusch, R., Serra, F. P., Palma, V., Nolfe, G., Buscaino, G. A., Rothstein, T. L., Gibson J. M., Morrison P. M., Collins A. D., Eiselt, M., Wagnur, H., Zwiener, U., Schindler, T., Efendi, H., Ertekin, C., Erfas, M., Larsson, L. E., Sirin, H., AraÇ, N., Toygar, A., Demir, Y., Seddigh, S., Vogt, T. H., Hundemer, H., Visbeck, A., Pastena, L., Faralli, F., Mainardi, G., Gagliardi, R., Linden, D., Berlit, P., Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Jungreis, C., Brenner, R., Rezek, D., Dekesky, S. T., Estol, C., Boller, F., Fernandez, J. M., Mederer, S., Batlle, J., Turon, A., Codina, A., Hitzenberger, P., Vila, N., Valls-SolÇ, J., Chamorro, A., Pouget, J., Schmied, A., Morin, D., Azulay, J. Ph., Vedel, J. P., Montalt, J., Escudero, J., Barona, R., Campos, A., Varli, K., Ertem, E., Uludag, B., Yagiz, A., Privorkin, Z., Steinvil, Y., Kott, E., Combarros, O., Sanchez-Pernaute, R., Orizaola, P., Mokrusch, Th., Kutluaye, E., Selcuki, D., Ertikin, C., Zettl, U., Gold, R., Harvey, G. K., Hartung, H. P., Toyka, K. V., Wokke, J. H. J., Oey, P. L., Ippel, P. F., Jansen, G. H., Franssen, H., Toyooka, K., Fujimura, H., Ueno, S., Yoshikawa, H., Yorifuji, S., Yanagihara, T., Talamon, C., Tzourio, C., Kiefer, R., Jung, S., Toyka, K., Ruolt, I., Tranchant, C., Mohr, M., Warter, J. M., Younger, D. S., Rosoklija, G., Hays, A. P., Kurita, R., Hasegawa, O., Matsumto, M., Komiyama, A., Nara, Y., Oueslati, S., Belal, S., Turki, I., Ben Hamida, C., Hentati, F., Ben Hamida, M., Kwiecinski, H., Krolicki, L., Domzal-Stryga, A., Dellemijn, P. L. I., van Deventer, P., van Moll, B., Drogendijk, T., Vecht, Ch. J., Nemni S., Amadio, Fazio, R., Galardin, G., Delodovici, M. L., Peghi, E., Monticelli, M. L., Sessa, A., Viguera, M. L., Palomar, M., Gamez, J., Cervera, C., Navarro, C., Serena, J., Duran, I., Fernandez, A. L., Comabella, M., Nos, C., Rio, J., Montalban, J., Navarro, X., Verdu, E., Darbra, S., Buti, M., Mrabet, A., Fredj, M., Gouider, R., Tounsi, H., Khalfallah, N., Haddad, A., Dbaiss, T., Ghnassia, R., Rouillet, E., Chedru, F., Porsche, H., Strenge, H., Li, S. W., Young, Y. P., Garcia, A. A., Baron, P., Scarpini, E., Bianchi, R., Conti, A., Livraghi, S., Rees, J. H., Gregson, N. A., Hughes, R. A. C., Sedano, M. J., Calleja, J., Canga, E., Bahou, Y., Biary, N., Al Deeb, S. M., Guern, E. L. E., Gugenheim, M., Tardieu, S., Aisonobe, T. M., Agid, Y., Bouche, P., Brice, A., Rautenstrauss, B., Nelis, E., Grehl, H., Van Broeckhoven, C., Pfeiffer, R. A., Liehr, T., Ganzmann, E., Gehring, C., Neundörfer, B., Geremia, L., Doronzo, R., Sacilotto, G., Sergi, P., Pastorino, G. C., Scarlato, G., Planté-Bordeneuve, V., Mantel, A., Baas, F., Moser, H., Antonini, A., Psylla, M., Günther, I., Vontobell, P., Beer, H. F., Leenders, K. L., Chaudhuri, K. Ray, Parker, J., Pye, I. F., Millac, P. A. H., Abbott, R. J., Sutter, M., Albani, C., de Rijk, M. C., Breteler, M. M. B., Graveland, G. A., van der Mechè, F. G. A., Hofman, A., Keipes, M., Hilger, Ch., Diederich, N., Metz, H., Hentges, F., Pollak, P., Benabid, A. L., Limousin, P., Hoffmann, D., Benazzouz, A., Perret, J., Laihinen, A., Rinne, J. O., Ruottinen, H., Nagren, K., Lehikoinen, P., Oikonen, V., Ruotsalainen, U., Rinne, U. K., Cocozza, S., Pizzuti, A., Cavalcanti, F., Monticelli, A., Pianese, L., Redolfi, E., Paiau, F., Di Donato, S., Pandolfo, M., Palau, F., Monros, E., De Michele, G., Smeyers, P., Lopez-ArLandis, J., Uilchez, J., Filla, A., Genis, D., Matilla, T., Volpini, V., Blanchs, M. I., Davalos, A., Molins, A., Rosell, J., Estivill, X., De Jonghe, P., Smeyers, G., Krols, L., Mercelis, R., Hazan, J., Weissenbach, J., Martin, J. J., Warner, T. A. T., Williams, L., Orb, A. S., Harding, A. E., Giunti, P., Sweeney, M. G., Spadaro, M., Jodice, C., Novelletto, A., Malaspina, P., Frontali, M., Salmon, E., Gregoire, Del Fiore, Comar, Franck, G., Scheltens, P. H., Siegfried, K., Dartigues, E., De Deyn, P., Horn, R., Nelson, I., Hanna, M. G., Morgan-Hughes, J. A., Collinge, J., Palmer, M. S., Campbell, T., Mahal, S., Sidle, K., Humphreys, C., Tavitian, B., Pappata, S., Jobert, A., Crouzel, A. M., DiGiamberardino, L., Steimetz, G., Barbanti, P., Fabbrini, G., Salvatore, M., Buzzi, M. G., Di Piero, V., Petraroli, R., Sbriccoli, A., Pocchiari, M., Macchi, G., Lenzi, G. L., Spiegel, R., Maguire, P., Schmid, W., Ott, A., Bots, M. L., Grobbe, D. E., Hofman, A., Howard, R. S., Russell, S., Losseff, N., Hirsch, N. P., Couderc, R., Bailleul, S., Nargeot, M. C., Touchon, J., Picot, M. C., Rizzo, M., Watson, G., McGehee, D., Dingus, T., Kappos, L., Radü, E. W., Haas, J., Hartard, C. H., Spuler, S., Yousry, T., Voltz, R., Scheller, A., Holler, E., Hohlfeld, R., Scolding, N. J., Sussman, J., Kolar, O. J., Farlow, M. R., Rice, P. H., Zipp, F., Sotgiu, S., Weiss, E. H., Wekerle, H., Chalmers, R., Robertson, N., Compston, D. A. S., Martino, G., Clementi, E., Brambilla, E., Moiola, L., Martinelli, V., Colombo, B., Poggi, A., Rovaris, M., Grimaldi, L. M. E., Roth, M. P., Descoins, P., Ballivet, S., Ruidavets, J. B., Waubant, E., Nogueira, L., Cambon-Thomsen, A., Clanet, M., Leppert, D., Hauser, S., Lugaresi, A., Tartaro, A., D'aurelio, P., Befalo, L. L. O., Thomas, A., Malatesta, G., Gambi, D., Benedikz, J. E. G., Magnusson, H., Poser, C. M., Guomundsson, G., Bates, T. E., Davies, S. E. C., Clark, J. B., Landon, D. N., ùther, J. R., Rautenberg, W., Overgaard, K., Sereghy, T., Pedersen, H., Boysen, G., Diez-Tejedor, E., Carceller, F., Gutierrez, M., Lopez-Pajares, R., Roda, J. M., Chandra, B., Ricart, W., Gonzalez-Huix, F., Molina, A., Rundek, T., Demarin, V., De Reuck, J., Boon, P., Decoq, D., Strijckmans, K., Goethals, P., Lemahieu, I., Nibbio, A., Chabriat, H., Vahedi, K., Nagy, T., Verin, M., Mas, J. L., Julien, J., Ducrocq, X., Iba-Zizen, M. T., Cabanis, E. A., Bousser, M. G., Rolland, Y., Landgraf, F., Bompais, B., Lemaitre, M. H., Edan, G., Vorstrup, S., Knudsen, L., Olsen, K. Skovgaard, Videbaek, C., Schroeder, T., van Gijn, J., Jansen, H. M. L., Pruim, J., Paans, A. M. J., Willemsen, A. T. M., Hew, J. M., vd Vliet, A. M., Haaxma, R., Vaalburg, W., Minderhoud, J. M., Korf, J., Soudain, S. E., Ho, T. W., Mishu, B., Li, C. Y., Nachainkin, I., Gao, C. Y., Cornblath, D. R., Griffin, J. W., Asbury, A. K., Blaser, M. J., McKhann, G. M., Ho, T., Macko, C., Xue, P., Stadlan, E. M., Ramos-Alvarez, M., Valenciano, L., Visser, L. H., van der Meché, F. G. A., van Darn, P. A., Meulstee, J., Schmitz, P. I. M., Jacobs, B., Oomes, P. G., Kleyweg, R. P., Jacobs, B. C., Endtz, H. P., van Doorn, P. A., van der Mech, F. G. A., Van den Berg, L. H., Mollee, I., Logtenberg, T., Thomas, P. K., Plant, G., Baxter, P. J., Luis, R. Santiago, Matsumoto, M., Notermans, N. C., Wokke, J. H. J., Lokhorst, H. M., van der Graaf, Y., Jennekens, F. G. I., Azulay, J. P., Bille-Turg, F., Valentin, P., Farnarier, G. G., Pellissier, J. F., Serratrice, G., Quasthoff, S., Schneider, U., Grafe, P., Hilkens, P. H. E., Moll, J. W. B., van der Burg, M. E. L., Planting, A. S. T., van Putten, W. L. J., van den Bent, M. J., Birklein, F., Spitzer, A., Lang, E., Neundorfer, B., Diehl, R. R., Lücke, D., Smith, G. D. P., Mathias, C. J., Serra, J., Campera, M., Ochoa, J. L., Ray Chaudhuri, K., Pavitt, D., Alam, M., Handwerker, H. O., Bleasdale-Barr, K., Smith, G., Murray, N. M. F., Hawkins, P., Pepys, M., Gellera, C., DiDonato, S., Taroni, F., Uncini, A., Di Muzio, A., Servidei, S., Silvestri, G., Lodi, R., Iotti, S., Barbiroli, B., Morrissey, S. P., Borruat, F. X., Francis, D., Mosely, I., Hansen, H. C., Helmke, K., Kunze, K., Sadzot, B., Maquet, P., Lemaire, Plenevaux, Damhaut, Sommer, C., Myers, R. R., Berta, E., Mantegazza, R., Argov, Z., Shapira, Y., Wirguin, I., Beuuer, J., Franke, C., Roberts, M., Willison, H., Vincent, A., Newsom-Davis, J., Morrison, K. E., Damels, R., Francis, M., Campbell, L., Davies, K. E., Kohler, W., Bucka, C., Hertel, G., Kanovsky, P., Auer, D., Ackermann, H., Klose, U., Naegele, Th., Bien, S., Voigt, K., Fink, G. R., Stephan, K. M., Wise, R. J. S., Mullatti, N., Hewer, L., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Weiller, C. S., Rijnites, M., Jueptner, M., Bauermann, T., Krams, M., Diener, H. C., van Walderveen, M. A. A., Barkhof, F., Hommes, O. R., Valk, J., Willmer, J. P., Guzman, D. A., Passingham, R. E., Silbersweig, D., Ceballos-Baumann, A., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R., Lucas, C. H., Goullard, L., Marchau, M. J., Godefroy, O., Rondepierre, P. H., Chamas, E., Mounier-Vehier, F., Leys, D., Renato, J., Verdugo, M. S. C., Campero, M., Jose, L., Ochoa, D. S. C., Vivancos, F., Tejedor, E. Diez, Martinez, N., Roda, J., Frank, A., Barreiro, P., Satoh, Y., Nagata, K., Maeda, T., Hirata, Y., YalÇinerner, B., Ozkara, C., Ozer, F., Ozer, S., Hanoglu, L., Zunker, P., Pozo, J. L., Oberwittler, C., Schick, A., Buschmann, H. -Ch., Ringelstein, E. Bernd, Lara, M., Anzola, G. P., Magoni, M., Volta, G. Dalla, Tarasov, A., Feigin, V., Beaudry, M. G., Carrier, S., Chicoutimi, Henriques, I. L., Bogoussslavsky, J., van Melle, G., Mathieu, J., Perusse, L., Allard, P., Prevost, C., Cantin, L., Bouchard, J. M., De Braekeleer, M., Agbo, C., Neau, J. P., Tantot, A. M., Dary-Auriol, M., Ingrand, P., Gil, R., Baltadjiev, D., Zekin, D., Sabey, K., Gennaula, C. P., Pope, B. A., Caparros-Lefebvre, D., Girard-Buttaz, I., Pruvo, J. P., Petit, H., Hipola, D., Martin, M., Giménez-Roldan, S., Ivanez, V., Japaridze, G., Carrasco, J. L., Picomell, I., Herranz, J. L., Macias, J. A., Nieto, M., Noya, M., Oller, L., Kiteva-Trencevska, G., Delgado, M. R., Liu, H., Luengo, A., Parra, J., Colas, J., Fernandez, M. J., Manzanares, R., Kornhuber, M. E., Malashkhia, V., Orkodashili, G., Martinez, M., Bonaventura, I., Porta, G., Martinez, I., Fernandez, A., Aguilar, M., Masnou, P., Drouet, A., Dreyfus, M., Cartron, J., Morel-Kopp, M. C., Tchernia, G., Kaplan, C., Lammers, M. W., Hekster, Y. A., Keyser, A., Meinardi, H., Renier, W. O., Boon, P. A. J. M., Have, M. D., Kint, B., Cruz, P., Cadilha, A., Almeida, R., Goncalves, M., Pimenta, M., Ramos, L. M. P., Polder, T. W., Broere, C. A., Polman, L., Rother, I., Rother, M., Schlaug, G., Arnold, S., Holthausen, H., Wunderlich, G., Ebner, A., Luders, H., Witte, O. W., Seitz, R. J., Serra, L. L., Gallicchio, B., Rotondi, F., Wieshmann, U., Meierkord, H., Sabev, K., Di Carlo, V., Gueguen, B., Derouesné, Ch., Ancri, D., Bourdel, M. C., Guillou, S., Aliaga, R., Chornet, M. A., Rodrigo, A., Pascual, A. Pascual -Leone, Catala, M. D., Pascual-Leone, A., Benbadis, S. R., Dinner, D. S., Chelune, G. J., Lüders, H. O., Piedmonte, M. R., Blanco, T., Lopez, M. P., Romero, B., Deltoro, A., Pascual, A., Pascual, Leone, Bolgert, F., Josse, M. O., Tassan, P., Touze, E., Laplane, D., Godenberg, F., Brizioli, E., Del Gobbo, M., Pelliccioni, G., Scarpino, O., Durak, H., Damlacik, G., Tunca, Z., Fidaner, H., Yurekli, Y., Yemez, B., Kaygisiz, A., Anllo, E. A., Esperet, E., Giovagnoli, A. R., Casazza, M., Spreafico, R., Avanzini, G., Mascheroni, S., Vecchio, I., Tornali, C., Antonuzzo, A., Grasso, A. A., Bella, R., Pennisi, G., Raffaele, R., Broeckx, J., Schildermans, F., Hospers, W., Deberdt, W., Carney, J. M., Aksenova, M., Chen, M. S., Juncadella, M., Busquets, N., De la Fuente, I., Rodriguez, A., Rubio, F., Soler, R., Khati, C., Pillon, B., Deweer, B., Malapani, C., Malichard, N., Dubois, B., Rancurel, G., Lopez, D. L., Jungreia, G., DeKosky, S. T., Boiler, F., Weiller, C., Rijntjes, M., Mueller, S. P., Maguire, E. A., Burke, E. T., Staunton, H., Phillips, J., Rousseaux, M., Pena, J., Bertran, I., Santacruz, P., Lopez, R., Catafau, A., Lomena, F., Blesa, R., Rampello, L., Nicoletti, A., Cabaret, M., Lesoin, F., Steinling, M., Tournev, I., Maier-Hauff, K., Schroeder, M., Wolf, A., Cochin, J. P., Noel, I., Augustin, P., Auzou, P., Hannequin, D., Maria, V., Lopez-Bresnahan, Danielle, D. M., Antin-Ozerkis B. A., Bartels, E., Rodiek, S. O., Flugel, K. A., Campos, D. M., Salas-Puig, J., Del Rio, J. Sanhez, Vidal, J. A., Lahoz, C. H., Eraksoy, M., Barlas, O., Barlas, M., Bayindir, C., Ozcan, H., Birbamer, G., Gerstenbrand, F., Felber, S., Luz, G., Aichner, F., Seidel, G., Kaps, M., Hutzelmann, A., Gerriets, T., Kruggel, F., Martin, P. J., Gaunt, M. E., Abbot, R. J., Naylor, A. R., Meary, E., Dilouya, A., Meder, J. F., De Recondo, J., Lebtahi, R., Neff, K. W., Meairs, S., Viola, S., Matta, E., Aquilone, L., Rise, I. R., Authier, F. J., Kondo, H., Ghnassia, R. T., Degos, J. D., Gherardi, R. K., Bardoni A., Ciafaloni E., Comi G. P., Bresolin N., Robotti M., Moggio M., Rigoletto C., Roses A., Scarlato G., Castelli, E., Turconi, A., Bresolin, N., Perani, D., Felisari, G., Chariot, P., de Pinieux, G., Astier, A., Jacotot, B., Gherardi, R., Fischer-Gagnepain, V., Louboutin, J. P., Crespo, F., Florea-Strat, A., Fromont, G., Sabourin, J. -C., Gonano, E. -F., Moroni, I., Prelle, A., Iannaccone, S., Quattrini, A., deRino, F., Sessa, M., Golzi, V., Smirne, S., Nemni, R., Turpin, J. C., Lucotte, G., Jacobs, S. C. J. M., Willems, P. W. A., Bootsma, A. L., Lasa, A., Calaf, M., Baiget, M., Gallano, B., Fichter-Gagnepain, V., Mazzucchelli, F., D'Angelo, M. G., Velicogna, M., Bet, L., Comi, G. P., Bordoni, A., Gonano, E. F., Bazzi, P., Rapuzzi, S., Moggio, M., Fagiolari, G., Ciscato, P., Messina, A., Battistel, A., Ryniewicz, B., Sangla, I., Desnuelle, C., Paquis, V., Cozzone, P. J., Bendahan, D., Sturenburg, H. J., Kohncke, G., Castellli, E., Linssen, W., Stegeman, D., Binkhorst, R., Notermans, S., Jaspert, A., Fahsold, R., de Munain, A. Lopez, Cobo, A., Martorell, L., Poza, J. J., Navarrete Palau, D., Emparanza, J. I., Sanchez-Roy, R., Vilchez, J. J., Hernandez, M., Tena, J. Garcia, Perla, C., Koutroumanidis, M., Papathanasopoulos, P., Papadimitriou, A., Papapetropoulos, T. H., Divari, R., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., Anastasopoulos, I., Sansone, V., Rotondo, G., Meola, G., Rigoletto, C., Messina, S., Szwabowska-Orzeszko, E., Jozwiak, S., Michalowicz, R., Szaplyko, W., Petrella, M. A., Della Marca, G., Masullo, G., Mennuni, G. F., Kompf, D., Wascher, E., Verleger, R., Kaido, M., Soga, F., Toyooka, H., Bayon, C., Rubio, J., Carlomagno, S., Parlato, V., Santoro, A., Lavarone, A., Bonavita, V., Pentore, R., Venneri, A., Pasquier, F., Lebert, F., Grymonprez, L., Lefebvre, C., Van der Linden, M., Derouesné, C., Renault, B., Lacomblez, L., Homeyer, P., Ouss, L., Neuman, E., Malbezin, M., Barrandon, S., Guez, D., Stevens, M., van Swieten, J. C., Franke, C. L., Sanchez, A., Castellvirel, S., Mila, M., Jimenez, D., Pallesta, F., Ruiz, P. J. Garcia, Barrio, A., Barroso, T., Benitez, J., de Yebenes, J. Garcia, Manubens, J. M., Martinez-Lage, J. M., Larumbe, R., Muruzabal, J., Lacruz, F., Quesada, Pedro, Gallego, J., Ferini-Strambi, L., Marcone, A., Garancini, P., Tedesi, B., Jacob, B., Rozewicz, L., Langdon, D., Davie, C., Ron, M., Thompson, A., Koepp, M. J., Hansen, M. L., Guldin, B., Pressler, R. M., Ried, S., Scholz, C., Monaco, F., Gianelli, M., Schiavalla, M. P., Naldi, P., Cantello, R., Torta, R., Verze, L., Mutani, R., Knott, H., Ferbert, A., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Aust, W., Di Mascio, R., Marchioli, R., Vitullo, F., Di Pasquale, A., Sciulli, L., Kramer, V., Tognoni, G., Santacruz, P., Lopez, R., Marti, M. J., Charques, I., Catafau, A., Lomeila, F., Peila, J., Bertran, I., Blesa, R., Krendel, D. A., Costiga, D. A., Koeppen, S., Korn, W. M., Brugge, S., Schmitz, D., Scheulen, M. E., King, R. H. M., Robertson, A. M., Thomas, P. K., Kerkhofs, A., Vermersch, P., Dereeper, O., Daems Monpeun, C., Parent, M., Deplanque, D., Petit, H., Campero, M., Serra, J., Ochoa, J. L., Martinez-Matos, J. A., Montero, J., Olivé, M., Rene, R., Vidaller, A., Gugenheim, M., Gouider, R., Le Guern, E., Brice, A., Agid, Y., Bouche, P., Grisold, W., Ziflo, U., Drlicek, M., Budka, H., Jellinger, K., Zielinski, C. H., Ginsberg, L., King, R. H. M., Workman, J., Platts, A. D., Thomas, P. K., Gherardi, R. K., Florea-Strat, A., Poron, F., Sabourin, J. -C., Fazio, R., Nemni, R., Franceschi, M., Lorenzetti, I., Rinaldi, L., Canal, N., Weilbach, F. X., Sennlaub, A., Jung, S., Gold, R., Toyka, K. V., Hartung, H. P., Giegerich, G., Ellie, E., Vital, A., Steck, A. J., Vital, C., Julien, J., Doneda, P., Pizzul, S., Scarpini, E., Chiodi, P., Ramacci, M. T., Livraghi, S., Maimone, D., Annunziata, P., Salvadori, C., Guazzi, G. C., Arne-Bes, M. C., Delisle, M. B., Fabre, N., Hurtevent, J. F., Bes, A., Baudoin-Martin, D., Laborde, E., Viallet, F., Creisson, C., Crespi, V., Bogliun, G., Marzorati, L., Zincone, A., D'Angelo, L., Liberani, A., Merlini, M., Rivolta, R., Creange, A., Sabourin, J. -C., Theodorou, I., Gherardi, R. K., Conti, A. M., Malosio, M. L., Baron, P. L., Scarlato, G., Chorao, R., Rosas, M. J., Leite, I., Callea, L., Donati, E., Bargnani, C., Bud, M., Verdu, E., Navarro, X., Braun, S., Einius, S., Poindron, P., Warier, J. M., Bradley, J., Bekkelund, S. I., Torbergsen, T., Mellgren, S. I., Carlomagno, S., Parlato, V., Santoro, A., Lavarone, A., Boller, F., Bonavita, V., Engelhardt, A., Lörler, H., Robeck, S., Kluglein, C., Comi, G., Avoledo, V., Locatelli, T., Leocani, L., Galardi, G., Magnani, G., Medaglini, S., Chkhikvishvili, T. S., Zangaladze, A., Bratoeva, M., Kovachev, P., Chavdarov, D., Artemis, N., Karacostas, D., Milonas, I., Arpa, J., Lopez-Pajares, R., Cruz-Matinez, A., Sarria, J., Palomo, F., Alonso, M., Rodriguez-Al-barino, A., Lacasa, T., Nos, J., Barreiro, P., Martinez, A. Cruz, Villoslada, C., Alons, M., Taghavy, A., Hamer, H., Kratzer, A., Dethy, S., Pauwels, T., Monclus, M., Luxen, A., Goldman, S., Ziegler, M., Crambes, O., Ragueneau, I., Arnaud, F., Zappia, M., Montesanti, R., Colao, R., Palmieri, A., Branca, D., Nicoletti, G., Rizzo, M., Parlato, G., Quattrone, A., Vanacore, N., Zuchegna, P., Bonifati, V., Meco, G., Scholz, J., Friedrich, H. -J., Rohl, A., Ulm, G., Vieregge, P., Savettieri, G., Rocca, W. 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L., Giannini, P., Liguori, M., Lucivero, V., Picciola, E., Tortorella, C., Drislane, F., Wang, A. Ming, Di Mascio, R., Marchioli, R., Vitullo, F., Di Pasquale, A., Sciulli, L., Kramer, V., Tognoni, G., Levivier, M., del Olmo, A., Caballero, E., Degaey, I., de Bruijn, S. F. T. M., Tchaoussoglou, I., Bastianello, S., Pozzilli, C., Cervello, A., Catala, N., Koskas, F., Kieffer, E., Botia, E., Vivancos, J., Leon, T., Segura, T., Ramo, C., Lopez, F., Karepov, V. G., Gur, A. J., Berlanga, B., Gracia, V., Fiol, C., Kurtel, H., Ozkutlu, U., Yegen, B., Grau, A. J., Buggle, F., Heindle, S., Steichen-Wiehn, C., Banerjee, T., Maiwald, M., Becher, H., Villafana, W., Medina, F., Fernandez-Real, J. M., Soler, S., Planas, E., Iceman, E., Doganer, I., Badlan, G., Genc, B., Yulug, K., Ideman, E., Dural, H., Kutlul, K., Damalik, G., Baklan, Y., Metin, B., Tekinsoy, E., Iriarte, I., Subira, M. L., Crockar, A. D., Treacy, M., McNell, T. A., Grazzi, L., Ediboglu, N., Bilgin, H., Ertas, S., Goument, J. -P., Basset, C., Campos, Y., Garcia-Silva, T., Cabello, A., Bussaglia, E., Tizzano, E., Colomer, J., Gimbergues, P., Campagne, D., Bommelaer, C., Delaguillaume, B., Ramtami, H., Ait-Kaci-Ahmed, M., Pascual L. F., Fernandez T., Hortells M., Sanz C., Morales F., Lauritzen, L., Picard, F., Sellal, F., Collard, M., Avramidis, T., Alexiou, E., Anastopoulos, T., Frongillo, D., Delfino, F. A., Cannata, M., Calo, L., Vichi, R., Antonini, G., Fragola, V., Cannata, D., Salas, M., Ruiz, C., Angelard, B., Lacau, J., Guily, St., Sendtner, M., Goadsby, Peter J., Quin, N. P., Gadian, D. G., Roland, P. E., Seitz, Rudiger J., Frackowiak, Richard S. J., Becker, G., Krone, A., Schmidt, K., Hofmann, E., Bogdahn, U., Rosenfeld, M. R., Meneses, P., Kaplitt, M. G., Dalmau, J., Posner, J., Cordon-Cardon, C., Hoang-Xuan, K., Vega, F., Nishisho, I., Moisan, J. P., Theillet, C., Delattre, O., Zhu, Jiahong, Walther, W., Posner, J. B., Roelcke, U., von Ammon, K., Pellikka, R., Lucking, C. H., Walon, C., Boucquey, D., -Van Rijckevorsel, K. Harmant, Lannoy, N., Verellen-Dunoulin, Ch., Liszka, U., Cavaletti, G., Casati, B., Kolig, C., Bogliun, G., Marzorati, L., Johannsen, L., Chio, A., Ruda, R., Vigliani, M. C., Sciolla, R., Seliak, D., Hoang-Xuang, K., Villanueva, J. A., Montalban, X., Arboix, A., Colosimo, C., Albanese, A., Hughes, A. J., de Bruin, V., Lees, A. J., Kowalski, J. W., Banfi, S., Santoro, L., Perretti, A., Castaldo, I., Barbieri, F., Campanella, G., Bhatia, K. P., Mardsen, C. D., de Bruin, V. S., Machedo, C., Ceballos-Baumann, D., Marsden, C. D., Brooks, D. B. J., Wennlng, G. K., Quinn, N., McDonald, W. l., Warner, T. T., Bain, P. C., Davis, M. B., Conway, D., Shaunak, S., O'Sullivan, E., Crawford, T., Lawden, M., Blunt, S., Rapoport, A., Sarova-Pinchas, I., de Beyl, D. Zegers, Mavroudakis, N., Blanc, S., Godinot, C., Lenoir, G., Barkhof, M. S. F., Tas, M. W., Baron, P. L., Constantin, C., Cassatella, M. A., Langdon, D. W., Webb, S., Gasparini, P., Zeviani, A., Kidd, D., Mammi, S., Cahalon, L., Hershkoviz, R., Lahat, N., Wallach, D., Annunziata, P., Martino, T., Maimone, D., Guazzi, G. C., Porrini, A. M., Dell'Arciprete, L., Rothwell, P. M., Stewart, R. R. C., Cull, R. E., Willmes, K., Poeck, K., Russell, D., Braekken, S. K., Brucher, R., Svennevig, J., Hermesl, M., Bruckmann, H., Biraben, A., Sliwka, U., Meyer, B., Schondube, F., Noth, J., Lavenu, I., Lammers, C., Waldecker, B., Haberbosch, W., Stam, J., Schneider, R., Gautier, J. C., Berlit, T. P., Fauser, B., Kuhne, D., Geraud, G., Danielli, A., Larrue, V., Bes, A., Timmerman, E., Bono, F., Bruni, A. C., Valalentino, P., Montesi, M. P., Talerico, G., Zappia, M., Sabatelli, M., Quattrone, A., Pareyson, D., Lorenzetti, D., Sghirlanzoni, A., Castellotti, B., Lupski, J. R., Archidiacono, N., Antonacci, R., Marzella, R., Rocchi, M., Samuel, D., Goulon-Goeau, C., Costa, P. P., Bismuth, H., Said, G., De Jongh P., Lofgren A., Timmerman V., Vance J. M., Van Broeckhoven C., Martin J. -J., Martinez, A. Cruz, Bort, S., Arpa, J., Misra, P., King, R. H. M., Badhia, K., Anderson, M., Caballo, A., Vichez, J., Gabriel, J. M., Erne, B., Miescher, G. C., Ulrich, J., Vital, A., Vital, C., Steck, A., Petry, K., Labatut, I., Hilmi, S., Ellie, E., Ferrini-Strambi, L., Zucconl, M., Marchettini, P., Palazzi, S., Oehlschlager, M., Pepinsky, R. B., Gemignani, F., Marbini, A., Pavesi, G., Di Vittorio, S., Manganelli, P., Mancia, D., Vermersh, P., Roche, J., Durocher, A. M., Dewailly, Ph., Dettmers, C., Fink, G., Lemon, R., Stephan, K., Passingham, D., Weder, B., Knorr, U., Huang, Y., Butterfield, D. A., Peris, M. L., Peiro, C., Pascual, A. Pascual-Leone, Bottini, G., Folnegovic-Smalc, V., Knezevic, S., Bokonjic, R., Ersmark, B., Torres, M. Gonzalez, Guiraud-Chaumeil, B., Haugaard, K., Jovicic, A., Chr, Lang, Levic, Z., Parra, C. Martinez, Ochoa, J. Patrignani, Titlbach, O., Wikkelso, C., Caparros-Lefevre, D., Debachy, B., Verier, A., Cantinho, G., Santos, A. I., Godinho, F., Bagunya, J., Roig, T., Ensenyat, A., Santiag, O., Trabucchi, H., De Leo, D., Koch, Ch., Zeumer, H., Matkovic, Z., Morris, P., Donaghy, M., Köhler, W., Kammer, T., Röther, J., Navon, R., Fontaine, B., Wu, Y., Capdevila, A., Guardiola, M. J., van Dijk, G. W., Notermans, N. C., Kruize, A. A., Kater, L., Bertelt, C., Hesse, S., Friedrich, H., Mauritz, K. -H., Giron, L. T., Watanabe, I. S., Ewing, D., Koepp, M., Lempert, T., Sander, B., Kauerz, U., Mehdorn, H. M., Hezel, J., Eickhoff, W., Kryst, T., Timsit, S., Gardeur, D., Reis, Mitermayer Galvao dos, Secor, E., Filho, A. Andrade, Silva, M. Cardoso, Santos, S. R. Silveira, Vasilaski, G., Reis, E. A. dos, Velupillai, P., Harn, D. A., Tigera, J. Garcia, Dreke, R. Martinez, Crespo, R. Piedra, Besses, C., Acin, P., Massons, J., Florensa, L., Oliveres, M., Sans-Sabrafen, J., Wicklein, E. M., Pleiffer, G., Kunre, K., Dieterich, M., Brandt, Th., Guarino, M., Stracciari, A., Pazzaglia, P., D'Alessandro, R., Santilli, I., Donato, M., The European Velnacrine Study Group, The Dutch Guillain-Barré study group, The COP-1 Multicenter Clinical and Research Group Study, and European Study Group

Published
1994
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41. Prognostic value of X-chromosome inactivation in symptomatic female carriers of dystrophinopathy

Author

Juan-Mateu Jonàs, Rodríguez Maria, Nascimento Andrés, Jiménez-Mallebrera Cecilia, González-Quereda Lidia, Rivas Eloy, Paradas Carmen, Madruga Marcos, Sánchez-Ayaso Pedro, Jou Cristina, González-Mera Laura, Munell Francina, Roig-Quilis Manuel, Rabasa Maria, Hernández-Lain Aurelio, Díaz-Manera Jorge, Gallardo Eduard, Pascual Jordi, Verdura Edgard, Colomer Jaume, Baiget Montserrat, Olivé Montse, and Gallano Pia

Subjects
Dystrophin, DMD, Symptomatic carrier, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy, X-chromosome inactivation, Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Background Between 8% and 22% of female carriers of DMD mutations exhibit clinical symptoms of variable severity. Development of symptoms in DMD mutation carriers without chromosomal rearrangements has been attributed to skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) favouring predominant expression of the DMD mutant allele. However the prognostic use of XCI analysis is controversial. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between X-chromosome inactivation and development of clinical symptoms in a series of symptomatic female carriers of dystrophinopathy. Methods We reviewed the clinical, pathological and genetic features of twenty-four symptomatic carriers covering a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. DMD gene analysis was performed using MLPA and whole gene sequencing in blood DNA and muscle cDNA. Blood and muscle DNA was used for X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) analysis thought the AR methylation assay in symptomatic carriers and their female relatives, asymptomatic carriers as well as non-carrier females. Results Symptomatic carriers exhibited 49.2% more skewed XCI profiles than asymptomatic carriers. The extent of XCI skewing in blood tended to increase in line with the severity of muscle symptoms. Skewed XCI patterns were found in at least one first-degree female relative in 78.6% of symptomatic carrier families. No mutations altering XCI in the XIST gene promoter were found. Conclusions Skewed XCI is in many cases familial inherited. The extent of XCI skewing is related to phenotype severity. However, the assessment of XCI by means of the AR methylation assay has a poor prognostic value, probably because the methylation status of the AR gene in muscle may not reflect in all cases the methylation status of the DMD gene.

Published
2012
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42. P.168Clinical spectrum and histopathological characterization of alpha-dystroglycanopathies

Author

Bobadilla, E., primary, Codina, A., additional, Jou, C., additional, Natera, D., additional, Carrera, L., additional, Ortez, C., additional, Yubero, D., additional, Martorell, L., additional, Gonzalez, L., additional, Gallano, P., additional, Exposito, J., additional, Corbera, J., additional, Itzep, D., additional, Colomer, J., additional, Jimenenez-Mallebrera, C., additional, and Nascimento, A., additional

Published
2019
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43. P.176Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) C, D and E: long term clinical follow up, anatomopathological and molecular genetic study of in a cohort of 35 pediatric patients

Author

Ortez, C., primary, Martinez, A., additional, Carrera, L., additional, Natera, D., additional, Exposito, J., additional, Colomer, J., additional, Jou, C., additional, Codina, A., additional, Jimenez-Mallebrera, C., additional, Gallano, P., additional, González, L., additional, Yubero, D., additional, and Nascimento, A., additional

Published
2019
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45. The utility of Next Generation Sequencing for molecular diagnostics in Rett syndrome

Author

Vidal, S., Brandi, N., Pacheco, P., Gerotina, E., Blasco, L., Trotta, J.-R., Derdak, S., Del Mar O'Callaghan, M., Garcia-Cazorla, À., Pineda, M., Armstrong, J., Aguirre, F.J., Aleu, M., Alonso, X., Alsius, M., Inmaculada Amorós, M., Antiñolo, G., Aquino, L., Arellano, C., Arriola, G., Arteaga, R., Baena, N., Barcos, M., Belzunces, N., Boronat, S., Camacho, T., Campistol, J., Del Campo, M., Campo, A., Cancho, R., Candau, R., Canós, I., Carrascosa, M.D.C., Carratalá-Marco, F., Casano, J., Castro, P., Cobo, A., Colomer, J., Conejo, D., Corrales, M.J., Cortés, R., Cruz, G., Csányi, G., De Santos, M.T., De Toledo, M., Toro, M.D., Domingo, R., Duat, A., Duque, R., Esparza, A.M., Fernández, R., Fons, M.C., Fontalba, A., Galán, E., Gallano, P., Gamundi, M.J., García, P.L., García, M.D.M., García-Barcina, M., Garcia-Catalan, M.J., García-Miñaur, S., Garcia-Peñas, J.J., García-Silva, M.T., Gassio, R., Geán, E., Gil, B., Gökben, S., Gonzalez, L., Gonzalez, V., Gonzalez, J., González, G., Guillén, E., Guitart, M., Guitet, M., Gutierrez, J.M., Gutiérrez, E., Herranz, J.L., Iglesias, G., Karacic, I., Lahoz, C.H., Lao, J.I., Lapunzina, P., Lautre-Ecenarro, M.J., Lluch, M.D., López, L., López-Ariztegui, A., Macaya, A., Marín, R., Marquez, C.M.L., Martín, E., Martínez, B., Martínez-Salcedo, E., Mas, M.J., Mateo, G., Mendez, P., Jimenez, A.M., Moreno, S., Mulas, F., Narbona, J., Nascimento, A., Nieto, M., Nunes, T.F., Núñez, N., Obón, M., Onsurbe, I., Ortez, C.I., Orts, E., Martinez, F., Parrilla, R., Pascual, S.I., Patiño, A., Pérez-Poyato, M., Pérez-Dueñas, B., Póo, P., Puche, E., Ramos, F., Raspall, M., Roche, A., Roldan, S., Rosell, J., Ruiz, C., Ruiz-Falcó, M.L., Russi, M.E., Samarra, J., Antonio, V.S., Sanchez, I., Sanmartin, X., Sans, A., Santacana, A., Scholl-Bürgi, S., Serrano, N., Serrano, M., Martin-Tamayo, P., Tendero, A., Torrents, J., Tortosa, D., Triviño, E., Troncoso, L., Turrón, E., Vázquez, P., Vázquez, C., Velázquez, R., Ventura, C., Verdú, A., Vernet, A., Vila, M.T., and Villar, C.

Subjects
congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities
Abstract

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that almost exclusively affects girls and is totally disabling. Three genes have been identified that cause RTT: MECP2, CDKL5 and FOXG1. However, the etiology of some of RTT patients still remains unknown. Recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) has promoted genetic diagnoses because of the quickness and affordability of the method. To evaluate the usefulness of NGS in genetic diagnosis, we present the genetic study of RTT-like patients using different techniques based on this technology. We studied 1577 patients with RTT-like clinical diagnoses and reviewed patients who were previously studied and thought to have RTT genes by Sanger sequencing. Genetically, 477 of 1577 patients with a RTT-like suspicion have been diagnosed. Positive results were found in 30% by Sanger sequencing, 23% with a custom panel, 24% with a commercial panel and 32% with whole exome sequencing. A genetic study using NGS allows the study of a larger number of genes associated with RTT-like symptoms simultaneously, providing genetic study of a wider group of patients as well as significantly reducing the response time and cost of the study.

Published
2017

46. The utility of Next Generation Sequencing for molecular diagnostics in Rett syndrome

Author

Vidal, S, Brandi, N, Pacheco, P, Gerotina, E, Blasco, L, Trotta, JR, Derdak, S, O'Callaghan, MD, Garcia-Cazorla, A, Pineda, M, Armstrong, J, Gallano P., and Gokben, S.

Subjects
congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities
Abstract

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that almost exclusively affects girls and is totally disabling. Three genes have been identified that cause RTT: MECP2, CDKL5 and FOXG1. However, the etiology of some of RTT patients still remains unknown. Recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) has promoted genetic diagnoses because of the quickness and affordability of the method. To evaluate the usefulness of NGS in genetic diagnosis, we present the genetic study of RTT-like patients using different techniques based on this technology. We studied 1577 patients with RTT-like clinical diagnoses and reviewed patients who were previously studied and thought to have RTT genes by Sanger sequencing. Genetically, 477 of 1577 patients with a RTT-like suspicion have been diagnosed. Positive results were found in 30% by Sanger sequencing, 23% with a custom panel, 24% with a commercial panel and 32% with whole exome sequencing. A genetic study using NGS allows the study of a larger number of genes associated with RTT-like symptoms simultaneously, providing genetic study of a wider group of patients as well as significantly reducing the response time and cost of the study.

Published
2017

49. LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY I

Author

Gonzalez-Quereda, L., primary, Garrabou, G., additional, Rodriguez, M., additional, Gallano, P., additional, Sanchez, A., additional, Grau, J., additional, and Milisenda, J., additional

Published
2018
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