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The Tibetan plateau, with complex and diverse ecosystems, is an important ecological security barrier to China. However, climate change and the spread of invasive plant species have imperiled the once pristine and diverse ecosystem of the region. To prevent the further spread and control of invasive plants, it is important to delineate the potential distribution patterns of alien invasive plants at the regional scale across Tibet and understand their responses to climate change. Galinsoga parviflora Cav., a member of the family Asteraceae, is an annual herbaceous plant distributed globally as an invasive weed and possesses characteristics that make it highly invasive, such as a strong ability to proliferate and disperse. The species is also known to have an allelopathic effect. There has been no report on the spatial distribution of G. parviflora in Tibet. Using field survey data, we investigated the risk of G. parviflora invasion and its impacts on the ecological safety of Tibet. We employed the MaxEnt model using the R language and SPSS software to optimize and select model parameters and data. We acquired various environmental variables along with current and future climate change scenarios (two carbon emission scenarios, SSP126 and SSP585, for the years 2050 and 2090) to predict the geographic distribution and potential risk areas in Tibet that G. parviflora can invade. The MaxEnt model accurately predicted the distribution of G. parviflora in Tibet with an average AUC of 0.985. The most suitable environmental conditions in which G. parviflora performed the best in Tibet included a mean annual temperature of 6.2–10.0 °C and an elevation range of 2672–3744 m above sea level. Our results indicate that low precipitation during the coldest quarter of the year (mean temperature −2–3 °C) was the most important variable predicting G. parviflora distribution. The results also showed that the species was hardly found when precipitation in the coldest quarter exceeded 155 mm. The current potential invasion risk areas for G. parviflora included the river valleys of central, southeastern, and eastern Tibet. With future climate change scenarios (i.e., SSP126, SSP585), the suitable habitats for G. parviflora distribution will likely shift to northwest regions from the southeast. Particularly under the highest carbon emission scenario (i.e., SSP585), the potential risk area expands more rapidly, and the center of distribution shifts to northwest regions. These findings provide useful information about the current and future changes in G. parviflora distribution in Tibet, which is crucial for the comprehensive and proactive management and control of G. parviflora under future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Инвазионные растения галинсога мелкоцветковая Galinsoga parviflora и мелколепестник канадский Erigeron canadensis часто встречаются в посевах и вдоль пахотных земель. Фактором, способствующим их распространению, может быть ассоциированное с этими однолетними видами сообщество арбускулярных микоризных грибов. На характер симбиотических отношений, складывающихся между растением-хозяином и грибами оказывает влияние как их таксономическая принадлежность, так и абиотические факторы. Целью исследования было определение микоризного статуса E. canadensis и G. parviflora, произрастающих на пахотных полях и вне их в Пушкинском р-не Санкт-Петербурга. Во всех вариантах, кроме обработки метрибузином, на стадии цветения выявлена высокая интенсивность микоризации и частота колонизации этих растений. Существенное влияние на микоризный статус оказывало внесение гербицидов. В частности, синтетический ауксин 2,4 Д (2-этилгексиловый эфир) стимулировал образование арбускул. Наибольшая колонизация наблюдалась в корнях для E. canadensis, выросшего вне поля. Ассоциированные с E. canadensis арбускулярные микоризные грибы образовывали отдельную монофилетическую группу. Эта группа, на наш взгляд, отвечает за более эффективный симбиоз и нуждается в дальнейшем более пристальном изучении.

Galinsoga parviflora is an herbaceous dicotyledonous plant in the Asteraceae that is common in disturbed habitats and agricultural areas across various temperate and subtropical regions of the world. In this study, several pathogenic strains were isolated from this host, and further morphological and phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of nuclear rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) and five other gene regions (act, chs-1, gapdh, his, and tub2) revealed a new species, described here as Colletotrichum galinsogae sp. nov. The pathogenicity of C. galinsogae sp. nov. was also tested and confirmed on leaf segments and seedlings of G. parviflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids are important for the human body as initial metabolites of polypeptides and proteins. The grass small-flowered galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora L.) accumulates a large amount of various amino acids, this grass is not poisonous and edible in some countries. The aim of this research is to analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids in the herb of small-flowered galin-soga (Galinsoga parviflora L.): to select the most suitable extraction conditions of amino acids from the Galinsoga parviflora herb; to apply the gas chromatog-raphy method for the determination of amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study involves the aqueous extraction of dyes, optimization of dyeing conditions (Extract concentration and dyeing temperature), application of extracted dyes onto cotton fabrics using optimized conditions, SEM analysis of treated fabrics, assessment of their antibacterial activity, and wash durability. Using Central Composite Design (CCD), the optimized dyeing conditions were selected as 39.14 percent and 700C based on the lowest bacterial count demonstrated by the dyed cotton fabric samples. Results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed that extract concentration has a more significant statistical influence compared to dyeing temperature. Treated cotton fabrics at optimized conditions together with alum as a cross-linking agent exhibited a 98.54 and 97.96 percent reduction in the bacterial count against Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa bacterial strains respectively. The retention of the antimicrobial activity of treated fabrics was found to be more significant even after 5 washes thus confirming that Galinsoga Parviflora extract is a potential source of finishes capable of improving antibacterial resistance of cotton fabrics for a longer period.

Cadmium (Cd) is a major cause of soil contamination in farmlands. To improve the phytoremediation ability of hyperaccumulators, the straws of three Solanum spp. (Solanum alatum, Solanum nigrum var. humile, and Solanum nigrum) were added to Cd‐contaminated soil, and Cd‐hyperaccumualtor Galinsoga parviflora were planted in the soil to explore their effect on phytoremediation ability of G. parviflora. The straws of three Solanum spp. increased the biomass of G. parviflora, but had no significant effects on the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid) contents in G. parviflora. The straws of three Solanum spp. decreased or had no significant effects on the superoxide dismutase activity and soluble protein content of G. parviflora, however, they enhanced the catalase activity of this plant. The straw of S. nigrum var. humile enhanced the peroxidase activity of G. parviflora, whereas the straws of S. alatum and S. nigrum decreased the peroxidase activity of G. parviflora. The straws of three Solanum spp. increased the Cd content in shoots and the Cd extraction by shoots of G. parviflora. Compared with the control, the straws of S. alatum, S. nigrum var. humile, and S. nigrum increased the Cd extraction by shoots by 46.41%, 35.33%, and 41.20%, respectively. Correlation and gray relational analyses revealed that the root biomass, shoot biomass, and catalase activity were closely associated with the Cd extration by shoots of G. parviflora. These results indicate that the straws of three Solanum spp. can promote the growth and Cd uptake of G. parviflora, thus improving its phytoremediation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galinsoga parviflora (Cav.) is a member of the Asteraceae family traditionally used for treatment of various ailments such as malaria, flu, cold, colorectal cancer, liver problems and inflammation. The medicinal properties of G. parviflora are due to the presence of various secondary metabolites including flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins. The literature survey revealed that G. parviflora possesses several pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antidiabetic. This review systematically discusses the potential of G. parviflora for managing medical conditions. The information is collected from various online databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, Web of Science, Plant of the World Online and PubMed. Among other information provided in this review, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities are discussed extensively. Additonally, the potential benefits, challenges and future opportunities are presented.

• Both G. parviflora and A. dubius were positively affected by the 5°C increase. • The C 3 altered photosynthetic traits and was more sensitive to the 5°C increase. • Both species altered biochemical traits, which may not be useful for screening. • The plant trait network showed both species had high phenotypic plasticity. • Photosynthetic traits were useful for screening the C 3 for temperature tolerance. Wild leafy vegetables are of increasing interest because many have higher concentrations of some beneficial minerals, vitamins and nutrients than commercial crops. Some reports also indicate that they exhibit high levels of tolerance to abiotic stressors associated with climate change. The aim of this study was to investigate whether selected biochemical, physiological (related to photosynthesis) and morphological traits could be used to screen for elevated temperature tolerance in two wild leafy vegetable species, viz. Amaranthus dubius (C 4) and Galinsoga parviflora (C 3). One-month-old seedlings were transferred from a greenhouse to growth chambers and subjected to either ambient [25°C (day)/14°C (night)] or elevated [30°C (day)/19°C (night)] temperatures for 15 days. On days 0, 5, 10 and 15, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, selected biochemical, physiological and morphological traits were determined. Data for the 24 traits measured were used in plant trait network analyses to establish the populations' phenotypic plasticity, including changes in the interactions/relationships amongst the traits when exposed to elevated temperatures. Sixteen traits showed significant differences between ambient and elevated temperatures on day 15, 11 in G. parviflora only, one in A. dubius only and four in both species. Those shared by the two species were intracellular hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, while specific leaf area was significantly different in A. dubius only. Both species altered biochemical leaf traits under elevated temperatures, while morphological leaf traits were altered in A. dubius only and photosynthetic leaf traits in G. parviflora only. In G. parviflora , the photosynthetic traits were more sensitive to elevated temperatures than in A. dubius. This suggests that photosynthetic traits may be ineffective for screening C 4 species, due to them being highly evolved to survive in warmer climates. However, the results showed that photosynthetic traits could be useful as screening tools for C 3 photosynthetic pathway species. The plant trait network analyses showed that both species displayed high phenotypic plasticity with a 5°C increase in temperature. We recommend when screening wild leafy vegetables for high temperature tolerance that photosynthetic traits be considered in the context of their phenotypic plasticity. This approach could fast-track the identification of more climate-resilient wild edible species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study involves the aqueous extraction of dyes, optimization of dyeing conditions (Extract concentration and dyeing temperature), application of extracted dyes onto cotton fabrics using optimized conditions, SEM analysis of treated fabrics, assessment of their antibacterial activity, and wash durability. Using Central Composite Design (CCD), the optimized dyeing conditions were selected as 39.14 percent and 700C based on the lowest bacterial count demonstrated by the dyed cotton fabric samples. Results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed that extract concentration has a more significant statistical influence compared to dyeing temperature. Treated cotton fabrics at optimized conditions together with alum as a crosslinking agent exhibited a 98.54 and 97.96 percent reduction in the bacterial count against Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa bacterial strains respectively. The retention of the antimicrobial activity of treated fabrics was found to be more significant even after 5 washes thus confirming that Galinsoga Parviflora extract is a potential source of finishes capable of improving antibacterial resistance of cotton fabrics for a longer period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory potential of plant extract and essential oils (EOs) extracted from Artemisia abyssinica, Cinnamomum verum, Cymbopogon citratus, C. martinii, C. winterianus, Curcuma longa, Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus citriodora, E. globules, Lantana camara, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Thymus schimperi against some of the most troublesome weed species in the coffee field via a series of lath-house and field conditions using various application frequencies at the rate of 5% (v/v) arranged in RCBD with three replications. Our result showed that EOs significantly reduced the shoot height (58 to 100%) and root length (52 to 100%) as well as total biomass of G. parviflora seedlings compared to untreated control. The inhibitory effects were measured to be varied among EOs of the tested plants followed application frequencies dependent manner. The potential herbicidal properties of EOs from selected plants based on their efficacy in the lath-house experiments were further tested against weeds of coffee under the field. Except for EO from E. citriodora, all the tested materials showed strong inhibitory effects (ranging from 23.22 to 46.27%) on all weed species compared to untreated control. In conclusion, the application of EOs from Cymbopogon species had the potential to retard the growth of weeds in coffee and may be used as a component of integrated weed management options. However, further study needs to be done to investigate the mechanism of inhibition and the exact active ingredient responsible for the inhibitory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of Galinsoga parviflora to different doses of the herbicide Chwastox Turbo 340 SL [2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) + dicamba] used alone and with an adjuvant. The study was conducted on the spring barley cultivar ‘Suweren.’ During the tillering stage of spring barley, a weed control treatment was applied using Chwastox Turbo 340 SL at a rate of 100% and at rates reduced by 33% and 50%, and was applied either alone or with an oil adjuvant. Plots without herbicide and adjuvant application were the control treatment. The present study showed that in spring barley the largest plants of G. parviflora, which produced the highest number of branches, flower heads, and achenes, occurred in the control treatment where no herbicide and adjuvant were applied. Morphology, productivity, and biomass were not found to vary greatly between G. parviflora plants occurring in the plots where the reduced rates of Chwastox Turbo 340 SL and in those where the manufacturer’s recommended rate were applied. The number of achenes produced by G. parviflora was positively correlated with plant height and negatively with plant biomass. The germination capacity of G. parviflora diaspores was not significantly different between the herbicide protection treatments.

Galinsoga parviflora is an invasive weed in southwest of Chinese agricultural systems and commonly used as medicine and food. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of the G. parviflora was assembled from the whole genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome is 151,811 bp in size, which composed of one large single-copy (LSC) and one small single-copy (SSC) regions of 83,594 bp and 18,141 bp, respectively, and separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,038 bp each. It encodes a total of 113 gene species (80 protein-coding, 29 tRNA, and four rRNA species), in which 19 of them with double copies. The overall GC content is 37.7% while the GC content of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 35.8%, 31.3%, and 43.1%, separately. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Galinsoga parviflora was closely related to Galinsoga quadriradiata.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of Galinsoga parviflora to different doses of the herbicide Chwastox Turbo 340 SL [2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) + dicamba] used alone and with an adjuvant. The study was conducted on the spring barley cultivar 'Suweren.' During the tillering stage of spring barley, a weed control treatment was applied using Chwastox Turbo 340 SL at a rate of 100% and at rates reduced by 33% and 50%, and was applied either alone or with an oil adjuvant. Plots without herbicide and adjuvant application were the control treatment. The present study showed that in spring barley the largest plants of G. parviflora, which produced the highest number of branches, flower heads, and achenes, occurred in the control treatment where no herbicide and adjuvant were applied. Morphology, productivity, and biomass were not found to vary greatly between G. parviflora plants occurring in the plots where the reduced rates of Chwastox Turbo 340 SL and in those where the manufacturer's recommended rate were applied. The number of achenes produced by G. parviflora was positively correlated with plant height and negatively with plant biomass. The germination capacity of G. parviflora diaspores was not significantly different between the herbicide protection treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different rootstocks on the cadmium (Cd) accumulation characteristics of the post-grafting generations of Cd-hyperaccumulator Galinsoga parviflora plants. Five treatments, ungrafted and G. parviflora seedlings grafted on the rootstocks of Kalimeris indica, Senecio scandens, Conyza canadensis, and Artemisia sieversiana, were utilized. The four rootstock grafts decreased the shoot biomass of the G. parviflora post-grafting generation compared with ungrafted. The K. indica and S. scandens grafts increased the Cd concentration in shoots of the G. parviflora post-grafting generation by 15.06% and 14.40%, respectively, compared with ungrafted, while the C. canadensis and A. sieversiana grafts had no significant effects. K. indica grafts increased the amount of Cd extracted by shoots of the G. parviflora post-grafting generation by 10.59% compared with ungrafted, while the other treatments resulted in decreases. Compared with ungrafted, the different rootstocks had no significant effects on the photosynthetic pigment content of the G. parviflora post-grafting generation, and only C. canadensis grafts increased the superoxide dismutase activity level, while only K. indica grafts increased the peroxidase activity level. Therefore, the K. indica rootstock could increase the phytoremediation capability of G. parviflora post-grafted plants grown in Cd-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of allelopathy emerges as an alternative method for weed management in crops, especially in small vegetable producing properties. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify possible allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of the weeds Cyperus difformis L. (small-flowered nutsedge), Commelina benghalensis L. (benghal dayflower) and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (gallant soldier) on seed germination and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Lycopersicum esculentum L. (tomato). Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with five replications, the first with lettuce seeds and the second with tomato seeds submitted to germination in five concentrations of weeds aqueous extracts (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). All treatments with aqueous extracts of the three species, at different concentrations, caused a reduction in lettuce and tomato root length. There was a reduction in most of the evaluated variables, and seed germination of the crops had the lowest influence of the extracts. The weeds benghal dayflower, small-flowered nutsedge and gallant soldier showed allelopathic potential on lettuce and tomato crops. This potential allelopathic effect is directly related to the concentration and type of extract from the plant species. In general, it can be noted that the greatest allelopathic effect occurred with the use of small-flowered nutsedge extract, followed by gallant soldier and benghal dayflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the effects of mutual grafting on cadmium (Cd) accumulation characteristics on the first post-generations of the Cd-hyperaccumulator plants Bidens pilosa L. and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. The seeds from scions and rootstocks of B. pilosa and G. parviflora were collected and planted in Cd-contaminated soil in pot and field experiments. In the pot experiment, rootstock treatment increased the shoot biomass of B. pilosa post-grafting generations, compared with ungrafted B. pilosa, but decreased the Cd content in shoots and Cd extraction by shoots of post-grafting generations; scion treatment decreased or had no significant effect. Mutual grafting resulted in no significant differences to the photosynthetic pigment contents in B. pilosa post-grafting generations. Compared with ungrafted G. parviflora, scion treatment increased the shoot biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, and Cd extraction by shoots of G. parviflora post-grafting generations, but rootstock treatment did not lead to significant differences. Mutual grafting resulted in no significant differences to the Cd contents in shoots of G. parviflora post-grafting generations. In the field experiment, only rootstock treatment increased the shoot biomass of B. pilosa post-grafting generations, and only scion treatment increased the shoot biomass and the Cd extraction by shoots of G. parviflora post-grafting generations. Therefore, mutual grafting of scions may enhance the phytoremediation ability of G. parviflora first post-grafting generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among solar radiation, ultraviolet light is the most harmful for the skin, because of intracellular reactive oxygen species formation, leading to oxidative stress, cell damage and apoptosis. Crucial role in skin protection against oxidative stress play antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf2 transcription factor. Some plant-derived polyphenols are known to protect skin fibroblasts against UV through induction of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes expression.Purpose: We previously found out that water extracts from Galinsoga sp. herb protected human dermal fibroblasts against UVA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, which compounds were responsible for such protective action remained unclear. Here, we investigated photoprotective potential and mechanism of action of two main isolated compounds, 2,3,5(2,4,5)-tricaffeoylaltraric acid and 2,4(3,5)-dicaffeoylglucaric acid, on human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF).Study Design/methods: NHDF cells were pretreated with tested compounds (6.25-50 µM) and irradiated with UVA (25 J/cm2). Intracellular ROS and GSH level, cell viability, cell membrane integrity and apoptosis were measured. HO-1 protein expression and Nrf2 transcription factor activation were also assessed.Results: Cells pretreated with tested compounds prior to UVA showed inhibition of intracellular ROS formation and increase of GSH level. Significant increase of cell viability was also observed, as well as decrease of LDH release and a the rate of apoptotic cells in comparison to untreated cells. Furthermore, tested compounds increased HO-1 expression and activated the Nrf2 transcription factor in NHDF cells.Conclusion: Present study demonstrated that caffeic acid derivatives present in Galinsoga parviflora herb, in particular tricaffeoylaltraric acid may protect dermal fibroblasts against UVA-induced oxidative stress through activation of intracellular antioxidative system. Such caffeic acid derivatives are bioactive compounds which might prevent UV-induced photoageing and photocarcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. and Fumaria officinalis L. are well known to have many therapeutic applications based also on their antioxidant activity. Because the antioxidative potential of plant materials is related to the presence of phenolic compounds, we determined their content in both herb extracts. Then the antioxidant potency of the extracts was estimated by measuring ABTS scavenging activity and by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell assays, including the estimation of viability, respiration coupling and protein carbonylation for the yeast Δsod1 mutant. This mutant undergoes oxidative stress because of the depletion of the superoxide dismutase form encoded by the SOD1 gene (CuZnSOD). We demonstrated that the antioxidative activities of G. parviflora and F. officinalis extracts coincide with the content of phenolic compounds, namely, phenolic acids. Moreover, we observed a relationship between the extract activities and their effects on the Δsod1 cell status of energy coupling and protein carbonylation, as well as cell viability. These findings provide new data regarding the mechanism of antioxidative activity of plant phenolic compounds and the potential of the studied herb for application as a functional food ingredient.

Galinsoga parviflora is an invasive weed in southwest of Chinese agricultural systems and commonly used as medicine and food. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of the G. parviflora was assembled from the whole genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome is 151,811 bp in size, which composed of one large single-copy (LSC) and one small single-copy (SSC) regions of 83,594 bp and 18,141 bp, respectively, and separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,038 bp each. It encodes a total of 113 gene species (80 protein-coding, 29 tRNA, and four rRNA species), in which 19 of them with double copies. The overall GC content is 37.7% while the GC content of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 35.8%, 31.3%, and 43.1%, separately. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Galinsoga parviflora was closely related to Galinsoga quadriradiata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new caffeoyl -glucaric and -altraric acid derivatives along with eleven known compounds were isolated from aerial parts of Galinsonga parviflora . Their structures were elucidated by high-resolution spectroscopic studies. The four new compounds were determined as being 2,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylglucaric acid ( 1 ), 2,4,5-tricaffeoylglucaric acid ( 2 ), 2,3,4- or 3,4,5-tricaffeoylaltraric acid ( 3 ) and 2,3(4,5)-dicaffeoylaltraric acid ( 4 ). A reliable criterion for the determination of the linkage position of caffeic acids moieties in glucaric acid derivatives has been proposed, on the basis of detailed analysis of the respective J -couplings, including substitution and solvent influence on the observed values. All hexaric acids derivatives appeared as inhibitors of reactive oxygen species production by stimulated neutrophils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of application of the straw of cadmium accumulating species (Youngia erythrocarpa (cadmium hyperaccumulator), Bidens pilosa (cadmium hyperaccumulator), Solanum photeinocarpum (potential cadmium hyperaccumulator), and Siegesbeckia orientalis (cadmium accumulator)) in cadmium contaminated soil on the growth and cadmium accumulation of Galinsoga parviflora were studied. The root biomass, stem biomass, shoot biomass, total biomass, and the antioxidant enzyme activity of G. parviflora were increased by application of the straw of Y. erythrocarpa. The straw of Y. erythrocarpa, S. orientalis, and B. pilosa reduced soil pH, increased the soil exchangeable Cd concentration, and increased the Cd contents in stems, leaves, and shoots of G. parviflora compared with the control. The straw of Y. erythrocarpa and B. pilosa increased the Cd extraction amount in stems, leaves, shoots and the whole plant of G. parviflora compared with the control, with the effect of Y. erythrocarpa higher than that of B. pilosa. Therefore, the straw of Y. erythrocarpa and B. pilosa improved the Cd extraction ability of G. parviflora from cadmium-contaminated soil, and the straw of Y. erythrocarpa demonstrated to be the best material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embora o herbicida glyphosate seja considerado não-seletivo, várias espécies de plantas daninhas apresentam certo grau de tolerância às doses recomendadas. No Brasil, já existem relatos de seleção de espécies de plantas daninhas tolerantes ao glyphosate em áreas com o uso intensivo deste herbicida. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da aplicação repetitiva do herbicida glyphosate sobre a dinâmica do banco de sementes das plantas daninhas tolerantes: Commelina benghalensis, Ipomoea grandifolia e Richardia brasiliensis; e das plantas daninhas suscetíveis: Amaranthus hybridus e Galinsoga parviflora. O experimento foi monitorado durante dois anos em áreas experimentais do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Escola Superior de Agricultura ''Luiz de Queiroz'' - Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo. Partindo de uma densidade de 100 plantas m-2 de cada espécie, o glyphosate foi aplicado periodicamente em pós-emergência sobre as plantas daninhas adultas nas doses de 0, 0,36, 1,44 e 2,88 kg e.a. ha-1. O banco de sementes do solo foi estimado através da avaliação de emergência direta das plântulas e extração física das sementes. O banco de sementes das plantas daninhas tolerantes ao glyphosate teve aumento significativo, principalmente nas menores doses. Por outro lado, o banco de sementes das espécies suscetíveis diminuiu ao longo do tempo mesmo nas menores doses do glyphosate. Na última análise do banco de sementes, as plantas daninhas tolerantes apresentaram, na maior dose de glyphosate aplicada, cerca de 12 milhões de sementes não-dormentes ha-1, ao passo que as suscetíveis apresentaram cerca de 4 milhões de sementes não-dormentes ha-1. Concluiu-se que o uso intensivo do herbicida glyphosate pode ocasionar uma mudança na área, aumentando a freqüência das plantas tolerantes ao longo dos anos.Although glyphosate is considered a non- selective herbicide, several weed species show a certain degree of tolerance to the recommended rates. Weed species tolerance to glyphosate in areas with intensive application of this herbicide has been reported in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the herbicide glyphosate on the seedbank dynamics of the tolerant weeds Commelina benghalensis, Ipomoea grandifolia and Richardia brasiliensis; and the susceptible weeds Amaranthus hybridus and Galinsoga parviflora. The experiment was monitored during two years in the experimental area of Department of Plant Production of ESALQ/University of São Paulo, Brazil. Beginning with an initial density of 100 plants m-2 of each species, glyphosate was sprayed periodically under post-emergence conditions at the rates of 0, 0.36, 1.44 and 2.88 kg a.e/ha. The seedbank in the soil was estimated through seedling emergence evaluation and physical extraction from the soil. Seedbank of the tolerant species increased specially at lower rates of glyphosate. On the other hand, the seedbank of susceptible species decreased during the experiment, even at lower rates. In the last seedbank evaluation, the tolerant weeds presented almost 12 million of seeds/ha, while the susceptible weeds showed about four million seeds/ha. It was concluded that the intensive use of glyphosate can cause a weed shift in the area, increasing the frequency of tolerant weeds along the years.

Galinsoga species are used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory agents and accelerators for wound healing. They also have reported antioxidant activity. We examined aqueous and ethanolic extracts derived from the Galinsoga herb as potential photoprotectors, as the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has implicated in skin damage. The extracts used in the study were standardized by determining the sum of flavonoids, and the amount of caffeic acid and its derivatives. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by examining the scavenging of two radicals (O 2 − and H 2 O 2 ) generated in cell-free systems. We also examined the effect on ROS generation by human skin fibroblasts after UV irradiation. In addition we determined the cytotoxicity of the extracts and their protective effect against damage caused by UV irradiation (MTT test, LDH release test and staining with annexine V-FITC/PI). Our findings show that the ethanolic extracts from the herb have cytotoxic effects, while the aqueous extracts from Galinsoga herb have protective activity, in part due to their ability to inhibit ROS generation. In the conclusion the aqueous extracts from the both tested species may be effective as photoprotectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. and Fumaria officinalis L. are well known to have many therapeutic applications based also on their antioxidant activity. Because the antioxidative potential of plant materials is related to the presence of phenolic compounds, we determined their content in both herb extracts. Then the antioxidant potency of the extracts was estimated by measuring ABTS scavenging activity and by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell assays, including the estimation of viability, respiration coupling and protein carbonylation for the yeast Δ sod1 mutant. This mutant undergoes oxidative stress because of the depletion of the superoxide dismutase form encoded by the SOD1 gene (CuZnSOD). We demonstrated that the antioxidative activities of G. parviflora and F. officinalis extracts coincide with the content of phenolic compounds, namely, phenolic acids. Moreover, we observed a relationship between the extract activities and their effects on the Δ sod1 cell status of energy coupling and protein carbonylation, as well as cell viability. These findings provide new data regarding the mechanism of antioxidative activity of plant phenolic compounds and the potential of the studied herb for application as a functional food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier), Asteraceae, produces two morphologically distinct achenes in a single capitulum: peripheral and central. The morphological, phenological and generative reproduction traits of the progeny derived from peripheral and central achenes that were cultivated in greenhouse conditions were analyzed. Differences between the progeny of various morph types were manifested at different stages of life. The plants of both morph types developed at a similar rate and they entered key phenological phases at the same time except for the flowering stage. The average height of the studied plants was similar on the same days of the experiment. The study showed that plants from peripheral achenes realize the generative reproduction in other pattern than plants from central achenes. The plants from central achenes produce more capitula per plant at the beginning of the fruiting stage, whereas plants from peripheral seeds achieve the highest number of capitula per plant at later stages. Finally, on day 130 of the experiment, the number of capitula per plant of both morphs equalized. At the early fruiting stage, the number of achenes per capitulum of plants from the two morphs did not differ significantly. The number of achenes within one capitulum decreases with plant age in both populations, but the rate of that decline is greater in the progeny of peripheral seeds. The number of peripheral achenes per capitulum in plants from both achene types decreases at a comparable rate. In contrast, the number of central achenes is reduced at a faster rate in plants germinated from peripheral achenes. After day 83, the individuals from peripheral diaspores intensified their reproductive effort; they produced more capitula but with fewer number of achenes than in individuals from central diaspores. On day 130, the number of dispores per plant of the two morphs equalized. The changes of fecundity of peripheral and central progeny with the age of the plant (at different stages of the life cycle of a single plant) contribute to an intensive seed rain throughout the fruiting period. By producing a large number of less fertile capitula with a stable number of peripheral achenes, plants derived from peripheral achenes are able to supply a higher share of peripheral achenes than if they would produce fewer but more fertile capitula. This strategy increases the pool of peripheral achenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method, the artificially high soil cadmium (Cd) concentration method, was used to screen for Cd hyperaccumulators among winter farmland weeds. Galinsoga parviflora was the most promising remedial plant among 5 Cd accumulators or hyperaccumulators. In Cd concentration gradient experiments, as soil Cd concentration increased, root and shoot biomass decreased, and their Cd contents increased. In additional concentration gradient experiments, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities increased with soil Cd concentrations up to 75 mg kg−1, while expression of their isoenzymes strengthened. Catalase (CAT) activity declined and CAT isoenzyme expression weakened at soil Cd concentrations less than 50 mg kg−1. The maxima of Cd contents in shoots and roots were 137.63 mg kg−1 and 105.70 mg kg−1, respectively, at 100 mg kg−1 Cd in soil. The root and shoot bioconcentration factors exceeded 1.0, as did the translocation factor. In a field experiment, total extraction of Cd by shoots was 1.35 mg m−2 to 1.43 mg m−2 at soil Cd levels of 2.04 mg kg−1 to 2.89 mg kg−1. Therefore, the artificially high soil Cd concentration method was effective for screening Cd hyperaccumulators. Galinsoga parviflora is a Cd hyperaccumulator that could be used to efficiently remediate Cd-contaminated farmland soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2422-2428. © 2014 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of our work were to answer the following questions: 1. Diquat dibromide at different concentrations is a contact or systemic herbicide? 2. if translocation occurs what is the extent and direction of it. 3. by what concentration it is translocated in hydroponics. It has been stated that diquat dibromide at different dilutions (40-5%) had systemic effect in Robinia pseudo-acacia in the fields. Its translocation has been occurred apically first, and later basipetally. The extent of translocation depended on the concentration. In hydroponics diquat dibromide has crytallized on the leaf surface of Galinsoga parvif lora and all concentrations (40-0.078%) proved lethal. Recognition and application of systemic characteristics of diquat dibromide is reported here for the first time. Improvement of application method is in the focus of our future work.

Galinosoates A–C (1–3), new aromatic esters, have been isolated from the n-hexane soluble fraction of Galinsoga parviflora. Their structures were assigned from the spectral data including IR, HR-EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Galinsosides A ( 1) and B ( 2), new flavanone glucosides together with two known flavanones, 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyflavanone ( 3) and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavanone ( 4) have been isolated from an ethyl acetate- soluble fraction of Galinsoga parviflora. Their structures were assigned on the basis of spectral studies. Compound 1 showed significant antioxidant and urease inhibitory activity while compound 2 was moderately active. On the other hand, 2 showed inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]