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In the last years, the growth of the world’s population has resulted in an increase in the demand for food. Vegetables and fruit are essential for human nutrition but, regrettably, half the fruit and vegetables produced worldwide are wasted. The food industry generates tons of by-products during processing, for instance, peels, seeds and stems, which still possess bioactive compounds that can be of interest for other applications. The Brassicaceae species includes some of the most consumed vegetables worldwide known for their antioxidant activity associated with the presence of phenolic compounds. In this study, the stems of Brassica oleracea var. acephala cv. Galega (hereafter BG) were employed to prepare an aqueous extract. Then, its antioxidant potential was evaluated by means of the in vitro analysis of its ability to scavenge the free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), the quantification of the total phenolic content and the analysis of the reducing power. Furthermore, the stem aqueous extract was employed to produce gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), acting as a reducing and stabilizing agent. AuNPs were characterized by UV–Visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The size and shape of the nanoparticles was analyzed by the acquisition of transmission electron microscopy images, confirming the formation of spherical AuNPs with mean diameters of 25.08 ± 3.73 nm. Finally, three antioxidant assays were performed in the extract after the synthesis of AuNPs. The synthesis of AuNPs employing BG stem extract was revealed to be a good alternative for the revalorization of Brassica by-products.

The study of the effect of Rizotorfin inoculant, molyb-denum and mineral fertilizers with nitrogen rates of 30 and 60 kg ha and without nitrogen against the background of phosphorus and potassium P60K60on the development of fodder galegaplants on the first and second growing sea-sons in the steppe zone of the Altai Region showed high responsiveness of fodder galegato improved nutritional conditions. Inoculation and fertilizer application increased the survival and winter hardiness of plants, increased herbage growth, development and yield. Greater survival and winter hardiness were achieved by inoculation with Rizotorfin inoculantand, against its background, mineral fertilizer and molybdenum application. This is determined by the complex effect of bacteria in the inoculant on plants that consists in providing them with a large amount of ni-trogen, growth-promoting hormones and biofungicides. Molybdenum contributes to the activation of the nitrogen-ase enzyme system of bacteria involved in fixing atmos-pheric nitrogen; therefore, its effectiveness increases when used together with Rizotorfin. The herbage of fodder galegaplants fully begins to form only on the second grow-ing season therefore mowing is inappropriate on the year of sowing. The yield of fodder galegaplants may be in-creased by mowing the herbage several times per season. In the Altai Region, two mowings are possible. Inoculation and mineral fertilizers increased thegrass yields on both years of the study. But Rizotorfin inoculantincreased fod-der galegayields to a greater extent. The yield gains through inoculation and mineral fertilizers on the first grow-ing season amounted to 11.1-44.4%, and on the second growingseason -6.8-27.4%. The efficiency of inoculation increased with the combined use of Rizotorfin and mineral fertilizers and ensured a significant gain as compared to the control. The greatest effect was obtained through in-oculation with pure Rizotorfin and combined use of Rizot-orfin with molybdenum and the mineral fertilizer in a dose of N60P60K60.

E Galega battiscombei (Baker f.) J.B.Gillett — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF; 1 700–2 500 m. Distribution: IIIc. Voucher: Above Castle Forest Station, Alt. 2 100 m, 14 Jan. 1985, Townsend 2165 (EA). References: Gillett et al. (1971b), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Gillett, J. B., Polhill, R. M. & Verdcourt, B. (1971 b) Leguminosae (Part 4), subfamily Papilionoideae (Part 2). In: Milne-Readhead, E. & Polhill, R. M. (Eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents, London, 606 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Eastern galega (Galega orientalis) contains amino acids and vitamins necessary for the normal functioning of the animal organism. In addition, it is a good precursor to many cultures. One of the drawbacks of Eastern galega is the hard shell of the seeds, which leads to increased seed consumption, a prolonged time of seedlings and an irrevocable loss of part of the sown seeds. The most affordable, simple and productive is the mechanical method of violating the tightness of the coating film of seeds. The aim of the study was to conduct comparative experiments with the existing scarifier, to create an improved design of a disk scarifier, which allows to improve the quality of seed treatment, and the theoretical justification of its structural and technological parameters. The original design of the disk scarifier on the seeds of the Eastern galega was investigated. The working bodies of the blades of the scarifier disc and their changing installation angle allows to adjust the contact angle of the seeds with the abrasive surface of the grinding wheel, thereby scratching the hard shell of the seeds without injuring them. In contrast to the used designs of scarifiers, the device under development provides for a pneumatic system for removing dust and impurities from the abrasive surface of the grinding wheel by the air flow and additional seed treatment with the microbiological preparation rhisotorfin. In the study of qualitative indicators of scarification of Eastern galega at an average moisture content of 9%, the following parameters were determined: seed germination,%; the degree of scarification,% and the degree of crushing of seeds,% with disk rotation modes - 700, 900, 1100, 1300, 1500 rpm. The studies have shown high-quality seed treatment compared to its counterpart. In the recommended range of disk revolutions of 900 ... 1100, the proposed scarifier showed a decrease in the degree of crushing of seeds by 0.2 ... 0.4%, an increase in the degree of scarification by 2 ... 3% and the degree of germination by 4 ... 5%. The use of the developed design of the scarifier in international practice will reduce the damage of the treated seeds and increase the yield of legumes.

This article presents the results of an 11-year field experiment (2008–2018) conducted in Poland to investigate the biomass yield and energy efficiency of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) in high-input and low-input production technologies. The demand for energy in the production of fodder galega biomass ranged from 13.0 to 14.2 (year of plantation establishment) to 6.4–8.2 GJ ha−1 (years 2–11). Agricultural intensification increased energy inputs by 11% on average. Dry matter yield (DMY) and energy output peaked in years 4 and 5 (14.7–15.3 Mg ha−1 and 122.4–131.1 GJ ha−1, respectively). In the high-input production technology, DMY was 0.62 Mg ha−1 y−1 higher, energy output was 4.9 GJ ha−1 y−1 higher, the maximum DMY was achieved one year later, and the rate of decrease in biomass yield and energy output in the last years of the experiment (years 9–11) was 30% lower in comparison with the low-input system. The energy efficiency ratio of fodder galega ranged from 2.28 to 2.42 (year 1) to 8.04–16.53 (years 2–11). Productivity was 4% higher in the low-input than in the high-input technology. Fodder galega biomass was characterized by higher energy efficiency in the high-input technology (by approx. 2–12%) only in the last years of the experiment (years ≥10).

Productivization of field crops providing farm feed in total demand is at the forefront of agroindustrial complex. Seed preparation of eastern galega is underexplored and is meant to be a deep bench for achieving a goal. The research aim is the study of effectiveness of pre- sowing seed treatments of eastern galega during cultivation on feeding aims. The research was conducted sod- podzol average clay-loam soil laced with humus of 2,3-2,9 %, mobile phosphorus 232-282 mg/kg of soil, mobile potassium 109-252 mg/kg of soil. Exchange soil acidity is subacidic and close to circumneutral (рН = 5,3-5,9). Experimental scheme included the following variants: 1) without dressing (control), 2) scarification, 3) molybdene- acidic ammonium (300 g/t), 4) scarification + molybdene- acidic ammonium (300 g/t), 5) bacterial preparation Rizotrophin (1 l/t), 6) scarification + bacterial preparation Rizotrophin (1 l/t), 7) plant regulator НВ-101 (1 ml/t), 8) scarification + plant regulator НВ-101 (1 ml/t), 9) multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree`s «Forsage» (1,2 l/t), 10) scarification + multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree`s «Forsage» (1,2 l/t). With the help of research by an average 3 years it was found that pre-sowing seed treatment by plant growth regulators НВ-101 and multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree’s Forsage separately and together with scarification provided with the highest field emergence of seeds 47-51 %. It is proved that overwintering raise of eastern galega for 8-12 % in applying Rizotrophin, plant growth regulators НВ-101 and multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree’s Forsage and them together with scarification. Inclusion into cultivation technology of eastern galega the pre-sowing seed treatment by bacterial preparation Rizotrophin, by plant growth regulator НВ-101, by multiple nutrient fertilizer Agree’s Forsage together with scarification raise the productivity for 1,6-3,7 t/ha or for 15-47 % at the expense of quantity and mass input of nodule in the bud of eastern galega .

Indicators of the microbiological activity of virgin (mixed forest and forb–grassy meadow) and arable (permanent black fallow, permanent barley crop, field crop rotation, perennial legume crops) soddy-podzolic soils (Eutric Albic Retisols (Abruptic, Loamic, Cutanic)) of Perm oblast were studied. Depending on the type of land use, the content of organic carbon (bichromate oxidation method) in the soil varied from 0.78 to 1.57%; the carbon of microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration method), from 366 to 1236 μg/g; basal respiration rate, from 1.62 to 3.13 µg C–CO2/(g h); and nitrogen-fixing capacity (acetylene method), from 11.53 to 77.18 µg C2H4/(kg h). The maximum values of the studied parameters were noted in the soil under the mixed forest, and the minimum values were in the soil of the permanent (42 yr) fallow. In the soil under forest, a low specific respiration of microbial biomass—2.5 µg C–CO2/(mg Cmic h)—was determined, which indicates the stability and maturity of this ecosystem. The most stable functioning of the microbial community among the arable soils under consideration was observed in the soil of the plot with the long-term (30 yr) cultivation of perennial legume crop (eastern galega, Galega orientalis). The contents of the soil organic matter and the microbial biomass carbon and the specific microbial respiration under galega were close to those of the soil of the forest ecosystem. The content of microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration displayed strong and moderate correlation dependences with the total content of soil organic carbon and its labile fraction.

The plant raw material of Galega officinalis L. (goat’s rue) and Galega orientalis Lam. (fodder galega) investigated in this study. These species are known as fodder crops with high productivity of green mass and as medicine plants. The current study was aimed to evaluate an accumulation in dry raw of selected plants the total content of phenolic acids (TPA) and flavonoids (TFC) as compounds with antioxidant activity (AA) by spectrophotometric method. AA by DPPH-method and phosphomolybdenum method (reducing power (RP)) was measured. Study of ethanolic extracts of G. officinalis showed accumulation of TPA in different organs in range from 3.65 to 15.17 mg.g-1 caffeic acid equivalent (CAE) and TFC from 10.08 to 65.75 mg.g-1 quercetin equivalent (QE), AA by DPPH-method from 6.02 to 8.45 mg.g-1 Trolox equivalent (TE) and RP of extracts by phosphomolybdenum method from 86.56 to 288.15 mg TE.g-1. In extracts of G. orientalis was identified TPA from 3.52 to 18.52 mg CAE.g-1 and TFC from 6.09 to 46.72 mg QE.g-1, antioxidant activity by DPPH-method from 6.80 to 8.48 mg TE.g-1 and antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum method from 52.52 to 188.51 mg TE.g-1. It was established that less concentration of studied compounds found in the stems for both species. It should be noted that the content of phenolic acids in the leaves was decreased and flavonoids in stems increased during vegetation for both species. Content of phenolic acids in the generative organs and flavonoids in the leaves decreased in raw of G. orientalis during vegetation. Pearson’s correlation analysis demonstrated very strong relations between TFC and AA by DPPH, TPA and RP, TFC and RP for G. officinalis extracts. Very strong correlation in the extracts of G. orientalis found between TFC and RP, TPA and RP. Obtained results can be used in the further biochemical and pharmacological study.

Olive oils from seven Portuguese regions were selected to study the effect of the geographical origin on the oils' composition. Quality parameters, fatty acids, tocopherols, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol derivatives, and oxidative stability were evaluated. All olive oils could be classified as extra virgin, and the geographical origin significantly affected the oils chemical composition. Principal component analysis further confirmed the significant impact of the geographical origin on the composition and, indirectly, on stability of the oils, showing that the evaluated parameters could be used as markers for geographical origin identification. Alternatively, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was applied, allowing to establish a linear discriminant model that correctly identified the geographical origin of the olive oils with a mean sensitivity of 99 ± 3 % (internal validation), confirming the impact of the oil origin on its characteristics. This finding allowed foreseeing the future application of the spectroscopy approach as a green, fast and non-invasive authentication tool.

Aim.To evaluate changes in the physiological and biochemical parameters of Galega orientalis plants by the influence of artificial inoculation by phytopathogenic microorganisms, that have been isolated from various sources: strains of phytoplasmas – Acholeplasma laidlawii var granulum 118, isolated from wheat and Acholeplasma laidlawii 101 and 178, isolated from tomato and bacterial strain – P. syringae pv. atrofaciens D13, which have been isolated from wheat. Methods.Microbiological methods – cultivation in the liquid nutrient medium, isolation of phytopathogenic microorganisms from plant material and artificial inoculation of experimental plants (subepidermal injection); biochemical – for the purpose of determination of photosynthetic pigments – chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids and activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase; photochemical – method of chlorophyll a fluorescence inducing to determine the photochemical activity of leaves; biometric – to determine the area of the root system and the number of nodules on the roots; statistical. Results of research.In field experiments on the crops of the Fodder Galega under the conditions of artificial infection with strains of phytopathogenic microorganisms of different taxonomic groups – A. laidlawii var. granulum 118 and P. syringae pv. atrofaciens D13 (both isolated from wheat) and strains – A. laidlawii 101 and 178, isolated from tomatoes, the following changes were observed in the physiological and biochemical parameters of Galega orientalis plants: reduction of chlorophyll a and b content with increasing carotenoid content and inhibition of quantitative efficiency of PSII, especially in mixed A. laidlawii var. granulum 118 and P. syringae pv. atrofaciens D13, which was accompanied by a decrease in the area of the root system and the number of nodules on the roots of the plants. It was found, that the highest total activity of tissue Galega orientalis oxidase reductases – catalase and peroxidase was observed at inoculation with strains, isolated from wheat. The crude protein content of goat leaves was found to be lower at inoculation with strains, isolated from wheat than at inoculation with strains, isolated from tomatoes. Conclusions.1.By artificial inoculation, all investigated strains of pathogens revealed a decrease in the content of chlorophyll a and b, but most significantly – phytoplasma content of chlorophyll a has been decreased. The carotenoid content increased with respect to intact plants at inoculation of plants with phytopathogenic strains in the following consistency: 101+118>118>118+D13>178. 2.It was found, that at inoculation of Galega orientalis with phytopathogenic strains, isolated from wheat: inoculation with phytoplasma (monoinoculation) and especially – mix of strains: phytoplasma and bacterial, along with a decrease in the quantitative efficiency of PSII, an induction coefficient increased, which is probably caused by an increase in photorespiration or the acceptor action of phytopathogens. 3.It was found, that the highest total activity of Galega orientalis leaf catalase and peroxidase was observed at inoculation with strains, isolated from wheat – phytoplasma (monoinoculation) and mix of inoculation – phytoplasma and bacterial strains. 4.Suppression of the functional activity of the leaves for the destruction of the pigment-protein complexes of PS II at inoculation of phytopathogenic strains led to morphological changes – significant decrease in the area of the root system and the number of nodules: phytoplasma (monoinoculation) and mix phytoplasma and bacterial strains. 5.It was shown, that at inoculation with phytopathogenic strains, isolated from wheat: phytoplasma and bacterial inoculation mix and especially – the mono-inoculation of phytoplasma, the crude protein content in the leaves was less than the monoinoculation phytoplasma strain, isolated from tomatoes (178) and at mix inoculation phytoplasma strain, isolated from tomatoes and wheat (101+118)

Биоклиматический потенциал Псковской области позволяет ежегодно получать качественные семена практически всех видов многолетних злаковых и некоторых видов бобовых трав. Первостепенная роль в производстве кормов принадлежит сеянным травам как в полевом (площадь земель составляет 182,8 тыс. га), так и луговом кормопроизводстве (естественные сенокосы (230 тыс. га) и пастбищам (244 тыс. га). Основными направлениями в повышении продуктивности и улучшении качества кормовой базы, на наш взгляд, должны стать новые сорта многолетних трав, возделывание которых ведется с использованием современных агротехнологий. Селекционная работа по выведению новых сортов козлятника восточного ведется в 7 питомниках на полях ФГБНУ ФНЦ ЛК Обособленного подразделения г. Пскова. На каждом этапе селекционного процесса, в каждом питомнике выделены лучшие образцы по ряду хозяйственно ценных и морфологических признаков. На заключительной многолетней стадии, в питомнике конкурсного испытания высеяны сортообразцы, которые выделены из различных питомников с сохранением отличительных признаков, морфологических или хозяйственно-ценных. Селекционерами института создан новый сорт козлятника восточного Талисман (сортообразец №24), превышающий по продуктивности и качеству сорт-стандарт Кривич на 7-10%, в среднем за годы испытаний (5 лет) урожайность зеленой массы составила 38,1 т/га, сухой массы – 9,7 т/га, что выше стандарта на 11%. Семенная продуктивность в среднем за 5 лет была на уровне 4,5 ц/га. Содержание сырого протеина в сухом веществе данного сорта было на уровне от 20 до 22,0%. Выход сырого протеина с урожаем составил 1,9 т/га. The bioclimatic potential of the Pskov region makes it possible to annually obtain high-quality seeds of almost all types of perennial grasses and some types of legumes. The main role in feed production belongs to sown grasses both in the field (the land area is 182.8 thousand hectares) and in meadow forage production (natural hayfields (230 thousand hectares) and pastures (244 thousand hectares). In our opinion, the main directions for increasing productivity and improving the quality of the feed base should be new varieties of perennial grasses that are cultivated using modern agricultural technologies. Breeding work on breeding new varieties of Eastern goat is carried out in 7 nurseries in the fields of the Federal state budgetary scientific center of the LPR, a separate division, Pskov. At each stage of the breeding process, each nursery selects the best samples for a number of economically valuable and morphological characteristics. At the final multiyear stage, in the nursery of competitive tests, varietal samples were sown, which were isolated from various nurseries with the preservation of distinctive features, morphological or economically valuable. Breeders of the Institute have created a new variety of Eastern talisman goat (variety type No. 24), which exceeds the productivity and quality of the standard Krivich by 7-10% on average, over the years of testing (5 years), the yield of green mass was 38.1 t/ha, dry mass – 9.7 t/ha, which is 11% higher than the standard. Seed productivity on average for 5 years was at the level of 4.5 c/ha. The content of crude protein in the dry matter of this class was at the level of 20 to 22.0%. The yield of crude protein from this crop was 1.9 t/ha.

Представлены данные по урожайности и качественному составу зелёной массы галеги восточной. Установлено, что культура является высокоурожайной и в почвенно-климатических условиях северного региона Республики Беларусь обеспечивает три полноценных укоса, сформировав урожайность 484 ц/га зелёной массы. Максимальная урожайность зелёной массы (230 ц/га) была получена в первом укосе, что составило 47,5% от общей урожайности. Во втором укосе галега восточная по урожайности уступила первому укосу на 34,8% и сформировала 150 ц/га (31% от общей урожайности). Третий укос обеспечил 104 ц/га зелёной массы, или 21,5% от общей урожайности. Всего за три укоса галега восточная обеспечила общий сбор кормовых единиц с 1 га посева 98,1 ц/га: в первом укосе – 50,6 ц/га, во втором – 28,8 ц/га и в третьем укосе – 18,7 ц/га. Третий укос уступил второму на 54,0%, первому – в 2,7 раза. Общий сбор переваримого протеина с 1 га зелёной массы галеги восточной составил 15,6 ц /га: в первом укосе – 8,6 ц/га, во втором – 4,2 ц/га и в третьем – 2,8 ц/га. Сбор переваримого протеина в первом укосе составил 74% от общего сбора. Обеспеченность 1 корм. ед. зелёной массы галеги восточной переваримым протеином в среднем за вегетационный период составила 159 г, что превысило зоотехническую норму на 39–54 г. В первом укосе она составила 169 г, что выше, чем во втором укосе (146 г) на 16% и в третьем укосе (149) – на 13%. Data on yield and quality composition of the Eastern galega green mass are presented. It has been established that the crop is high-yielding and in the soil-climatic conditions of the northern region of the Republic of Belarus provides three complete cuttings having formed a yield of 484 c/ha of green mass. The maximum yield of green mass (230 c/ha) was obtained in the first growth which amounted to 47.5% of the total yield. In the aftergrass the Eastern galega in terms of yield gave way to the first growth by 34.8% and formed 150 c/ha (31% of the total yield). The third hay crop provided 104 c/ha of green mass or 21.5% of the total yield. Just in three cuttings the Eastern galega provided the total harvest of fodder units from 1 hectare of sowing 98.1 c/ha: in the first growth - 50.6 c/ha, in the second – 28.8 c/ha and in the third cutting – 18.7 c/ha. The third cutting yielded to the second by 54.0%, to the first – 2.7 times. The total harvest of digestible protein from 1 hectare of the green mass of the Eastern galega was 15.6 c/ha: in the first growth – 8.6 c/ha, in the second - 4.2 c/ha and in the third – 2.8 c/ha. The digestible protein harvest in the first growth was 74% of the total harvest. Availability of 1 fodder unit of green mass of the Eastern galega by digestible protein averaged 159 g over the growing season which exceeded the zootechnic norm by 39–54 g. In the first growth it amounted to 169 g which is 16% higher than in the second aftergrass (146 g) and in the third cutting (149) – by 13%.

Olea europaea ‘Galega vulgar’ variety is a blend of West and Central Mediterranean germplasm with cultivated-wild admixture characteristics. ‘Galega vulgar’ is known for its high rusticity and superior-quality olive oil, being the main Portuguese variety with high impact for bioeconomy. Nevertheless, it has been replaced by higher-yielding and more adapted to intensive production foreign varieties. To clarify the potential ancestral origin, genetic diversity evolution, and existing genetic relationships within the national heritage of ‘Galega vulgar’, 595 trees, belonging to ancient and centenary age groups and prospected among ten traditional production regions, were characterized using 14 SSR markers after variety validation by endocarp measurements. Ninety-five distinguishable genets were identified, revealing the presence of a reasonable amount of intra-genetic and morphological variability. A minimum spanning tree, depicting the complete genealogy of all identified genets, represented the ‘Galega vulgar’ intra-varietal diversity, with 94% of the trees showing only a two-allele difference from the most frequent genet (C001). Strong correlations between the number of differentiating alleles from C001, the clonal size, and their net divergence suggested an ancestral monoclonal origin of the ‘Galega vulgar’, with the most frequent genet identified as the most likely origin of all the genets and phenotypic diversification occurring through somatic mutations. Genetic erosion was detected through the loss of some allele combinations across time. This work highlights the need to recover the lost diversity in this traditional olive variety by including ancient private genets (associated with potential adaptation traits) in future breeding programs and investing in the protection of these valuable resources in situ by safeguarding the defined region of origin and dispersion of ‘Galega vulgar’. Furthermore, this approach proved useful on a highly diverse olive variety and thus applicable to other diverse varieties due either to their intermediate nature between different gene pools or to the presence of a mixture of cultivated and wild traits (as is the case of ‘Galega vulgar’).

Relevance. The article is devoted to the topical problem of studying unconventional, poorly studied forage plants that are promising for introduction into agricultural production for fattening gobies — galega and pierced leaf sylphia. Methods and results. The studies were carried out at the test site of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (VNIIMZ, Tver Region). In the experiment on fattening gobies with a live weight of 260–262 kg, rations on average per day consisted of: in the control group, 2 kg of herb hay, 14.65 kg of clover silage, 2.5 kg of chopped barley and 35 g of sodium chloride; in the first experimental group — 2.12 kg of herb hay, 14.3 kg of silage from galega, 2.5 kg of chopped barley and 35 g of sodium chloride; in the second experimental group — 2.2 kg of herb hay, 14.5 kg of silage from sylphia, 2.5 kg of chopped barley and 35 g of sodium chloride. In the daily ration, each feed unit contained digestible protein: 106 g in the control group, 126 g in the first experimental group, and 105 g in the second experimental group. Cellulose occupied 20.84% in the first group, fat — 2.59%, in the second and third groups, respectively — 16.46% and 1.91%, 15.06 and 1.95%. Feeding silage from galega and silphia in the diet of fattening gobies with a daily consumption of 7.05 feed units with a content of 105-125 g of digestible protein in 1 feed unit made it possible to obtain an average daily weight gain in the first experimental group of 838 g, in the second — 812 g, which is 6.75% and 3.44% more than in the control group. At the same time, feed costs decreased by 6.13 and 3.01%.

The geographical distribution of surnames has been used for decades in a variety of scientifi c fi elds as a source of information for research into the history, migrations, genetics, etc. of various human populations. Nevertheless, the geographical dimension of names has hardly been explored until now in the study of anthroponyms. Situated at the intersection of human geography and linguistics, geonomastics, considered as one of the onomastic meta-disciplines, received an important impetus since the introduction of GIS technologies into humanities in the last quarter of the 20th century. This paper presents Cartografía de Apelidos de Galicia (CAG), a free-to-use web application developed at the University of Santiago de Compostela’s Instituto da Lingua Galega that shows the geographical distribution of Galician surnames based on the current Galician population census. The author describes the data sources covered by the app, the structure of the map, its visualizing features and search capacities. The author argues that CAG may be a useful tool for both professional and lay researchers, especially genealogists. Since most of Galician surnames derive from place names, the visualization of their geographical distribution of surnames may be insightful for identifying their origin. Complemented with historical onomastic data, this application may become in the future a valuable source of information about the migration of the population of Galicia. La distribución geográfica de los apellidos se ha utilizado durante décadas en diversos campos científicos como fuente de información para la investigación de la historia, las migraciones, la genética, etc. de diversas poblaciones humanas. Sin embargo, la dimensión geográfica de los nombres apenas se ha explorado hasta ahora en el estudio de los antropónimos. Situada en la intersección de la geografía y la lingüística humanas, la geonomástica, considerada como una de las metadisciplinas onomásticas, recibió un impulso importante desde la introducción de las tecnologías SIG en las humanidades en el último cuarto del siglo XX. Este artículo presenta Cartografía de Apelidos de Galicia.(CAG), una aplicación web de uso gratuito desarrollada en el Instituto da Lingua Galega de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela que muestra la distribución geográfica de los apellidos gallegos según el censo de población gallego actual. El autor describe las fuentes de datos cubiertas por la aplicación, la estructura del mapa, sus características de visualización y capacidades de búsqueda. El autor argumenta que CAG puede ser una herramienta útil tanto para investigadores profesionales como laicos, especialmente genealogistas. Dado que la mayoría de los apellidos gallegos se derivan de nombres de lugares, la visualización de su distribución geográfica de los apellidos puede ser útil para identificar su origen. Complementada con datos onomásticos históricos, esta aplicación puede convertirse en el futuro en una valiosa fuente de información sobre la migración de la población de Galicia. Cartografía dos Apelidos de Galicia is a research project of the Instituto da Lingua Galega, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, supported by Real Academia Galega (for the 2006 version) and the Secretaría Xeral de Universidades da Xunta de Galicia (current version; TecAnDali research network, ED341D R2016/011 SI

От породы коров и ее особенностей зависят эффективность использования кормов, качество и технологические свойства молока. Материалом исследований служили коровы чернопестрой голштинской и айрширской пород. Для повышения качества сенажа из козлятника восточного использовали микробиологический препарат. В готовом корме с биоконсервантом содержание сухого вещества было выше на 3,66, обменной энергии на 8,04, сырого протеина на 10,86, переваримого протеина на 13,59. Улучшение качества корма оказало положительное влияние на метаболические процессы в рубце подопытных коров. Независимо от технологии приготовления сенажа коровы айрширской породы лучше переваривали, по сравнению с голштинами, сухое вещество на 2,062,91 (Р0,05), органическое на 1,212,04 (Р0,05), сырой протеин на 2,222,49 (Р0,05), БЭВ на 0,921,36, но при этом голштины лучше переваривали сырой жир на 2,732,78 (Р0,05) и сырую клетчатку на 1,551,86. В результате внесения в сенаж биоконсерванта Силостан и улучшения переваримости корма у коров опытных групп значительно улучшился химический состав и технологические свойства молока. Очень важно для сыроделия, что в молоке коров, получавших в рационе сенаж с биоконсервантом, повышается массовая доля казеина на 2,42,7, а доля сывороточных белков и фракции казеина, которые не свертываются под действием сычужного фермента, наоборот, снижается на 1,41,5 и на 0,30,9, соответственно. Уменьшается продолжительность свертывания молока сычужным ферментом, снижаются потери сухого вещества с сывороткой, и увеличивается выход казеинового сгустка. Плотность казеинового сгустка повышается в молоке голштинских коров на 14,3, айрширских на 5,7 и составляет, соответственно, 1,92 и 2,96 г/см2.The efficiency of feed use, the quality, as well as technological properties of milk depend on cow breed and its characteristics. Blackandwhite Holstein and Ayrshire breeds were used as the material for research. Microbiological preparation was used to increase the quality of halyage made of Eastern galega. The content of dry substance in the readymade feed was 3.66 higher, the metabolizable energy 8.04 higher, raw protein 10.86 higher, and digestible protein 13.59. Improvement of feed quality positively influenced the metabolic processes in the rumen of experimental cows. Without regard to the technology of halyage preparation, cows of Ayrshire breed showed betterdigestion of dry substance by 2.06 2.91 (P0.05) than Holstein cows, organic substance by 1.21 2.04 (P0.05), raw protein by 2.22 2.49 (P0.05), nitrogenfree extractive fraction by 0.92 1.36, but Holstein breed showed better digestion of raw fat by 2.73 2.78 (P0.05) and raw fiber by 1.55 1.86. Chemical composition and technological properties of milk improved significantly as a result of addition of Silostan biopreservative to the halyage and improvement of feed digestibility in cows from test groups. The fact that the mass percentage of casein is increased by 2.4 2.7, and the share of serum proteins and ycasein fractions which do not coagulate under the influence of enzyme rennet is inversely decreased by 1.4 1.5 and 0.3 0.9, accordingly, is very important for cheese making. The duration of milk coagulation with rennet is decreased, the loss of dry substance with serum is decreased, and the yield of casein coagulate is increased. Density of casein coagulate is increased in the milk of Holstein cows by 14.3, Ayrshire cows by 5.7, and equals to 1.92 and 2.96 g/cm2, accordingly.

Based on the studies, a seed scarifier has been created that sequentially performs two operations – scarification and treatment with a microbiological preparation. The shape of the blades and their changing installation angle on a rotating disk allows to adjust the angle of contact of the seeds with the abrasive surface and thereby improve the quality of processing. The use of the developed device for scarification of Eastern galega seeds ensured highquality pre-sowing treatment of seeds. Compared with the existing scarifier, in the recommended range of disc speeds of 900...1100, the proposed scarifier showed a decrease in the degree of crushing of seeds by 0,2...0,4 %, an increase in the degree of scarification by 2...3 % and the degree of germination by 4...5 %.

Perennial grasses are less dependent on weather and soil conditions than other crops due to their plasticity, low demand for growing conditions, and a large variety of species. In 2013-2017 in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic the biological properties of meadow tetraploid clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa changeable (Medicago x varia Martyn), birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), eastern galega (Galéga orientális Lam.) and timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) in double and triple agrocenoses were studied according to the age of the grass stand and the term of mowing. Plant density of perennial grasses in agrocenoses depended on the biological characteristics of the species, the age of grass stand and the term of mowing. In the first year of use of agrophytocenoses the density of stalk stand was at the level of 374-542 pcs /m2, in the second year of use it was a little higher (348-688 pcs /m2), in the third year of use – 240-594 pcs /m2. High density of meadow tetraploid clover in the grass stand was noted in the second year of use – 266-520 pcs/m2. The number of timothy grass stems (122-194 pcs/m2) in the grass mixture was high even in the first year of grass stand use, in the following years there was a further increase of this indicator to 196-412 pcs/m2. By the third year of use there was an increase in the number of stems of alfalfa changeable to 86-148 pcs/m2 and birds-foot trefoil – up to 108-200 pcs/m2. The plant density of the eastern galega in agrocenoses was low. The agrometeorological conditions of the year and the term of mowing affected the height and leafiness of perennial grass plants in agrocenoses. The leafiness of meadow tetraploid clover reached 64%, of the eastern galega – 74%. Timothy grass plants were less leafy – 23-38%. The height of meadow clover plants was at the level of 51 cm, of timothy grass – 75-78 cm. Birds-foot trefoil was the shortest component of grass mixtures. High yield of dry mass of single-species sowing of meadow tetraploid clover was obtained in the first two years of use – 7.8 and 6.5 t/ha, respectively. By the third year of use, the productivity of clover decreased to 2.9 t/ha. The highest yields for the years of research were formed by the following agrocenoses: clover + alfalfa, clover + timothy, and clover + alfalfa + timothy – 5.9-6.3 t/ha.

Agricultural land use in the area of the post-Chernobyl Plavsk radioactive hotspot (Tula region, Central Russia) has raised a problem of radioecological safety of obtained plant foodstuff. Verification of 137Cs activities and inventories in components of “soil-plant” systems of the territory has been conducted in 2014–2017 in 10 agrosystems and 2 semi-natural meadows. It was revealed that density of 137Cs contamination of arable chernozems and alluvial calcareous soils nowadays varies in a range 140–220 kBq/m2 and exceeds radiation safety standard by ˜ 3.5–6 times. Deep plowing of the arable soils up to 30-cm in 1986–1987 resulted in decreasing of 137Cs inventories in rooting zone by ≈ 70% for crops cultivated with shallow disk plowing (wheat, barley), and by ≈ 35% for crops cultivated with middle plowing (buckwheat, amaranth, white mustard). The investigated plants and their compartments can be grouped on the basis of transfer factor values as follows: maize (stems and leaves) > amaranth > bromegrass > vegetation of dry meadow, galega, sunflower (seeds), vegetation of wet meadow > maize (grain), soybean (pods), barley (grain), buckwheat (grain), potatoes (tubers) > white mustard (seeds), wheat (grain). It is noticeable that generative plant compartments are characterized by less 137Cs activities in comparison with stems and leaves; and that 137Cs root uptake is not coincide with total flux of mineral nutrients in “soil-plant” systems. In sum, 137Cs soil-to-plant transfer in the area of the Plavsk radioactive hotspot is characterized by considerable discrimination, so 137Cs activities in plants are completely in accordance with national standards. Keywords: Radioactive soil contamination, Caesium-137 137Cs, Arable soils, “Soil-plant” system, Chernobyl accident, Radioecologically safe land use

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different olive leaf extracts (OLE) from different leaf growing stages on human carcinoma cell lines. OLE were tested in human carcinoma cell lines in vitro and cells were plated in 96-microtiter culture plates for each OLE concentration. Fresh (F) and freeze-dried (FD) leaves exhibited phenolic compounds in the range of 2.09 ± 0.10 to 8.44 ± 0.64 and 7.72 ± 0.56 to 24.65 ± 1.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g leaves, respectively. OLE from several Portuguese olive tree cultivars were found to inhibit the growth of human carcinoma cell lines in a range of 2.09 - 8.44 μg phenolic compound/well (209 - 844 μg/ml) and 0.07 - 2.40 μg phenolic compounds/well (7 - 240 μg/ml) for fresh and freeze-dried leaves, respectively. Young (Y) leaves have revealed the highest cell growth inhibition ranging from about 95% for Cobran?osa, followed by 90% for Cobran?osa, 90% for Arbequina and 75% for Arbequina for cell lines A549, HeLa, A431 and OE21, respectively. The lowest cell growth inhibition (35%) was observed for Galega (Y) leaf extract on cell line A549. However, FD samples exhibited a distinctive pattern since cell growth inhibition was highest at highest extract dilution tested, for A431 (Galega Y) followed by A549 (Cobran?osa Y) with cell inhibition of 75% and 70%, respectively. The data presented in this work strongly suggest that OLEs inhibit the growth of human carcinoma cell lines.

Anthracnose is the most important disease of olives responsible for olive oil depreciation. The aim of this study is to compare the negative effects of the most common olive anthracnose pathogens in Portugal, Colletotrichum nymphaeae, C. godetiae, or C. acutatum, on oil extracted from fruits of the most cultivated Portuguese olive cultivars, ‘Galega Vulgar’ and ‘Cobrançosa’. Healthy fruits (ripening index 3.5) were inoculated, incubated, and sampled over 14 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.) for symptom assessment and oil extraction. Virgin olive oil (VOO) was characterised by quality criteria parameters (acidity, peroxide value, UV absorbances, organoleptic assessment, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE)), total phenols (TPH), main fatty acids, and waxes compositions. Galega Vulgar fruits were more susceptible to anthracnose than Cobrançosa fruits. Colletotrichum nymphaeae was equally highly virulent for both cultivars, while C. godetiae was less virulent especially in Cobrançosa. VOO acidity increased reached 5% in Galega oils and 2% in Cobrançosa oils from fruits infected with C. nymphaeae or C. acutatum at 14 d.p.i. FAEE were higher than the legal limit for extra VOO in Galega oils from fruits at 7 d.p.i. with C. nymphaeae or C. acutatum, or 11 d.p.i. with C. godetiae. TPH decreased through the experiments with all the inoculated fungi. The musty sensory defect was detected in Galega and Cobrançosa VOO from fruits inoculated with C. nymphaeae or C. acutatum at 3 or 7 d.p.i. earlier than chemical degradation, respectively. The degradation levels of olive oils depended on the Colletotrichum species and olive cultivar.

Fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is a long-lived perennial legume grown for forage and green manure in northern and central Europe. It is distinguished by a high proportion of leaves in the aboveground mass, tall hollow stems, and rhizomes. A method to harvest galega allowing the separation of leaves, upper stem fragments, and inflorescences from the thick, woody parts of the stem is therefore justified. This would significantly expand the possibilities of using galega herbage, including as feed for monogastric animals. A modified flail chopper (MFC), a machine originally used for harvesting green forage, was used for the fractionated harvest of galega. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield potential of various plant fractions of the first and second cut of fodder galega at three development stages and their nutritive value when harvested with an MFC. With this harvest system, 68–78% of the potential dry matter yield of galega was harvested, where leaves accounted for 73% of the dry matter on average, while the proportion of leaves in the yield of galega harvested with a mower (M) ranged from 50% to 60%. In the biomass of the first cut of galega, harvested with the MFC, protein concentration was 215 g kg−1, 11.5% greater than in the biomass of the whole aboveground mass harvested with a mower. In the second cut, this difference, in favor of the MCF, was greater by 14%. The concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was 7.5% lower and acid detergent fiber 11% lower in galega forage harvested with the MFC compared to with a mower. Furthermore, galega harvested with MFC had 13% greater NDF digestibility and 6% greater in vitro true digestibility. The stubble remaining after MFC harvest accounted for 33% of the total height and 27% of the plant dry mass, and its qualitative composition indicates that it could be used in rations of livestock with low nutritional requirements or for non-forage purposes. Galega harvest with the MFC resulted in greater protein concentrations and overall improved nutritive value of the forage even at advanced development stages.