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Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common disease seriously detrimental to human health. AS is a chronic progressive disease related to inflammatory reactions. The present study aimed to characterize and evaluate the effects of adipose tissue stem cells (ADSCs) in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in a rat model. The present study comprises thirty-six rats and they were divided into three groups: the control group, the high-fat diet (HFD) group; which received a high-fat diet, and the high-fat diet + stem cells (HFD+SC) group; which was fed with a high-fat diet along with the administration of intravenous ADSCs. Food was given to the animals for 20 weeks to establish dyslipidemia models. After 20 weeks, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation; blood was collected to measure total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL); aortae were collected to detect morphologic changes. Rats of the HFD group showed a significant increase in body weight (B.Wt), altered lipid profile increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and decreased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). However, in HFD+SC there was a significant decrease in body weight gain and an improvement in lipid profile. Histopathological and ultrastructural variations observed in the aorta of the HFD group when treated with ADSCs showed preserved normal histological architecture and reduced atherosclerosis compared with the HFD group. This was evidenced by laboratory, histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric studies. Thus, ADSCs reduced TC, TG, and LDL, reduced the expression of iNOS, and increased the expression of eNOS. The high-fat diet was likely to cause damage to the wall of blood vessels. Systemically transplanted ADSCs could home to the aorta, and further protect the aorta from HFD-induced damage., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes that affects the angiogenesis and myelination of peripheral nerves. In this study, we investigated the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation to improve DPN by enhancing angiogenesis and remyelination in the sciatic nerve of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic female rats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells as a possiblity for clinical intervention to alleviate the symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. We examined whether transplanted mesenchymal stem cells can produce new and restored angiogenesis, as well as promoting myelination. Overall, our findings suggest that MSCs transplantation has neuroprotective effects. This is particularly the case for Schwann cells. Transplantation may stimulate angiogenesis as well as remyelination of the sciatic nerve in experimentally-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Behavioral assays, histological analysis, and molecular techniques were used to assess the effects of MSCs transplantation. Our results demonstrate that in diabetic rats signs of neuropathy were reversed following a single administration of bone marrow-derived MSCs. Morphological and morphometric analysis of the sciatic nerve revealed that diabetic rats displayed structural alterations that were attenuated with MSCs transplantation.Immunostaining analysis showed increased expression of S100 and VEGF in the sciatic nerve following MSCs transplantation. Western blotting analysis also revealed elevated levels of VEGF and CD31 in rats treated with MSCs compared to diabetic rats., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Pediatric surgeons have faced esophageal reconstruction challenges for decades owing to a variety of congenital and acquired conditions. This work aimed to introduce a reproducible and efficient approach for creating tissue-engineered esophageal tissue using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) cultured in preconditioned mediums seeded on a sheep decellularized tunica vaginalis (DTV) scaffold for partial reconstruction of a rabbit's esophagus., Methods: DTV was performed using SDS and Triton X-100 solutions. The decellularized grafts were employed alone (DTV group) or after recellularization with BMSCs cultured for 10 days in preconditioned mediums (RTV group) for reconstructing a 3 cm segmental defect in the cervical esophagus of rabbits (n = 20) after the decellularization process was confirmed. Rabbits were observed for one month, after which they were euthanized, and the reconstructed esophagi were harvested for histological analysis., Results: Six rabbits in the DTV group and eight rabbits in the RTV group survived until the end of the one-month study period. Despite histological examination demonstrating that both grafts completely repaired the esophageal defect, the RTV graft demonstrated a histological structure similar to that of the normal esophagus. The reconstructed esophagi in the RTV group revealed the arrangement of the different layers of the esophageal wall with the formation of newly formed blood vessels and Schwann-like cells., Conclusion: DTV xenograft is a novel scaffold that promotes cell adhesion and differentiation and might be effectively utilized for regenerating esophageal tissue, paving the way for future clinical trials in pediatric patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Toxic cardiomyopathies were a potentially fatal adverse effect of anthracycline therapy., Aim: This study was conducted to demonstrate the pathogenetic, morphologic, and toxicologic effects of doxorubicin on the heart and to investigate how the MAPK /TNF-α pathway can be modulated to improve doxorubicin-Induced cardiac lesions using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and olive leaf extract (OLE)., Methods: During the study, 40 adult male rats were used. Ten were used to donate MSCs, and the other 30 were split into 5 equal groups: Group I was the negative control, Group II obtained oral OLE, Group III obtained an intraperitoneal cumulative dose of DOX (12 mg/kg) in 6 equal doses of 2 mg/kg every 48 h for 12 days, Group IV obtained intraperitoneal DOX and oral OLE at the same time, and Group V obtained intraperitoneal DOX and BM-MSCs through the tail vein at the same time for 12 days. Four weeks after their last dose of DOX, the rats were euthanized. By checking the bioinformatic databases, a molecularly targeted path was selected. Then the histological, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression of ERK, JNK, NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α were done., Results: Myocardial immunohistochemistry revealed severe fibrosis, cell degeneration, increased vimentin, and decreased CD-31 expression in the DOX-treated group, along with a marked shift in morphometric measurements, a disordered ultrastructure, and overexpression of inflammatory genes (ERK, NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α), oxidative stress markers, and cardiac biomarkers. Both groups IV and V displayed reduced cardiac fibrosis or inflammation, restoration of the microstructure and ultrastructure of the myocardium, downregulation of inflammatory genes, markers of oxidative stress, and cardiac biomarkers, a notable decline in vimentin, and an uptick in CD-31 expression. In contrast to group IV, group V showed a considerable beneficial effect., Conclusion: Both OLE and BM-MSCs showed an ameliorating effect in rat models of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, with BM-MSCs showing a greater influence than OLE., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: To study the odontogenic potential of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) after induction with three different bioactive materials: activa bioactive (base/liner) (AB), TheraCal LC (TC), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), when combined with two different types of scaffolds., Methods: DPSCs were isolated from freshly extracted premolars of young orthodontic patients, cultured, expanded to passage 4 (P), and characterized by flow cytometric analysis. DPSCs were seeded onto two scaffolds in contact with different materials (AB, TC, and MTA). The first scaffold contained polycaprolactone-nano-chitosan and synthetic hydroxyapatite (PCL-NC-HA), whereas the second scaffold contained polycaprolactone-nano-chitosan and synthetic Mg-substituted hydroxyapatite (PCL-NC-Mg-HA). DPSC viability and proliferation were evaluated at various time points. To assess odontoblastic differentiation, gene expression analysis of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and morphological changes in cells were performed using inverted microscope phase contrast images and scanning electron microscopy. The fold-change in DSPP between subgroups was compared using a one-way ANOVA. Tukey's test was used to compare the fold-change in DSPP between the two subgroups in multiple comparisons, and P was set at p < 0.05., Results: DSPP expression was significantly higher in the PCL-NC-Mg-HA group than in the PCL-NC-HA group, and scanning electron microscopy revealed a strong attachment of odontoblast-like cells to the scaffold that had a stronger odontogenic differentiation effect on DPSCs than the scaffold that did not contain magnesium. MTA has a significantly higher odontogenic differentiation effect on cultured DPSCs than AB or TC does. The combination of scaffolds and bioactive materials improves DPSCs induction in odontoblast-like cells., Conclusions: The PCL-NC-Mg-HA scaffold showed better odontogenic differentiation effects on cultured DPSCs. Compared to AB and TC, MTA is the most effective bioactive material for inducing the odontogenic differentiation of cultured DPSCs., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: the nephrotoxicity of methotrexate (MTX) is observed in high-dose therapy. Moreover, low-dose MTX therapy for rheumatic diseases is debatable and claimed to cause renal impairment. This study aimed at studying the effect of methotrexate in repeated low doses on rat kidneys and assessing the efficacy of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) for attenuating this effect., Methods: Forty-two male Wistar rats were used, 10 rats were donors of AD-MSCs and PRP, 8 rats served as control, and the remaining rats were subjected to induction of nephrotoxicity by MTX intraperitoneal injection once weekly for successive 8 weeks and then assigned into 3 groups of 8 animals each: Group II: received MTX only. Group III: received MTX + PRP. Group IV: received MTX + AD-MSCs. After one month, rats were anaesthetized, serum-sampled, and renal tissue removed for biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural evaluation., Results: there was significant tubular degeneration, glomerulosclerosis, fibrosis, decreased renal index, along with increased levels of urea and creatinine in the MTX group compared to the control group. Immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 and iNOS in the renal tissue was significantly increased in group II compared to groups III and IV. Biochemical results revealed higher tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the MTX-injected group which decreased significantly in co-treatment with either AD-MSC or PRP + MTX. MSC promoted the activation of the Nrf2/PPARγ/HO-1 and NF-κB/Keap1/caspase-3 pathways, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced lipid peroxidation levels, and alleviated oxidative damage and apoptosis. PRP showed therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms similar to MSC. Furthermore, MSC and PRP treatment significantly reduced MTX-induced upregulation of the pro-inflammatory (NF-κB, interleukin-1ß, and TNF-α), oxidative stress (Nrf-2, hemoxygenase-1, glutathione, and malondialdehyde), and nitrosative stress (iNOS) markers in the kidney., Conclusion: repeated administration of low-dose MTX resulted in massive renal tissue toxicity and deterioration of renal function in rats which proved to be attenuated by PRP and AD-MSCs through their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic properties.

In response to COVID-19 global crisis and arising from social responsibility, efforts have been exerted to promptly research, develop and manufacture ICU ventilators locally to meet the spike in demand. This study aimed at : Evaluating the safety and performance of a newly developed mechanical ventilator; EZVent compared to a commercial ventilator regarding hemodynamics, arterial blood gases (ABG), lung inflammatory markers, and histopathology in a healthy pig model using three different ventilation modes. Methods: Eight adult male pigs were anesthetized and randomly assigned into two equal groups: Commercial vent and EZVent group, the animals of which were ventilated using a standard commercial ventilator and EZVent, respectively. On every animal, three ventilation modes were tested, each mode for 30 min: CMV-VC, CMV-PC, and CPAP-PS modes. Vital signs, ECG, Lung Mechanics (LM), and ABG were measured before ventilation and after 30 min of ventilation of each mode. After animals' euthanasia, histological examinations of lung samples including morphometric assessment of alveolar edema, alveolar wall thickening, and the mean number of inflammatory cellular infiltrate/cm 2 of lung tissue were analyzed. TNF-α and Il-6 expression and localization in lung tissue were assessed by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: The vital signs, LM, ABG, morphometric analysis, and histopathological score during the different ventilation modes showed non-significant differences between the study groups. TNF-α and IL-6 were minimally expressed in the bronchiolar epithelium and the alveolar septa. Their increased expression level was insignificant. Conclusion: EZVent is equivalent to the commercial ventilator regarding its safety and efficacy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Background: Hepatic and renal damage is a cisplatin (Cis)-induced deleterious effect that is a major limiting factor in clinical chemotherapy., Objectives: The current study was designed to investigate the influence of pretreatment with olive leaf extract (OLE), bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), and their conditioned media (CM-MSC) against genotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats., Methods: The rats were randomly divided into six groups (six rats each) as follows: Control; OLE group, treated with OLE; Cis group, treated with a single intraperitoneal dose of Cis (7 mg/kg bw); Cis + OLE group, treated with OLE and cisplatin; Cis + CM-MSC group, treated with BM-MSC conditioned media and Cis; and Cis + MSC group, treated with BM-MSC in addition to Cis., Results: Cis resulted in a significant deterioration in hepatic and renal functions and histological structures. Furthermore, it increased inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased glutathione (GSH) content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hepatic and renal tissues. Furthermore, apoptosis was evident in rat tissues. A significant increase in serum 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), nitric oxide (NO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and a decrease in lysozyme activity were detected in Cis-treated rats. OLE, CM-MSC, and BM-MSC have significantly ameliorated Cis-induced deterioration in hepatic and renal structure and function and improved oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, with preference to BM-MSC. Moreover, apoptosis was significantly inhibited, evident from the decreased expression of Bax and caspase-3 genes and upregulation of Bcl-2 proteins in protective groups as compared to Cis group., Conclusions: These findings indicate that BM-MSC, CM-MSC, and OLE have beneficial effects in ameliorating cisplatin-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxicity in a rat model.

Background: Diabetic erectile dysfunction (DED) is a significant consequence of diabetes mellitus, and it is a multifactorial phenomenon that has no definitive treatment until now. Many therapeutic options provide symptomatic improvement rather than addressing the underlying etiology or restoring normal function. Stem cell (SC) therapy represents a potential hope in DED management. It is well established that the regenerative effect of stem cells can be attained by their paracrine action and their ability to differentiate into many cell lineages, including endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Hence, we tried to compare the effects of transplantation of urine-derived stem cells (USCs) or their lysate (USC-L) into the corpora cavernosa (CCs) of rats with DED. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 adult male Wistar rats were included in this study. USCs were obtained from ten healthy rats. Another ten rats did not subject to any intervention and served as a control (group I). Type 2 DM and DED were induced in the remaining 35 rats, but DED was tested and proved in only 24 rats, which were randomly divided into three groups ( n = 8 in each). The DED group (group II) and either USCs (2 × 10 6 cells) or their lysate (200 μl) were transplanted into the CCs of each rat in the other two groups (groups III and IV), respectively. Results: Although the DED rats exhibited deterioration in all copulatory functions as compared to the control group, our histopathological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric results revealed that both USCs and USC-L have significantly restored the cavernous spaces, the ultrastructures of the endothelium that line the cavernous spaces, collagen/smooth muscle ratio, and the mean area percentage of α-SMA in the CCs as compared to DED rats. A respectable number of USCs was detected in the CCs of group III at the 4th week after transplantation, but this number significantly declined by the 8th week. Conclusion: Both USCs and USC-L can repair the structure and ultrastructure of CCs and improve the copulatory functions in the DED rat model. However, USC-L could be better used in DED to guard against the strange behavior of USCs after transplantation and their decreased survivability with time., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Galhom, Korayem, Ibrahim, Abd-Eltawab Tammam, Khalifa, Rashwan and Al Badawi.)

This study aims to evaluate the impact of red LED irradiation on the viability, proliferation, colonogenic potential, markers expression along with osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. DPSCs were isolated from sound human permanent teeth using enzymatic digestion method and seeded with regular culture media. Cells at P4 were irradiated using red LED Light (627 nm, 2 J/cm 2 ) and examined for growth kinetics, and multilineage differentiation using the appropriate differentiation media. The irradiated groups showed an increase in cellular growth rates, cell viability, clonogenic potential, and decrease in population doubling time compared to the control group. Cells of the irradiated groups showed enhanced differentiation towards osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages as revealed by histochemical staining using alizarin red and alcian blue stains. Photobiomodulation is an emerging promising element of tissue engineering triad besides stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

This study evaluated exposed dogs' dental pulp response after direct capping with autologous dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and compared the results with MTA (Angelus, Brazil). Sixty teeth from six mongrel dogs were included (n = 60), allocated into four groups; negative control (n = 6), positive control (n = 6), MTA (n = 24), and DPSCs (n = 24). DPSCs were isolated and cultured from extracted first premolars (1premolar/dog). The teeth were prepared for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Statistical analysis was calculated using ANOVA tests, P ≤ 0.05. MTA induced the formation of an almost complete calcific bridge. DPSCs successfully regenerated the injured pulp and dentin. The comparison between the capping groups and time intervals had a statistically significant effect, as well as, the interaction between the two variables. DPSCs had greater ability in the reparative and regenerative process of dentin and odontoblastic differentiation by having a significantly stronger TGFβ1 expression than MTA., (© 2022 Craniofacial Research Foundation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is recognized as one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Searching and validation for a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent its progress are promising. This work aimed to assess the retinal protective effects of duloxetine (DLX) in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice model. Animals were equally and randomly divided to four groups (eight mice per group); group 1: is the control group, 2: diabetic group, 3&4: diabetic and after 9 weeks received DLX for 4 weeks (15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg), respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed nerve growth factor (NGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) genes upregulation in the diabetic group compared to controls. Also, increased retinal malondialdehyde (MDA) and the decline of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were observed. The morphometric analysis of diabetic retina revealed a significant reduction in total retinal thickness compared to control. Diabetic retinal immunostaining and Western blot analyses displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) proteins expression upregulation as well as glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) downregulation comparing to controls. However, DLX-treated groups showed downregulated NGF, iNOS, and TGF-β that was more obviously seen in the DLX-30 mg/kg group than DLX-15 mg/kg group. Furthermore, these groups showed amelioration of the oxidative markers; MDA and GSH, retaining the total retinal thickness nearly to control, GFAP and VEGF downregulation, and GLUT-1 upregulation compared to diabetic group. Taken together, it could be summarized that duloxetine can attenuate DR via the anti-inflammatory and the anti-oxidative properties as well as modulating the angiogenic and the neurotrophic factors expressions. This could hopefully pave the road to be included in the novel list of the therapeutic regimen for DR after validation in the clinic., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Stem cells therapy of hearing loss is a challenging field due to lacking self-regenerative capacity of cochlea. Harderian gland of guinea pigs was thought to harbour a unique type of progenitors which could restore the damaged cochlear tissues., The Aim: of this study was to isolate Harderian gland derived stem cells (HG-SCs) and investigate their efficacy in restoring the damaged cochlear tissue in carboplatin-induced hearing loss., Methodology: Sixty female and 10 male pigmented guinea pigs were used; the male animals were HG-SCs donors, while the females were assigned into 3 groups; control, hearing loss (HL) and HG-SC-treated groups. Auditory reflexes were assessed throughout the study. The animals were euthanized 35 days after HG-SCs transplantation, the cochleae were extracted and processed for assessment by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Morphometric assessment of stria vascularis thickness, hair cells and spiral ganglia neuronal number and optical density of TLR4 expression were done., Results: The isolated HG-SCs had the same morphological and phenotypical character as mesenchymal stem cells. HL group revealed destruction of organ of Corti, stria vascularis and spiral ganglion with decreased morphometric parameters. Restoration of both cochlear structure and function was observed in HG-SC-treated group along with a significant increase in IHCs, OHCs numbers, stria vascularis thickness and spiral ganglionic cell count to be close to the values of control group., Conclusion: The isolated HG-SCs were proved to restore structure and function of cochlea in guinea pig model of hearing loss., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Spinal cord injury is a considerable health impact accompanied with physical, psychological and economic burden. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) transplantation was found to produce neuronal regenerative effects. Schwann-like cells differentiated from BM-MSCs have myelin-forming ability., Aim of the Work: To compare the ability of BM-MSCs versus Schwann like cells to promote recovery of spinal cord injury., Material and Methods: Adult male albino rats were used throughout the study. BM-MSCs were harvested from femora of rats. Sciatic nerves were extracted and used in the preparation of the induction culture medium for differentiation of BM-MSCs into Schwann-like cells. Rats were divided into control, spinal cord injured (SCI), spinal cord injured plus BM-MSCs transplantation (BM-MSC) and spinal cord injured plus Schwann-like cells transplantation (Sn) groups. BBB scale assessment was performed before and after SCI in all rats. Rats were euthanized at the end of the 7 th week and spinal cords were dissected and processed for light and transmission electron microscopic examinations., Results: Spinal cord sections of SCI group revealed cavitation, necrosis and demyelination. BM-MSC and Sn groups showed both functional and structural improvement compared to SCI group with better BBB score and histopathological features in the BM-MSC group and more expression of S100 in the Sn group., Conclusion: Transplantation of BM-MSCs and Schwann-like cells improved the structural and functional alterations of spinal cord injury with better improvement in BM-MSC group., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Olfactory stem cells (OSCs) are found in the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb and have the capacity to proliferate and differentiate along multiple tissue lineages. Rotenone; widely used insecticide has a neurodegenerative effect on the dopaminergic cells of substantia nigra (SN) of midbrain producing Parkinsonism. The aim of this study is to isolate rat OSCs from olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb, culture these OSCs in suitable medium to allow for their proliferation to be used in the treatment of Parkinsonism induced by rotenone., Methods: The characteristics of OSCs, the effects of rotenone on the SN of midbrain and the curative effect of OSCs on the substantia nigra were determined morphologically, immunohistochemically, and by transmission electron microscopy. PKH 26; immunofluorescent dye was used as a cell tracer to locate the transplanted cells in host midbrain., Results: OSCs were spindle shaped with irregular processes, and were positive for CD44 and Nestin and negative for CD34. Subcutaneous rotenone produced Parkinsonism through producing degeneration of the dopaminergic cells of SN of the midbrain. Transplantation of OSCs produced restoration of the normal structure of SN and dopaminergic cells and improves the clinical manifestations of Parkinsonism., Conclusion: These results indicate that, the isolated rat OSCs can proliferate and expand in vitro when culture in suitable medium and these cells can exert therapeutic effects in Parkinsonism by recruitment in SN and restoration of the structure and function of dopaminergic cells., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)