Search

Galium verum L. and Galium mollugo L. are perennial herbaceous plants, belonging to the Rubiaceae family. Several classes of bioactive compounds, such as iridoid glycosides, phenolic compounds, anthraquinones and triterpenes, as well as small amounts of tannins, saponins, essential oils have been isolated from Galium species so far. Plants belonging to this genus have a long history of use in a traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases and conditions. Th e main application of G. verum is as diuretic, choleretic and as the treatment for gout and epilepsy. On the other hand, G. mollugo has been used to treat hysteria, epilepsy, as vulnerary. Over the past decades, numerous papers have been published referring to the chemical constituents presented in G. verum and G. mollugo extracts. Additionally, chemical composition and pharmacological effects of G. verum have been investigated, however data related to the effects of G. mollugo is limited. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of G. verum and G. mollugo. Finally, we proposed directions for future research in this field, which can improve our understanding of the potential health benefits of Galium species.

Proper estimation of the herb layer annual net primary production (ANPP) can help to appreciate the role of this layer in carbon assimilation and nutrient cycling. Simple methods of ANPP estimation often understate its value. More accurate methods take into account biomass increments of individual species but are more laborious. We conducted our study in an oak-hornbeam forest (site area 12 ha) dominated by beech in NW Poland during two growing seasons (2010 and 2011). We collected herb layer biomass from 7 to 10 square frames (0.6 × 0.6 m). We collected plant biomass every week in April and May and every two weeks for the rest of the growing season. We compared six methods of calculating ANPP. The highest current-year standing biomass (1st method of ANPP calculation) was obtained on May 15, 2010—37.8 g m−2 and May 7, 2011—41.0 g m−2. The highest values of ANPP were obtained by the 6th method based on the sum of the highest products of shoot biomass and density for individual species: 74.3 g m−2 year−1 in 2010 and 94.0 g m−2 year−1 in 2011. The spring ephemeral Anemone nemorosa had the highest share of ANPP with 50% of the total ANPP. Two summer-greens, Galeobdolon luteum and Galium odoratum, each had a ca. 10% share of ANPP. The best results of ANPP calculation resulted from laborious tracking of dynamics of biomass and density of individual shoots.

Although oral ulcers represent one of the most frequent oral mucosal diseases, the available treatment is not sufficient to provide complete ulcer recovery without side-effects. Therefore, the aim of our study was to prepare a mucoadhesive oral gel based on

Galium aparinoides Forssk. — Habit: Climber. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF, BZ, UMF, HZ; 1 500–3 800 m. Distribution: I. Voucher: Near Mount Kenya Lodge, Alt. 2 994 m, 21 Jul. 2014, SAJIT 001952 (HIB). References: Bussmann (1993, 1994), Bussmann & Beck (1995a, 1998), Verdcourt (2000c), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1995 a) The forests of Mt. Kenya (Kenya), a phytosociological synopsis. Phytocoenologia 25 (4): 467 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / phyto / 25 / 1995 / 467","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1998) The plant communities of the forests of Mount Kenya - First phytosociological and ecological data. In: Ojany, F. F. (Ed.) African mountains and highlands - planning for sustainable use of mountain resources. United Nations University, Tokyo, pp. 96 - 107.","Verdcourt, B. (2000 c) Rubiaceae (Part 1). In: Polhill, R. M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 414 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galium glaciale K.Krause —Habit: Herb. Habitat: HZ, AZ, NZ; 3 500–4 500 m. Distribution: IIIa. Voucher: Near Shimton Camp Site, Alt. 4 412 m, 22 Jan. 2015, SAJIT 002785 (HIB). References: Bussmann (1993, 1994), Young & Peacock (1985), Verdcourt (2000c), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Young, T. P. & Peacock, M. M. (1985) Vegetative key to the alpine vascular plants of Mount Kenya. Journal of the East Africa National History Society & National Museum 75 (185): 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2004.00514. x","Verdcourt, B. (2000 c) Rubiaceae (Part 1). In: Polhill, R. M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 414 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galium kenyanum Verdc. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: UMF, HZ; 2 700–3 900 m. Distribution: IIIa. Voucher: Eastern Meru Gorges Valley, Nivni River, Alt. 3 550 m, 11 Jan. 1958, Coe & Kirika 364 (EA, K). References: Bussmann (1994), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galium acrophyum Hochst. ex Chiov. — Habit: Climber. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF, BZ, UMF, HZ; 2 600–3 500 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Naro Moru Route, Alt. 3 429 m, 27 Mar. 2009, Kirika & York 1191 (EA, K). References: Bussmann (1993, 1994), Verdcourt (2000c), Abdi (2013), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Verdcourt, B. (2000 c) Rubiaceae (Part 1). In: Polhill, R. M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 414 pp.","Abdi, A. A. (2013) Diversity and distribution of the Afroalpine Flora of Eastern Africa with special reference to the taxonomy of the genus Pentaschistis (Poaceae). Ph. D. Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, 239 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galium simense Fresen. — Habit: Climber. Habitat: LMDF, HZ; 1 400–3 400 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Sirimon Track, Alt. 3 250 m, 2 Aug. 1975, Windels 112 (WAG). References: Fries & Fries (1929), Abdi (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1929) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. XII. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (96): 594 - 621. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994784","Abdi, A. A. (2013) Diversity and distribution of the Afroalpine Flora of Eastern Africa with special reference to the taxonomy of the genus Pentaschistis (Poaceae). Ph. D. Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, 239 pp."]}

Galium ruwenzoriense (Cortesi) Ehrend. — Habit: Climber. Habitat: BZ, UMF, HZ, AZ, NZ; 2 300–4 500 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Sirimon Track, Alt. 3 524 m, 19 Aug. 2013, SAJIT 001401 (HIB). References: Fries & Fries (1929), Young & Peacock (1985), Bussmann (1993, 1994), Bussmann & Beck (1995a), Verdcourt (2000c), Abdi (2013), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1929) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. XII. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (96): 594 - 621. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994784","Young, T. P. & Peacock, M. M. (1985) Vegetative key to the alpine vascular plants of Mount Kenya. Journal of the East Africa National History Society & National Museum 75 (185): 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2004.00514. x","Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1995 a) The forests of Mt. Kenya (Kenya), a phytosociological synopsis. Phytocoenologia 25 (4): 467 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / phyto / 25 / 1995 / 467","Verdcourt, B. (2000 c) Rubiaceae (Part 1). In: Polhill, R. M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 414 pp.","Abdi, A. A. (2013) Diversity and distribution of the Afroalpine Flora of Eastern Africa with special reference to the taxonomy of the genus Pentaschistis (Poaceae). Ph. D. Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, 239 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galium thunbergianum Eckl. & Zeyh. var. hirsutum (Sond.) Verdc. — Habit: Climber. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF, BZ, UMF; 1 900–3 800 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Near Mount Kenya Lodge, Alt. 2 892 m, 21 Jul. 2014, SAJIT 002007 (HIB). References: Fries & Fries (1929), Bussmann (1993, 1994), Bussmann & Beck (1995a), Verdcourt (2000c), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1929) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. XII. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (96): 594 - 621. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994784","Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1995 a) The forests of Mt. Kenya (Kenya), a phytosociological synopsis. Phytocoenologia 25 (4): 467 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / phyto / 25 / 1995 / 467","Verdcourt, B. (2000 c) Rubiaceae (Part 1). In: Polhill, R. M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 414 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galium chloroionanthum K.Schum. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF; 1 900–3 300 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: N/A. Ref: Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galium scioanum Chiov. — Habit: Climber. Habitat: LMDF; 1 700–2 700 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: N/A. References: Fries & Fries (1929), Verdcourt (2000c), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1929) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. XII. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 10 (96): 594 - 621. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994784","Verdcourt, B. (2000 c) Rubiaceae (Part 1). In: Polhill, R. M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 414 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galium ossirwaense K.Krause — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF, UMF, HZ; 1 800–3 800 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Embori Farm to Solo Camp Site, Alt. 3 249 m, 20 Jan. 2015, SAJIT 002735 (HIB). References: Young & Peacock (1985), Bussmann (1993, 1994), Verdcourt (2000c), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Young, T. P. & Peacock, M. M. (1985) Vegetative key to the alpine vascular plants of Mount Kenya. Journal of the East Africa National History Society & National Museum 75 (185): 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.2004.00514. x","Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Verdcourt, B. (2000 c) Rubiaceae (Part 1). In: Polhill, R. M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 414 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Optimum herbicide use is a key factor affecting the success of any integrated weed management strategy. The main objective of the current study was to implement a method based on spectrometer measurements for the in situ evaluation of herbicide efficacy and the detection of potentially herbicide-resistant weeds. Field trials were conducted in Greece between 2018 and 2020 in several durum wheat fields (Triticum durum Desf.). In all trials, the overall effect of herbicide application on the recorded Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values (at 1 and 2 wk after treatment [WAT]) was significant (P ≤ 0.001). For the majority of the surveyed fields, low NDVI values were recorded after 2,4-D application and a mixture of clopyralid + florasulam from 1 WAT, suggesting their increased efficacy. In several cases, the application of pyroxsulam + florasulam resulted in significant NDVI reductions at 2 WAT. As observed at the end of the growing seasons, the herbicides that reduced NDVI resulted in lower weed biomass. Strong correlations were observed between weed aboveground biomass and NDVI (2 WAT). In particular, R2 values were 0.8234 to 0.8649, 0.8453, 0.8595, 0.8149, and 0.8925 for the Aliartos, Thiva, Domokos, Larissa, and Orestiada fields, respectively. The overall effects of herbicide application on wheat grain yield were also significant (P ≤ 0.001). Pot experiments confirmed that the high NDVI values in some cases could be attributed to the presence of herbicide-resistant weeds. For instance, the resistance indices of two accessions of catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine L.) to mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium ranged between 9.7 and 13.2, whereas one sterile oat [Avena sterilis L. ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne] accession was 8.8 times more resistant to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl than a susceptible one. The present study is targeted at making a significant contribution toward establishing cause–effect relationships and presenting a useful tool for developing more effective weed management practices in more arable crops and under different soil and climatic conditions.

The identity of Asperula asperrima Boiss., a species usually misidentified, is discussed, and when transferred to the genus Galium it requires a new name, here proposed as G. pierredmondii. This species is described, illustrated and compared with its closest relatives in the genus Galium, namely G. boissierianum and G. moralesianum. While G. boissierianum lives exclusively on peridotites and G. moralesianum on limestones and dolomites, the ecological behaviour of G. pierredmondii is much broader, inhabiting peridotites, schists, limestones and dolomites; furthermore, G. pierredmondii is partially sympatric with the former, from which it may derive the confusion involving both species. Synonymy is revised for the concerned names, and an updated identification key is reported for the Iberian taxa of G. sect. Galium.

During the research of naturalization of artificialfield protective forest zones we revealed the location of Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, a rare plantspecies listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. It isa perennial herbaceous plant, 30–100 cm tall, hemicryptophyte, mesophyte, sciophyte. Peculiarities of its population growth, which withstands moderateanthropogenic load well, are given. The habitat ofEpipactis helleborine was found in a field protectiveforest zone aged 80–90 years of common oak (Quercus robur L.) within the Forest-Steppe zone on the surroundings of Kyiv. This population contains about 40 individuals of Epipactis helleborine, which are distributed on an area of 15×7 m. In the studied forest zone, the processes of acquiring natural features in artificially created tree plantations are actively taking place. The group includes a growing number of tree (Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus L., Acer platanoides L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Cerasus avium (L.) Moench) and shrub species (Swida sanquinea (L.) Opiz, Crataegus pseudokyrtostylа Klokov) plants, as well as a wide range of herbaceous plants. The latter reduces the participation of forest weeds (Chelidonium majus L., Urtica dioica L., Impatiens parviflora DC., Geum urbanum L., Galium aparine L., Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., Solidago canadensis L.) and the number of species characteristic of deciduous forests (Carex muricata L., Poa nemoralis L., Galium odoratum (L.) Scop., Scrophularia nodosa L.) is growing. According to our research, the group belongs to the association Elytrigio repentis-Quercetum robori I. Solomakha etShevchyk 2020, which belongs to the alliance Sambuco nigrae-Quercion robori I. Solomakha et Shevchyk 2020 order Chelidonio-Robinietalia pseudoacaciae Jurko ex Hadač et Sofron 1980 class Robinietea Jurko ex Hadač et Sofron 1980.

The natural and climatic conditions of Belarusare favorable for development of over 300 species of weeds. Currently, perennial, wintering, winter and spring weeds dominate among grain crops. When grain crops are infested with both annual and perennial dicotyledonous weeds, herbicides containing several active substances are efficient. One of such promising herbicides is the new herbicide Secator Plus, MD(2.4 acid, 433 g/l + iodosulfuron, 62.5 g/l + amidosulfuron, 25 g/l + mefenpyr /antidote/, 62.5 g/l). This herbicide used at the rate of 0.3-0.5 l/ha for winter grain crops provided high biological efficiency against the dominant annual and some perennial dicotyledonous weeds (80–100% loss): Chenopodium album L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Galeopsis tetrahit L., Tripleurospermum inodorum Sch.-Bip., Galium aparine L., Sonchus arvensis L., etc. In the studied crops, reliable increases in preserved grain yield were obtained. Economic benefit: the net income in winter wheat crops amounted to 60.0-90.0 dollars/ha, winter triticale 35.5-43.7 dollars/ha, and spring wheat 159.9-212.3 dollars/ha. Based on the research results, the herbicide Secator Plus, MD is registered in the State Register of Plant Protection Products (pesticides) and fertilizers permitted for use on the territory of theRepublic ofBelarus. The research results are of interest in the field of herbology, since they reveal the mechanisms of interaction of various active substances in herbicide, show possibilities of its widespread use in agriculture.

Galium verum var. hallasanense M. Kim (2017: 312) Isotype: KOREA, Jeju-do: Mt. Hallasan, 24 July 2015, H. Jo JF72414 (NIBRVP814958; Fig. 1 -21). Note: This isotype was transferred to KB from JNU, and another isotype was deposited in NNH (!). The holotype was preserved in KH (!). The name Galium verum var. hallaensis K.S. Jeong & K. Choi was published by Jeong et al. (2017: 95) as a replacement name for G. pusillum Nakai, which is a later homonym of G. pusillum L. (1753: 106). Kim (2017) published the name G. verum var. hallasanense, citing G. pusillum Nakai as a synonym. However, G. verum var. hallasanense is not a replacement name for G. pusillum Nakai, because Kim (2017) published the name as the name of a new taxon with an English description and indicated that the type differs from that of G. pusillum Nakai (see Art. 6.13 of the Code). Meanwhile, Son & Chang (2019) argued that the name G. verum var. hallasanense is a later homonym of G. verum var. hallaensis, because ���both the epithet ���hallaensis��� and ���hallasanense��� are sufficiently alike to be considered homonymous, and are derived from Mt. Halla of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea ���. However, the epithet ���hallasanense���, which has an additional syllable ���-san-���, is not spelled exactly like ���hallaensis���. These epithets are not likely to be confused, and should not be treated as homonyms., Published as part of Jang, Hyun-Do, Hyun, Chang-Woo, Ryu, Seah & Lee, Sang-Jun, 2022, Type specimens of vascular plants in the herbarium of the National Institute of Biological Resources (II), pp. 229-243 in Phytotaxa 539 (3) on pages 235-237, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6364084, {"references":["Kim, M. (2017) Korean Endemic Plants. Haejin Media Co., LTD., Seoul, 650 pp.","Jeong, K. S., Shin, J. - K., Jang, K. S. & Choi, K. (2017) Galium verum var. hallaensis, a replacement name for the Korean Galium pusillum Nakai (Rubiaceae). Phytotaxa 302: 95 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 302.1.10","Son, D. C. & Chang, K. S. (2019) Effective typification of Galium verum var. hallaensis, a replacement name for the Korean G. pusillum (Rubiaceae). Phytotaxa 423: 289 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 423.5.3"]}

The article presents the geographical analysis of representatives of a type section of the genus GaliumL. in Asian Russia. The article shows the distribution of species of the typical section in the floristic regions of AsianRussia, and the distribution by type of range. It was revealed that species of a typical section of the genus Galium in AsianRussia are found in 12 provinces, 7 subregions, 3 regions. The species ranges are represented by two types – eurasian andmanchurian.

Seasonal fluctuations of light availability, nutrient concentrations, and moisture affect plant population traits like density, standing biomass, and flowering. We analyzed seasonal changes of density and shoot biomass of the four most frequent herb species growing in an oak–hornbeam forest community, i.e., Anemone nemorosa, Ficaria verna, Galeobdolon luteum, and Galium odoratum. In 2010 and 2011 plant biomass was harvested from 7 to 10 randomly situated square sample plots (0.36 m2) in the homogenous oak–hornbeam forest community every week in the spring and every two weeks in the summer and autumn. The highest abundance of Anemone nemorosa reached over 1000 shoots per m2, of Ficaria verna 459.5 shoots per m2, of Galium odoratum 83.6 shoots per m2, and of Galeobdolon luteum 98.4 shoots per m2 (means for 2010 and 2011, based on all sample plots). We did not observe negative correlation between density and shoot biomass. Growth rates of vegetative shoot biomass amounted to 0.857 mg day−1 for Anemone nemorosa, 0.467 mg day−1 for Ficaria verna, 0.722 mg day−1 for Galium odoratum, and 0.448 mg day−1 for Galeobdolon luteum (means for 2010 and 2011). Spring ephemerals had much higher densities of shoots than summer-greens. Summer-greens reached higher biomass of individual shoots than spring ephemerals. Flowering shoots constituted only 4, 2, and 11% of all shoots for A. nemorosa, F. verna, and G. odoratum, respectively. More resource availability resulting in high shoot biomass did not translate to higher share of flowering shoots.

The liposoluble extract of Galium brunneum aerial parts from North-eastern Algeria was chemically investigated. The EtOAc soluble portion contained a series of glycosyl cucurbitacins and sterols including three new glucosyl hydroperoxy sterols 1–3 among other phenolic components whereas the BuOH soluble fraction was dominated by glycosyl derivatives of flavonoids, iridoids and lignans, according to the chemistry reported in the literature for the genus Galium. The structure of new oxidized sterols 1–3 was determined by spectroscopic methods as well as by comparison with related known metabolites. Selected main compounds from both extracts, which revealed moderate antibacterial activities, were tested for their growth inhibitory properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This is the first report of cucurbitacins in plants of genus Galium.

The Albanian flora includes 31 taxa in the genus Galium and one taxon in Sisyrinchium, the non-native S. angustifolium Mill. Here we present two new species for the Albanian flora, found at Krasta Park, Elbasan, May 2019. Galium setaceum Lam. was found on the southwestern side of Krasta Hill, in dry disturbed clearings of Pinus halepensis Mill. forest, on calcareous rocky substrate. Populations were small (

Since historical buildings are living mirrors of the past, it is very important to preserve and transfer them to future generations. In this study, plants growing on the walls of Alanya Castle were identified and the damages that these plants gave to the historical construction and the precautions to be taken to prevent these damages were emphasized. A total of 94 plant taxa, including five pteridophytes, one gymnosperm and 88 angiosperms, belonging to 35 families were identified on the walls of Alanya Castle. Conyza canadensis, Inula heterolepis, Phagnalon graecum, Arabis verna, Mercurialis annua, Fumaria parviflora, Cymbalaria microcalyx, Galium canum subsp. antalyense, Parietaria judaica, Hyoscyamus aureus, Poa bulbosa were the dominant plant species of Alanya Castle walls. Possible seed dispersion of these plants on the castle walls and the methods for controlling them are discussed in detail. We conclude that the most effective method of combating plants that grow naturally on historical buildings and give damage to these buildings is mechanical excavation.

The role of water and bottom sediment pollution of a river subjected to a strong industrial anthropo-pressure in coastal plants was investigated. The work presented the influence of polluted environment on accumulation of metal(loid)s (including arsenic and its species) in Stuckenia pectinata L., Galium aparine L., and Urtica dioica L. The study provided important information on the contents of organic and inorganic arsenic species in selected plants and their response to heavy metal and arsenic contamination. The As(III), As(V), AB (arsenobetaine), MMA (monomethylarsonic acid), and DMA (dimethylarsinic acid) ions were successfully separated on the Hamilton PRP-X100 column with high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) techniques. The Pollution Load Index and geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) values clearly indicate significant pollution of the examined ecosystem with heavy metals. The chemometric analysis with the concepts of (Dis)similarity Analysis, Cluster Analysis, and Principal Component Analysis helped to visualize the variability of the As species concentrations and to analyse correlations between sampling point locations and analyte contents.

Fungal strain PA-2 was isolated from infected poplar leaves from the Ping'an District, Haidong City of Qinghai Province, China. Based on the culture characteristics and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of its 16S rDNA, the strain was identified as Aureobasidium pullulans. The culture and metabolites of strain PA-2 showed high herbicidal potential to five tested weeds Galium aparine var. tenerum, Chenopodium album, Malva crispa, Polygonum lapathifolium and Avena fatua. For the in vitro test, 5 days after the detached leaves were inoculated with PA-2 culture, all leaves infected by the hyphae and became black and rotten. For the in vivo test, a metabolite filtrate of PA-2 culture was sprayed over the living weed plants, and five days after inoculation, the weed plants became withered and necrotic. Seven days after inoculation, the fresh weight reductions of G. aparine var. tenerum, C. album, M. crispa, P. lapathifolium and A. fatua were 87.25, 78.46, 82.25, 62.11, and 80.27%, respectively. Galium aparine var. tenerum and M. crispa exhibited significant reductions in fresh weight. The bio-safety test on the five crops showed no significant plant height reductions, which was also observed for wheat (Triticum aestivum), faba bean (Vicia faba), and barley (Hordeum vulgare). By contrast, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and pea (Pisum sativum) exhibited light spots but no significant reductions in plant height. These results indicated that A. pullulans could be a potential microbial herbicide for the control of the target weeds in crops. Optimization of the carbon and nitrogen sources for cultural media and substances for solid-state fermentation indicated that PA-2 had better colony growth and spore production with the optimal carbon source of glucose (C4), nitrogen source of soybean flour (N2), and the optimal substance was wheat bran. The results in this study provide useful information for the development of A. pulluans PA-2 as an herbicide for bio-control of the weed.

The toxicity of acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP)) is the most frequent cause of drug-induced liver damage. Galium aparine L. (GA) is traditionally used to treat jaundice. We aimed to investigate the hep-atoprotective potential of GA in the APAP-induced hepatic encephalopathy (HE) rat model. Qualitative phyto-chemical characterization of GA was performed by LC/Q-TOF/MS analysis. Wistar rats were pretreated with GA (250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt. per oral) for five days. On the 6th day, the rats were exposed to APAP (1500 mg/kg b. wt. oral gavage) and behavioral tests (open field and passive avoidance tests) were applied on the 7th and 8th days. The animals were killed, and biochemical and histopathological parameters were assessed in blood and hepatic specimens. GA pretreated rats exhibited a significant reduction in APAP-induced liver damage, evidenced by the reduction in liver necrosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin (BIL). GA demonstrated an anxiolytic effect, as seen in the acquisition trial and grooming behavior. The short-term memory performances of animals were not changed in all groups, suggesting that APAP intoxication did not affect hippocampal function. These results show that GA extract markedly exerts hepatoprotective ac-tivity, while its effect on hepatic encephalopathy was limited.

Summary Galium aparine L. (clivers, goosegrass) (Rubiaceae) is used in folk medicine as diuretic and medicinal plant alleviating different dermatoses as psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, and improves the immune system. So far, scientific studies have shown as a main constituents: iridoids (mainly asperuloside), flavonoids (luteolin, chrysoeriol, apigenin and quercetin derivatives), numerous of phenolic acids and phytosterols. Previous studies confirmed antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of clivers. The aim of this work was to investigate the chemical profile of essential oil isolated from G. aparine collected in Poland. The essential oil was extracted from the herb of G. aparine by hydrodistillation in Deryng-type apparatus and the volatile constituents were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 0,1 ml of essential oil (3,33 ml/kg) was obtained from the of G. aparine herb, in which 74 volatile ingredients were identified (100%). According to GC/MS analysis 9-diazo-9H-fluorene (31,93%), palmitic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (8,89%) were as major constituents. 9-diazo-9H-fluorene is very rare in the plant world, previously identified only in Bidens pilosa. Terpene compounds represented 22,31% of essential oil, including 15 sesquiterpenes (18,23%), 6 monoterpenes (2,00%) and 1 diterpene (3,08%). The other active ingredients of the oil include: phytol, β-ionone, anethole, spatulenol, α-cadinol, phenylethyl alcohol, eugenol, methyleugenol, α-carvacrol, α-caryophyllene, α-terpineol, isoaromadendren epoxide, carvone, linalool, santalol, β-farnesene and eucalyptole. The ingredients of the essential oil are multi-directional activity - anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antiproliferative, effect on angiogenesis, and also have occlusive properties. Quantify and a number of ingredients of the essential oil have proven that it may be one of the bioactive important fractions of the clivers herb and partly justify the traditional use of G. aparine.

This study deals with the vascular plants in the castle park in Uniejów and Żermina Składkowska park in Turek. The first of them was set up in the Warta river valley, the second – in the valley of a small stream called Folusz. During the vegetation seasons of 2018–2019, a descriptive list was made of the vascular plants at both sites. The identified species were divided into three groups: sociological-ecological, biotopic and geographical-historical. Based on the analysis of the historical-geographical spectrum of the flora, selected indicators of anthropogenic changes were defined. In total, 314 species of vascular plants were identified in the studied places. The flora of the castle park in Uniejów includes 217 species of vascular plants; in Żermina Składkowska park 202 such species were found. 217 of those species are indigenous, while 97 are non-native. Some of the species found in the parks are: Gagea pratensis, Thalictrum flavum, Galium schultesi and Corydalis intermedia. The flora of the park in Uniejów is more natural (25%) than that in the park in Turek (10,9%). Consequently, the indicators of anthropogenic changes for the Turek park are higher. Parks around historic buildings (castles, palaces, manors) and large city parks constitute refugiums of the flora typical of natural habitats in the anthropogenic landscape. Badaniami objęto florę roślin naczyniowych parku zamkowego w Uniejowie i parku miejskiego im. Żerminy Składkowskiej w Turku. Pierwszy z ogrodów został założony w dolinie Warty, drugi w dolinie niewielkiego cieku o nazwie Folusz. W sezonach wegetacyjnych 2018–2019 przeprowadzono spisy roślin naczyniowych w obu obiektach. Wśród odnotowanych gatunków wydzielono grupy: socjologiczno-ekologiczne, siedliskowe oraz geograficzno-historyczne. Bazując na analizie flory w zakresie spektrum geograficzno-historycznego określono dla badanych obiektów wybrane wskaźniki antropogenicznych zmian. W charakteryzowanych obiektach odnotowano łącznie 314 gatunków roślin naczyniowych. Flora parku zamkowego w Uniejowie obejmuje 217 gatunków, a w parku miejskim im. Żerminy Składkowskiej stwierdzono 202 taksony roślin naczyniowych. We florach badanych ogrodów odnotowano 217 gatunków rodzimych i 97 obcego pochodzenia. Parki są siedliskiem dla takich gatunków jak: Gagea pratensis, Thalictrum flavum, Galium schultesi oraz Corydalis intermedia. Szatę roślinną założenia ogrodowego w Uniejowie charakteryzuje wyższy wskaźnik naturalności flory (25%), niż flory parku w Turku (10,9%). Rezultatem tego są wyższe wskaźniki obrazujące antropogeniczne przemiany obiektu leżącego w Turku. Parki wokół zabytkowych obiektów (zamków, pałaców, dworów) oraz duże parki miejskie stanowią refugia flory naturalnych siedlisk w krajobrazie antropogenicznym.

The genus Galium Linnaeus (1753: 105), a well-known member of the madder family, consists of around 650 perennial and annual herbaceous species widely distributed in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions worldwide (Ehrendorfer et al. 2005, Chen & Ehrendorfer 2011). This genus is distinguished from other genera belonging to Rubiaceae by several morphological characteristics including the leaves in whorls of 2–8, 3 or 4-lobed corollas, rudimentary corolla tubes, and dry mericarps (Yamazaki 1993, Ehrendorfer et al. 2014, Elkordy & Schanzer 2015).

Messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) comprise a class of small nucleic acids carrying genetic information, which exhibit very important role in medical research and diagnosis. If only the mean mRNA expression levels of the mRNA population are considered in medical research, important information linking mRNA expression and cellular function may be lost. Single-cell analysis provides valuable insights into studying its heterogeneity, signaling, and stochastic gene expression. In this study, a "bunge bedstraw herb"-type DNA machine based on DNAzyme catalyzing coupled clamping hybrid chain reaction (c-HCR) is presented. In the DNA machine, a bunge bedstraw herb-type DNA structure was first formed by hybridizing a core junction scaffold cruciform probe to a hairpin probe that can trigger the c-HCR via a target molecule in four directions. This approach can reduce the detection limit of mRNA to 5 × 10

Natural products have long been proven very effective against various challenging diseases including cancer and bacterial infections. Galium tricorne is one of the important source of natural products, which has not been explored till date in spite of its profound ethnomedicinal prominence. The current study has been designed to explore the biological potential of G. tricorne and to extract and isolate chemical constituents from its aerial part and seeds respectively along with identification of their chemical constituents. Phytochemical screening was performed to figure out the presence of secondary metabolite in G. tricorne. Crude Methanolic extract (Gt.Crd), which was obtained from the aerial part while the fatty acids were extracted from the seeds, which were later on analyzed by GCMS. Similarly, Well Diffusion and MTT method were used for antibacterial activity and cancer cell line assay respectively. To evaluate the cytotoxic potential, brine shrimps were used. Likewise, in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis a total number of 23 compounds were identified in Gt.Crd extract out of which 7 compounds were sorted out to have some sort of toxicity profile. In the same fashion, 5 fatty acids were identified in the seeds of G. tricorne. Moreover, among the fractions, chloroform fraction (Gt.Chf) exhibited greater zone of inhibition (ZOI) 20.37 mm followed by Gt.Crd 18.40 mm against S. aureus and S. pyogenes respectively. In cytotoxicity Gt.Chf was more active followed by ethyl acetate fraction (Gt.Eta) by exhibiting 88.32±0.62% (LC50=60 µg/mL) and 73.95±2.25% (LC50=80 µg/mL) respectively at 1000 µg/mL concentration of the tested sample. Gt.Chf exhibited greater cell line inhibitory activity (IC50=61 µg/mL) against HeLa cell line. Similarly, Gt.Crd displayed IC50 values of 167.84 µg/mL and 175.46 µg/mL against HeLa and NIH/3T3 cell line respectively. Based on the literature review and screenings, it may be concluded that the aerial part and seeds of G. tricorne are the rich sources of bioactive compounds. The results of the current study also authenticate the scientific background for the ethnomedicinal uses of G. tricorne.

Galium sinaicum is a wild medicinal plant in saint Catherine, Egypt. To distinguish apoptotic effect of G. sinaicum ethanol extract (GsEE), we examined the role of GsEE in inducing programmed cell death (PCD) of Allium cepa root meristematic cell (AcR). Cells was subjected to GsEE in definite concentrations (0.1,0.3, 0.5%) and duration (6, 12h), then PCD induction was assessed. Application of GsEE arrested the mitotic division of AcR with metaphase accumulation. Electron microscopy analysis demonstrated ultrastructural alterations of organelles verifying PCD hallmarks. Protein electrophoresis analysis of AcR revealed a change in protein profile of Allium cepa root, also quantitative analysis showed significant increase in nuclease activity enzymes that stimulated DNA laddering fragmentation. Additionally, cell proliferation of MCF-7 and BHK21 was arrested by GsEE. Apoptotic effect of G. sinaicum may be attributed to the presence of potent phenolic compounds such as querectin and rutin as established by HPLC phenolic fingerprint analysis.

Objective: Plants are known to have many biological activities. In this study, the antioxidant, oxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of Galium aparine L. were investigated.Material and Method: The antioxidant and oxidant potentials of the plant, the aerial parts of which were extracted with ethanol in a Soxhlet device, were measured using Rel assay kits. Antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi was determined using the agar dilution method. Lung carcinoma cell line (A549) was used to determine the antiproliferative activity.Result and Discussion: As a result of the studies, total antioxidant status (TAS) value of plant extracts was determined as 5.147 ± 0.237, total oxidant status (TOS) value as 18.679 ± 0.245 and oxidative stress index (OSI) value as 0.346 ± 0.018. Plant extracts were found to be effective against test microorganisms at concentrations of 50-200 µg/mL. In addition, it was determined that the antiproliferative activity of the plant extract showed potent effects depending on the increase in the extract concentration. Finally, it was determined that Galium aparine has high biological activity and can be used as a natural pharmacological agent in this context., Amaç: Bitkilerin birçok biyolojik aktiviteye sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada Galium aparine L.'nin antioksidan, oksidan, antimikrobiyal ve antiproliferatif aktiviteleri araştırıldı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Toprak üstü kısımları Soxhlet cihazında etanol ile ekstrakte edilen bitkinin antioksidan ve oksidan potansiyelleri Rel test kitleri kullanılarak ölçüldü. Bakteri ve mantarlara karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite, agar seyreltme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlendi. Antiproliferatif aktiviteyi belirlemek için Lung Carcinoma Cell Line (A549) kullanıldı.Sonuç ve Tartışma: Çalışmalar sonucunda bitki ekstraktlarının toplam antioksidan seviyesi (TAS) değeri 5.147 ± 0.237, toplam oksidan seviyesi (TOS) değeri 18.679 ± 0.245 ve oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) değeri 0.346 ± 0.018 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bitki ekstraktlarının 50-200 µg/mL konsantrasyonlarında test mikroorganizmalarına karşı etkili olduğu bulundu. Ayrıca bitki ekstraktının antiproliferatif aktivitesinin ekstrakt konsantrasyonundaki artışa bağlı olarak güçlü etkiler gösterdiği belirlendi. Sonuç olarak Galium aparinin yüksek biyolojik aktiviteye sahip olduğu ve bu bağlamda doğal bir farmakolojik ajan olarak kullanılabileceği belirlendi.