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Bankarski sektor odigrao je vrlo važnu ulogu u održavanju likvidnosti cjelokupnog gospodarstva Hrvatske tijekom korona-krize. Gospodarstvo se nalazilo u teškoj situaciji zbog obustave poslovanja velike većine djelatnosti, a samim time su i prihodi smanjeni za poslovne subjekte, kao i za pojedince. Banke su kroz odobravanje kredita uspjele održati stabilnost gospodarstva. Istovremeno, kreditni rizik zadržan je pod kontrolom te se nalazi na sličnim ili čak nižim razinama nego li u prethodnoj godini. Banking sector played a very important role in maintaining the liquidity of the entire Croatian economy during the coronavirus crisis. The economy was in a difficult situation due to the suspension of most activities, and revenues were reduced for businesses, as well as for individuals. Banks have managed to maintain the stability of the economy by approving loans. At the same time, credit risk has been kept under control and at similar or even lower levels than in the previous year.

Background: To determine the existence of the toothlessness within the patients in the area of Mostar. The aim is to determine the topography of toothlessness within the population of Mostar, according to Kennedy classification. The aim is to connect measures of socioeconomic status with the appearance of the toothlessness. To develop a model that includes a form of toothlessness and the socioeconomic status of the patients in Mostar. Subjects and methods: The study was conducted at the Health Center in Mostar and the Regional Medical Center in Mostar. The research was cross-sectional study. It included 800 patients who regularlyoccurred to the dental ambulance because of the toothlessness and because of the prosthodontics treatment. The measurement was conducted by the dentist based on the anonymous research cardboard at the first examination of the patient. The dentist will determine the topography of the toothlessness according to Kennedy classification and the etiology of the toothlessness. Results: In the total sample of respondents, the toothlessness was significantly higher represented (P

Background: Suggested treatment of patients with COPD and astma requires promotion and psychological dimensions of patients. Aim: Primary objective of this study was to determine frequency of developing anxiety and depression in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in relation to gender, age and socioeconomic status and to evaluate possible differences between patients with and without high level of anxiety and depression and to find correlation between psychological aspects and disease itself. Subjects and methods: This study included a total of 120 subjects: 60 patients with asthma and 60 patients with COPD. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire for general information on subjects, standardized Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Significant difference was found in the anxiety level in these two groups. Average value for the patients with COPD was 43 (15) and for the patients with asthma 37.5 (15.7). Statistically significant difference was also reported for the depression level among females. In female patients with COPD that level was 13.5 (14.7) and in female patients with asthma 7.5 (11). There is a correlation between anxiety and depression in patients with COPD and asthma, especially among women. Conclusion: This study suggests that asthma and COPD are a significant stressor with a risk of developing anxiety and depression.

Introduction: Integrated care could be defi ned differently and that is why the following terms can be found in the literature: integrated health, coordinated care, comprehensive care, seamless care, or trans-mural care. It has become a worldwide trend in health care reforms and new organizational arrangements focusing on more coordination between professionals and institutions and integrated forms of care or service provision. The Agency for Quality and Accreditation in Health Care in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AKAZ) is using accreditation standards as a tool for quality improvement process aiming to increase the capacity of health care institutions in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to provide safe and quality care for the citizens. In the Agency, it is fi rmly believed that a wisely set and well-organized integrated care can help health professionals deliver health care in accordance with patient needs and even expectations. Aim: The aim of the study was to fi nd out how to implement measures for integration of health care, to fi nd out whether there are any gaps in the health care system, and how to bridge to the application of the best solutions of integrated care in the city of Mostar and Herzegovina-Neretva Canton (HNC). Methods: In this paper, we used feedback and results from the workshop held at the Federal Public Health Institute in Mostar as part of lectures for participants of the course within the Integrated Health Care module held in June 2019. The Integrated Health Care module is part of the Continuous Professional Education for Health Managers in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Participants were experienced experts in different fi elds of medicine and pharmacists divided into two groups. Results: Participants identifi ed the most common problems for both primary and hospital physicians, such as unclear referral system to specialist examination, inappropriate patient expectations from primary care, lack of communication between primary care and hospital care, and inadequate use of clinical practice guidelines. To solve these problems, both groups stressed the importance of common strategy documents and guidelines, which should provide clear framework for cooperation and integration including levels of competence and service prices. Furthermore, effi cient information system is crucial for the integration or digitalization of, in strategy documents, agreed mechanisms of coordination and integration. Third, the growing proportion of elderly population should be taken in consideration, including the need of hospice and development of geriatric medicine in the Canton. Participants discussed and compared the results with feedback and results from three workshops held several years before. Discussion: The results of our study stressed the importance of better communication among different sectors, institutions and levels of health care involved in the treatment of patients, pointed to some measures for integration including standardized models of communication, training and education and highlighted priorities for integration. Analysis indicated the necessity for the following: regular analysis of unnecessary or inappropriate referrals and evaluation of such practices, as well as of any duplication of tests and prescriptions (failure to control costs); joint planning of preventive treatments (including the ministry and public health authorities); and clear responsibilities regarding screening programs and patient path analysis. Conclusions: Strong commitment of health care authorities and vision of integrated care and collaborative networks, as well as good communication and leadership were highlighted as key integrated care facilitators. Health care institutions at all levels of care have to organize multidisciplinary teams to work more on better and effective communication and to exchange information among key stakeholders in the system., Uvod: Integrirana skrb može se različito defi nirati i to je razlog zbog kojeg se u literaturi mogu naći sljedeći pojmovi: integrirano zdravlje, koordinirana njega, sveobuhvatna njega, besprijekorna njega ili transmuralna njega. Postala je svjetski trend u reformama zdravstva i novim organizacijskim aranžmanima koji su usredotočeni na veću koordinaciju između stručnjaka, institucija i pružatelja usluga. Agencija za kvalitet i akreditaciju u zdravstvu u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine koristi akreditacijske standarde kao alat za poboljšanje kvalitete s ciljem povećanja kapaciteta zdravstvenih ustanova u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine za pružanje sigurne i kvalitetne skrbi za građane. U Agenciji čvrsto vjeruju da mudro postavljena i dobro organizirana integrirana skrb može pomoći zdravstvenim radnicima da pruže zdravstvenu skrb u skladu s potrebama, pa čak i očekivanjima pacijenta. Cilj: Otkriti i analizirati kako se provode mjere za integraciju zdravstvene zaštite, postoje li nedostatci u zdravstvenom sustavu i kako ih premostiti za primjenu najboljih rješenja integrirane skrbi u gradu Mostaru i Hercegovačko-neretvanskoj županiji. Metode: U ovom smo radu koristili povratne informacije i rezultate radionice Federalnog zavoda za javno zdravstvo u Mostaru u sklopu predavanja za polaznike tečaja u okviru modula Integrirana zdravstvena zaštita održanog u lipnju 2019. Integrirani modul zdravstvene zaštite je dio kontinuiranog stručnog usavršavanja za zdravstvene menadžere u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine. Sudionici radionice bili su iskusni liječnici specijalisti različitih specijalnosti i farmaceuti podijeljeni u dvije skupine. Rezultati: Sudionici su odredili najčešće poteškoće za uspostavljanje integrirane zdravstvene zaštite kako za primarne, tako i za bolničke liječnike, a to su: nejasan sustav upućivanja na specijalistički pregled, neprimjereno očekivanje pacijenta od liječnika primarne zdravstvene zaštite, nedostatak komunikacijskog kanala između primarne i tercijarne bolničke skrbi i nedosljedna uporaba smjernica za kliničku praksu. Za rješavanje ovih problema obje skupine ističu važnost zajedničkih strateških dokumenata i smjernica koje bi trebale dati jasan okvir za suradnju i integraciju uključujući razinu stručnosti i cijene usluga. Nadalje, učinkovit informacijski sustav ključan je za integraciju ili digitalizaciju, u strateškim dokumentima, dogovorenih mehanizama koordinacije i integracije. Treće, potrebno je uzeti u obzir starenje populacije, nužne potrebe za hospicijima i razvoj gerijatrijske medicine u Županiji. Sudionici su raspravljali i uspoređivali svoje rezultate s povratnim informacijama i rezultatima ostalih triju istovjetnih radionica održanih ranijih godina. Rasprava: Rezultati naše studije istaknuli su važnost bolje komunikacije između različitih sektora, institucija i razina zdravstvene zaštite uključenih u liječenje pacijenata te istaknuli određene mjere integracije uključujući standardizirane modele komunikacije, obuke i obrazovanja te istaknute prioritete integracije. Analiza je ukazala na potrebu za sljedećim: redovitim analizama nepotrebnih ili neprikladnih uputnica i procjenom takve prakse, kao i podvostručenja testova i recepata (propust u kontroli troškova); zajedničko planiranje preventivnih tretmana i jasne odgovornosti u vezi s programima probira i analizom puta pacijenta. Zaključci: Snažna predanost zdravstvenih vlasti, vizija integrirane skrbi i suradničke mreže, kao i dobra komunikacija i vodstvo istaknuti su kao ključni pokretači integrirane skrbi. Zdravstvene ustanove sa svih razina skrbi moraju organizirati multidisciplinske timove koji će raditi na boljoj i učinkovitijoj komunikaciji i razmjeni informacija između ključnih dionika u sustavu.

Stoljećima unatrag čovjek vrijedno skuplja znanje o upotrebi ljekovitog bilja. Proučavajući temeljna tradicijska znanja koja danas posjedujemo put nas vodi do Teorije signatura. Teorija tvrdi da izgled daje odgovor o njihovoj medicinskoj upotrebi. Brojne su kulture u svoje znanje utkale osnovna načela ove Teorije, zbog toga je veoma važna u razumijevanju, kako povijesti ljekovitog bilja, tako i antičke medicine. Moderni teoretičari s velikog broja aspekata prouča-vaju teoriju. Razmišljajući o morfologiji biljke, boji pa i mirisu, nastaju brojne signaturne odrednice. Boje čine prvi i najjednostavniji pristup kada se raspravlja o signaturi. Često je i znanstveno najviše potkrepljena činjenicama budući da se uvelike oslanja na drevnu indijsku tradiciju liječenja energetskim centrima u tijelu. Rad nastoji na nekoliko odabranih vrsta poja-sniti Teoriju, prikazati znanja skupljena pomoću nje i povezati ih sa znanstveno potkrepljenim činjenicama. Mišljenja oko vjerodostojnosti Teorije signatura su podijeljena. Brojni moderni znanstvenici u potpunosti je niječu, smatrajući da je nastala nakon konkretnijih istraživanja ljekovitih svojstava biljaka ili da je taj sustav korišten sa svrhom lakšeg pamćenja ljekovitih svojstava biljaka, dok neki drugi smatraju da je upravo ona temelj, odnosno početak daljnjih istraživanja ljekovitih svojstava biljaka. For centuries humans have been collecting valuable knowledge of the use of medicinal plants. By studying the basic traditional knowledge, the way leads to the Doctrine of signatures. Doc-trine of signatures claims that the morphological features of plants point out their medical use. Numerous cultures have put into their knowledge the basic principles of this theory, which is why it is very important in understanding the history of medicinal herbs and antique medicine. Modern theorists from a large number of aspects study the Doctrine. Having in mind the mor-phology of the plant, the color and the scent, there are numerous signatures, whereas the col-ors make the first and simplest approach. It is often the most scientifically substantiated fact as it relies heavily on the ancient Indian tradition of treating energy centers in the body. This thesis seeks to clarify the Doctrine of several selected plant species, to present knowledge gathered through it and to connect them with scientifically substantiated facts. Opinions about the credibility of the Doctrine of signatures are divided. Many modern scientists are complete-ly denning it, considering that it came after more concrete research on medicinal properties of plants or that this system was used to make it easier to remember the medicinal properties of plants, while others believe that it is the foundation or the beginning of further research of medicinal properties of various plant species.

Background: Tumor marker CA 125 is found in normal mesothelial lung cells and normal bronchial epithelial cells. If destruction of these cells occurs due to inflammation or tumour, CA 125 will be released, and increased in the serum. Subjects and Methods: From November 2008 to May 2009 a study analysing CA 125 levels in serum samples from patients who are hospitalized at the Pulmology Department of University Hospital Mostar. Standard laboratory tests, X-ray, sputum examination to BK, and tumour marker CA 125 were performed in all patients. Patients were divided into 5 groups. Comparing clinical and laboratory findings of patients and statistical processing of collected data, conclusions were drown about the role of tumor markers Ca 125 in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: This analysis is performed on 220 patients, forty with pulmonary tuberculosis. Of the total number of patients included, there is 60% of the negative findings of tumor marker Ca 125 which is statistically significant (P

There is a strong connection between man and nature, ever since his first origins, the man discovered the benefits of the plant kingdom, which he used to feed himself, to heal and to survive. Following the use of eatable, medicinal and poisonous plants takes us into the distant past. The man’s first knowledge about plants passed from generation to generation. The ancients Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, Greeks, Romans and the Old Slavs knew a large number of medicinal plants. That knowledge was carried over to other nations as well. Thanks to its geographical location and climate condition, our country is abundant and very rich in variety of species of medicinal plants. In the Middle Ages, there were written many herbal manuals that described the use and procedures in healing with medicinal plants. Many plants were known by the oldest civilizations and they were used by the people for thousands of years. Moreover, today’s science has confirmed their effectiveness in the treatment of different diseases.

The burden of stigma in cancer patients is a significant problem, but it is especially emphasised problem in lung cancer patients due to their tendency to belief that their behaviour was the cause of the cancer. In our sample it was not associated with age, gender or current smoking status. Prevalence of smoking in our sample was equivalent to those in previous stigma research.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine correlation between op¬timism and cortisol levels in patients with newly diagnosed cancer in the University Clinical Hospital Mostar. We expect that there will be differ¬ences in the levels of cortisol in patients with newly- found malignancies in the levels of pessimism and optimism, nor in the distribution of age groups or by gender. Subjects and methods: The study included 30 (18 men and 12 wom¬en) patients with histologically verified diagnosis of malignant diseases of various systems that came on first inspection to the Department of On¬cology. Patients met briefly with the design and purpose of the research, and they were asked to participate in the study and signed an informed consent. In patients diagnostic methods did not found metastatic changes in the adrenal glands or the brain. The patients did not receive any corticosteroid agents or spironolactone, and did not suffer from Cushing’s or Addison’s syndrome. The purpose of this research a questionnaire with general information about the participants, which included questions that were related to their gender and age, education, marital status, satisfaction with health, information on religion, employment, and the financial condition. In order to test the level of optimism / pessimism applied the Croatian version of the Scale of optimism and pessimism (Chang, 1994 ; according Penezić, 2002). Purposes of evaluation styles of coping with stressful sit¬uations questionnaire used to cope with stressful situations (Eng. Coping Inventory for stressful Situations, CISS) (Endler and Parker, 1990a, 1990b ; according Soric and Proroković, 2002). The questionnaire is measuring coping styles as a stable personality trait (according Soric and Proroković, 2002. Checking the psychometric characteristics of the scale was found that the scale demonstrates satisfactory reliability of internal consistency, and types of test-retest (by Soric and Proroković, 2002). At our sample reliability of the scale is satisfactory and it was 0.84, and subscale ranges from 0.696 to 0, 83. Results: Analysis of the results showed no significant gender differ¬ences in the level of optimism and pessimism (Table 1). As for coping gen¬der differences were found only for coping subscale focused on the task. Men were achieved more results on this subscale than women. In order to determine whether the respondents in the studied variables with respect to age was made a division of the respondents into two groups: a group of young and elderly groups. No significant differences in measures of self- evaluation. Furthermore, the purpose of the study subjects were divided into groups of those high on the subscale of optimism and those low on the dimension of optimism. In order to determine subjects high and low on the optimism subscale scores were converted to values. The test showed no significant differences in cortisol levels between those high and low on optimism. They also tested the differences in the level of cortisol in those high and low on the subscale of pessimism. There were no significant differences in cortisol levels between those high and low on the subscale of pessimism. Both groups achieved baseline cortisol levels. There was no significant correlation between levels of optimism and cortisol levels as well as levels of pessimism and cortisol. In the total sample of patients with newly- found cancers were more optimistic. Conclusion: Given that we were doing research on a sample of pa¬tients with newly detected malignant disease of various organ systems that have not been exposed to the treatment of the malignant disease and did not have metastatic disease, we had a total sample of baseline cortisol, the more the scale of optimism, and we did not have differences in gender and ways of coping. Further research should include the dura¬tion of the disease or to make a comparative study on patients who were treated for a longer time malignancy.