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1. Effects of exposure parameters on detecting clear and unclear mandibular canals using two digital intra-oral sensors – An experimental study

Author

Gainer R Jasa-Andrade, Aron Aliaga-Del Castillo, and Luis E Arriola-Guillén

Subjects
dental, digital image, image quality, roc curve, Dentistry, RK1-715
Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the effects of exposure parameters (tube current and voltage) to detect clear and unclear mandibular canals (MCs) using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or photo-stimulable phosphor plate (PSP) sensors. Methods: A total of 24 dry half-mandibles were divided into two groups with clear (n = 16) and unclear (n = 8) MCs. The retro-alveolar parallel technique was performed in the six-molar region of the mandibles using direct and indirect digital intra-oral sensors. Six combinations of tube voltage (kV) (60 kV, 66 kV, and 70 kV) and tube current (mA) (2 mA, 5 mA, and 8 mA) were applied, and 144 images of each group were obtained with each CMOS and PSP sensor. Images were processed using Image J software. To evaluate diagnostic accuracy, two square images of the first-molar region were obtained from each image, one with the MC inside and the other without the MC (a total of 576 images were observed). Three radiologists diagnosed the presence or absence of MCs. The diagnostic accuracy of each exposure parameter was compared with the area under the curve (Az) in receiver-operating characteristic analysis. Results: The Az values for clear MCs were higher than those for unclear MCs (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences when the tube current was modified. For unclear MCs, the Az increased when higher tube voltages were used, showing a significant difference using the PSP sensor (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference for clear MCs. Conclusions: Lower exposure parameters should be used for clear MCs, while higher tube voltage values should be used for unclear MCs.

Published
2021
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8. Effects of exposure parameters on detecting clear and unclear mandibular canals using two digital intra-oral sensors - An experimental study.

Author

Jasa‑Andrade, Gainer R., Castillo, Aron Aliaga‑Del, Arriola-Guillén, Luis E., Jasa-Andrade, Gainer R, and Castillo, Aron Aliaga-Del

Subjects
DETECTORS, HIGH voltages
Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the effects of exposure parameters (tube current and voltage) to detect clear and unclear mandibular canals (MCs) using a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or photo-stimulable phosphor plate (PSP) sensors.Methods: A total of 24 dry half-mandibles were divided into two groups with clear (n = 16) and unclear (n = 8) MCs. The retro-alveolar parallel technique was performed in the six-molar region of the mandibles using direct and indirect digital intra-oral sensors. Six combinations of tube voltage (kV) (60 kV, 66 kV, and 70 kV) and tube current (mA) (2 mA, 5 mA, and 8 mA) were applied, and 144 images of each group were obtained with each CMOS and PSP sensor. Images were processed using Image J software. To evaluate diagnostic accuracy, two square images of the first-molar region were obtained from each image, one with the MC inside and the other without the MC (a total of 576 images were observed). Three radiologists diagnosed the presence or absence of MCs. The diagnostic accuracy of each exposure parameter was compared with the area under the curve (Az) in receiver-operating characteristic analysis.Results: The Az values for clear MCs were higher than those for unclear MCs (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences when the tube current was modified. For unclear MCs, the Az increased when higher tube voltages were used, showing a significant difference using the PSP sensor (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference for clear MCs.Conclusions: Lower exposure parameters should be used for clear MCs, while higher tube voltage values should be used for unclear MCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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9. Practice guidelines for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy

Author

Tice, Alan D., Rehm, Susan J., Dalovisio, Joseph R., Bradley, John S., Martinelli, Lawrence P., Graham, Donald R., Gainer, R. Brooks, Kunkel, Mark J., Yancey, Robert W., and Williams, David N.

Subjects
Physicians -- Laws, regulations and rules, Anti-infective agents -- Health aspects, Anti-infective agents -- Research, Government regulation, Health, Health care industry
Published
2004

10. The value of an infectious diseases specialist. (Clinical Practice: Invited Article)

Author

Petrak, Russell M., Sexton, Daniel J., Butera, Michael L., Tenenbaum, Marvin J., MacGregor, Mary C., Schmidt, Mary E., Joseph, W. Patrick, Kemmerly, Sandra A., Dougherty, Mark J., Bakken, Johan S., Curfman, Maria F., Martinelli, Lawrence P., and Gainer, R. Brooks

Subjects
Communicable diseases -- Care and treatment, Physicians -- Practice, Health, Health care industry
Published
2003

11. INTRODUCTION

Author

Muscedere, John, Bebenek, Sarah Grace, Stockley, Denise, Kinderman, Laura, Barrie, Carol, Salim, S., Warkentin, L., Gallivan, A., Churchill, T., Baracos, V., Khadaroo, R., McCullough, J., Keller, H., Vesnaver, E., Marcus, H., Lister, T., Nasser, R., Belley, L., Laur, C., Gainer, R., Moorhouse, P., Mallery, L., Hirsch, G., Hamilton, G., Wheeler, K., Di Michelle, J., Lalu, M.M, McIsaac, D. I, Mallery, K., Theou, O., Goldstein, J., Armstrong, J., Webb, J., Greene, J., Doyle, E., Douglas, B., Lee, J., Rockwood, K., Whitty, R., Koo, E., Porter, S., Battu, K., Kalocsai, C., Reid, J., Kho, M., Molloy, A., Herridge, M. S, Karachi, T., Fox-Robichaud, A., Koo, K. KY, Lo, V., Mathur, S., McCaughan, M., Pellizzari, J., Rudkowski, J., Figueiredo, S., Morais, J., Mayo, N., Meffen, K., Penner, C., Meyyappan, R., Sandoval, R., Broderick, J., Hoffer, A., Chambers, S., Ball, I., Martin, C., Awan, S., Rajji, T., Uranis, C., Kim, D., Burhan, A., Ting, R., Ito, H., Graff, A., Gerretsen, P., Woo, V., Mulsant, B., Davies, S., Paul, L. Read, Spice, R., Sinnarajah, A., Ho, G., Webb, M., Uniacke, J., Linsey, J., Kettle, J., Salmon, C., Mohammed, R., Whitby, C., Cowie, B., Wang, S., Sawatzky, R., Chan, E., Wolfs, D., Harding, W., Laforest, E., Schick-Makaroff, K., King, G., Cohen, S. R., Neufeld, C., Lett, J., Voth, J., Durepos, P., Wickson-Griffiths, A., Hazzan, A. Abiola, Kaasalainen, S., Vastis, V., Battistella, L., Papaioannou, A., Asselin, G., Klein, D., Tan, A., Kendell, C., Burge, F., Kotecha, J., Marshall, E., Cash, C., Tschupruk, C., Urquhart, R., Cottrell, L., Erbacker, L., Pesut, B., Duggleby, W., Bui, M., Te, A., Brazil, E., Sussman, T., Team, SPA-LTC, Delicaet, K., MacDonald, J., Hartwick, M., des Ordons, A. Roze, Myers, J., Pereira, J., Simon, J., Abdul-Razzak, A., Sharma, A., Ogilvie, L., Downar, J., Choukou, M.A., Holroyd-Leduc, J. M., Kazanjian, A., Durand, P. J, Straus, S. E, Légaré, F., Turgeon, A. F., Tourigny, A., Dumont, S., Mc Giguere, A., Lounsbury, K., Friesen, D., Bitschy, A., Donald, E. E, Stajduhar, K., Knapp, A., Klinger, C., Wentlandt, K., Urowitz, S., Walton, T., Chahal, M., Zwicker, V., Cohen, T., Morales, M. López, Miller, K., Duggan, K., Barnett-Cowan, M., Kortes-Miller, K., Kelley, M. Lou, Nayfeh, A., Marcoux, I., Jutai, J., Virag, O., Khakoo, A., Incardona, N., Workentin, K., Maxwell, C., Stock, K., Hogan, D. B., Tyas, S. L., Bronskill, S. E., Morris, A. M., Bell, C. M., Jeffs, L., Gandhi, S., Blain, J., Toubasi, S., Andrew, M., Ashe, M., Atkinson, E., Ayala, A. P., Bergman, H., Ploeg, J., McGilton, K., Patten, S. B., Maxwell, C. J., Delleman, B., Chan, D., Siu, H., Howard, M., Mangin, D., Akioyamen, L., Hoben, M., Estabrooks, C., McArthur, C., Gibbs, J. C., Patel, R., Neves, P., Killingbeck, J., Hirdes, J., Milligan, J., Berg, K., Giangreogrio, L., Adekpedjou, R., Stacey, D., Brière, N., Freitas, A., Marjolein, M., Garvelink, Turcotte, S., Heyer, M., Boscart, V., Heckman, G., Zahradnik, M., Jeffs, L. P., Mainville, C., Maione, M., Morris, A., Bell, C., Bronskill, S., Tscheng, D., Sever, L., Hyland, S., Emond, J., Garvelink, M., Menear, M., MacLeod, T., LeBlanc, C., Allen, M., McLean-Veysey, P., Rodney-Cail, N., Steeves, B., Bezanson, E., Van Ooteghem, K., Trinh, A., Cowan, D., Kwok, L., Fels, D., Meza, M., Fels-Leung, S., Ouellette-Kuntz, H., McKenzie, K., Martin, L., Bark, D., Hanafi, S., Gibson, W., Wagg, A., Tanel, M., Laing, A., Weaver, T., Lupo, J., Giangregorio, L., Payne, A., Sheets, D., Beach, C., Elliott, J., Stolee, P., Stinchcombe, A., Bédard, M., Enright, J., Wilson, K., Ozen, L., Silman, J., Gibbons, C., McKinnon, T., Timble, J., Willison, K., Boland, L., Perez, M. Margarita Becerra, McIsaac, D., Edmond, J., Brown, K., Leigh, J. Parsons, Buchner, D., Stelfox, H. T., Aziz, J., Crake, D., Ren, Z., Grant, T., Goubran, R., Knoefel, F., Sveistrup, H., Bilodeau, M., Oliver, J., Chidwick, P., Booi, L., Magyar, T., Martin, M., Ko, J. Hyun, Shannon, J., Wilson-Pease, E., Kephart, G., Babin, N., Malik, H., Maximos, M., Seng, S., Vandenberg, G., Dal Bello-Haas, V., Lagrotteria, A., Sullivan, K., Mihaylova, A., Lu, C., Koh, J., Hamielec, C., Steer, M., Jimenez, C., Woo, K., Julian, P., Martin, L. Schindel, McLelland, V., Ryan, D., Wilding, L., Chang, C. E., van Schooten, K. S, Wong, F., Robinovitch, S. N, Balasubramanaiam, B., Chenkin, J., Snider, T. G., Melady, D., Lee, J. S., Petrella, A., Heath, M., Shellington, E., Laguë, A., Voyer, P., Ouellet, M., Boucher, V., Pelletier, M., Gouin, É., Daoust, R., Berthelot, S., Giroux, M., Sirois, M., Émond, M., Bergstrom, V., Tate, K., Lee, S., Reid, C., Rowe, B., Cummings, G., Holroyd-Leduc, J., El-Bialy, R., Zhao, B., Baumbusch, J., Busson, C., Kohr, R., Donovan, J., Philpott, K., Kingston, J., Rickards, T., Weiler, C., Lanovaz, J., Arnold, C., Chiu, K., Cuperfain, A., Zhu, K., Zhao, X., Zhao, S., Iaboni, A., Perrella, A., Chau, V., Hu, C. Dong, Farooqi, M., Patel, S., Bauer, J., Lee, L., Schill, C., Patel, T., Mroz, L., Kryworuchko, J., Carter, R., Spencer, L., Barwich, D., Roy, N., Després, C., Leyenaar, M., McLeod, B., Poss, J., Costa, A., Blums, J., Costa, I. Geraldina, Tregunno, D., Kirkham, J., Seitz, D., Velkers, C., Krawczyk, M., Garland, E., Michaud, M., Pakzad, S., Bourque, P. E., Eamer, G., Gibson, J. A, Gillis, C., Hsu, A. T, MacDonald, E., Whitlock, R., Khadaroo, R. G, Brisebois, R., Clement, F., Hathaway, J., Bagheri, Z. S., Costa, I. G., Schinkel-Ivy, A., Rodney, P. (Paddy), Varcoe, C., Jiwani, B., Fenton, T., Gramlich, L., Tangri, N., Eng, F., Bohm, C., Komenda, P., Rigatto, C., Brar, R., McCloskey, R., Keeping-Burke, L., Donovan, C., Verma, A., Razak, F., Kwan, J., Lapointe-Shaw, L., Rawal, S., Tang, T., Weinerman, A., Guo, Y., Mamdani, M., McNicholl, T., Valaitis, R., Tarraf, R., Boakye, O., Suter, E., Boulanger, P., Birney, A., Sadowski, C. A, Gill, G., Mrklas, K., Plaisance, A., Noiseux, F., Francois, R., LeBlanc, A., McGinn, C. A., Tapp, D., Archambault, P. M., Begum, J., Wikjord, N., Roy, P., Reimer-Kirkham, S., Doane, G., Hilliard, N., Giesbrech, M., Dujela, C., Harerimana, B., Forchuk, C., Booth, R., Vasudev, A., Isaranuwatchai, W., Seth, P., Ramsey, D., Rudnick, A., Heisel, M., Reiss, J., Lee, E., Mate, K., Aubertin-Leheude, M., Fiore, J., Auais, M., Moriello, C., Scott, S., Wilson, M., McDonald, E., Lee, T., Arora, N., Hanvey, L., Elston, D., Heyland, R., Heyland, D., Langevin, J., Fang, Q., Price, D., Nowak, C., Fang, H., Richardson, J., Phillips, S., Gordon, C., Xie, F., Adachi, J., Tang, A., Swinton, M., Winhall, M., Clark, B., Sinuff, T., Abelson, J., You, J., Shears, M., Takaoka, A., Tina, M., Amanda, H., Surenthar, T., Li, G., Rochwerg, B., Woo, T., Bagshaw, S., Johnstone, J., Cook, D., Beaton, D., Drance, E., Leblanc, M.E., O’Connor, D., Ono, E., Phinney, A., Reid, R. C., Rodney, P. A., Tait, J., Ward-Griffin, C., Millen, T., Clarke, F., Thabane, L., Dogba, M. J., Rivest, L.l, Durand, P. J., Fraser, K., Bourassa, H., Embuldeniya, G., Farmanova, E., Auguste, D., Witteman, H. O, Kröger, E., Beaulieu, É., MC Giguere, A., Paragg, J., Swindle, J., Webber, T., Porterfield, P., Husband, A., Kryworucko, J., Trenaman, L., Bryan, S., Cuthbertson, L., Bansback, N., de Grood, C., Dodek, P., Fowler, R., Forster, A., Boyd, J., Stelfox, H., Kruger, S., Steinberg, M., Quinn, K., Yarnell, C., Fu, L., Manuel, D., Tanuseputro, P., Stukel, T., Pinto, R., Scales, D., Laupacis, A., Varughese, R., Huang, A., Famure, O., Chowdhury, N., Renner, E., Kim, J., MacIver, J., Singer, L., Gali, B., Brewster, P., Asche, C., Mitz, A., Hundza, S., MacDonald, S., Kaechele, N., Donald, E., Kaur, S., Fernandes, P., Pauloff, K., Gordon, A., Kallan, L., Grinman, M., Human, T., Ying, I., Pattullo, A., Wong, H., Feldman, S., Moffat, D., Zjadewicz, K., McIntosh, C. J., Alghamdi, M., McComb, A., Ferrone, A., Geng, W., Weeks-Levy, C., and Menon, C.

Subjects
Abstracts, Canadian Frailty Network Abstracts from the Meeting in Toronto, September 27–29, 2015, Canadian Frailty Network Abstracts from the Meeting Held in Toronto, April 23–24, 2017
Published
2017

12. Determination of optimum exposure parameters for dentoalveolar structures of the jaws using the CB MercuRay system with cluster signal-to-noise analysis

Author

Warangkana Weerawanich, Mayumi Shimizu, Shoko Yoshida, Yohei Takeshita, Kazutoshi Okamura, Gainer R. Jasa, and Kazunori Yoshiura

Subjects
Cone beam computed tomography, Image quality, business.industry, Phantoms, Imaging, Root canal, 030206 dentistry, Mandible, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Dental-enamel junction, Imaging phantom, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Trabecular Pattern, Lamina dura, medicine, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Dentistry (miscellaneous), Tube (container), business, Algorithms, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

To determine the optimum cone beam computed tomography exposure parameters for specific diagnostic tasks. A Teflon phantom attached to a half-mandible in a large container was scanned in dental (D), implant (I), and panoramic (P) modes. An identical phantom in a small container was scanned in D mode. Both were scanned at 60, 80, 100, and 120 kV. We evaluated the image quality of five anatomical structures [dentinoenamel junction (1), lamina dura and periodontal ligament space (2), trabecular pattern (3), cortex–spongy bone junction (4), and pulp chamber and root canal (5)] and analyzed the diagnostic image quality with cluster signal-to-noise analysis. We then evaluated correlations between the two image qualities and calculated the threshold of acceptable diagnostic image quality. Optimum exposure parameters were determined from images with acceptable diagnostic image quality. For the small container, the optimum exposure parameters were D mode, 80 kV for (1), (3), and (4) and D mode, 100 kV for (5). For the large container, they were D mode, 120 kV for (1), (3), and (5) and D mode, 100 kV for (4). I mode, 120 kV reached the acceptable level for (4). No images reached the acceptable level for (2). No optimum exposure parameters were identified for the evaluation of the lamina dura and periodontal ligament space. D mode was sufficient for the other structures; however, the tube voltage required for each structure differed. Smaller patients required lower tube voltage. I mode, 120 kV may be used for larger lesions.

Published
2018

16. Buccal-lingual localization of the mandibular canal in relationship with the third molar using the lateral oblique technique

Author

Leticia Ruhland Correa, Heloísa Emília Dias da Silveira, Gainer R. Jasa, Mariana Boessio Vizzotto, Priscila Fernanda da Silveira, Tabare Raveca, and Heraldo Luis Dias da Silveira

Subjects
Molar, lcsh:Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, business.industry, Radiography, lcsh:R895-920, Mandibular canal, Dentistry, Magnification, Buccal administration, Computerized tomography, Lateral oblique, lcsh:RK1-715, stomatognathic diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, mandibular canal, stomatognathic system, lateral oblique radiography, lcsh:Dentistry, medicine, Calipers, Tomography, business
Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of lateral oblique radiography (LOR) at two different incidence angles for the bucco-lingual topographic localization of the mandibular canal with respect to the lower third molars. Materials And Method: A total of 24 dry jaws bearing at least one third molar were subject to LOR at vertical incidence angles of 0° and -30°. A trained and calibrated examiner measured the distance between the top of the mandibular canal to the most apical point of the third molar, using a digital calliper and individual light box for the radiographs. Based on the analysis of the two measurements (incidence angles of 0° and -30°) and considering the buccal object rule, the observer estimated the location of the mandibular canal, which was classified as lingual, central or buccal to the corresponding third molar. Results were compared with the computerized tomography images (gold standard). Results: The statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity and accuracy tests. These results showed that LOR (0° e -30°) could be used to determine the bucco-lingual location of the mandibular canal with respect to the third molar. Conclusion: In spite of the magnification, LOR images demonstrated that the technique could be used for this study proposal.

Published
2014

17. Effects of exposure parameters and slice thickness on detecting clear and unclear mandibular canals using cone beam CT

Author

Kenji Tokumori, Mayumi Shimizu, Kazutoshi Okamura, Kazunori Yoshiura, Yohei Takeshita, Warangkana Weerawanich, Gainer R. Jasa, 髙橋, 一郎, 築山, 能大, and 森, 悦秀

Subjects
business.industry, Slice thickness, Dentistry, Diagnostic accuracy, 030206 dentistry, General Medicine, Mandible, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, In Vitro Techniques, Mandibular first molar, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, stomatognathic system, Otorhinolaryngology, Medicine, Humans, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Uruguay, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Nuclear medicine, business, General Dentistry, Cone beam ct, Research Article
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of exposure parameters and image-processing methods when using CBCT to detect clear and unclear mandibular canals (MCs).24 dry half mandibles were divided into 2 groups with clear and unclear MCs based on a previous CBCT study. Mandibles were scanned using a CBCT system with varying exposure parameters (tube voltages 60 kV, 70 kV and 90 kV; and tube currents 2 mA, 5 mA, 10 mA and 15 mA) to obtain a total of 144 scans. The images were processed with different slice thicknesses using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Five radiologists evaluated the cross-sectional images of the first molar region to detect the MCs. The diagnostic accuracy of varying exposure parameters and image-processing conditions was compared with the area under the curve (Az) in receiver-operating characteristic analysis.The Az values for clear MCs were higher than those for unclear MCs (p 0.0001). With increasing exposure voltages and currents, Az values increased, but no significant differences were found with high voltages and currents in clear MCs (p = 1.0000 and p = 0.9340). The Az values of serial images were higher than those of overlaid images (p 0.0001), and those for thicker slices were higher than those for thinner slices (p 0.0001).Our findings indicate that detection of unclear MCs requires either higher exposure parameters or processing of the images with thicker slices. To detect clear MCs, lower exposure parameters can be used.

Published
2017

21. Prediction of detectability of the mandibular canal by quantitative image quality evaluation using cone beam CT

Author

Kazunori Yoshiura, Jun Ichi Asaumi, Gainer R. Jasa, Kazutoshi Okamura, Kenji Tokumori, Mayumi Shimizu, Warangkana Weerawanich, Shoko Yoshida, and Yohei Takeshita

Subjects
Materials science, Image quality, Radiography, Mandibular canal, Mandible, Imaging phantom, Flat panel detector, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, law, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, General Dentistry, Digital radiography, Receiver operating characteristic, Phantoms, Imaging, business.industry, Image intensifier, 030206 dentistry, General Medicine, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, equipment and supplies, medicine.anatomical_structure, ROC Curve, Otorhinolaryngology, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, business, Research Article
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To compare the results of a new quantitative image quality evaluation method that requires no observers with the results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in detecting the mandibular canal (MC) in cone beam CT (CBCT) images. METHODS: A Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) plate phantom with holes of different depths was scanned with two CBCT systems. One CBCT system was equipped with an image intensifier (Experiment 1), and the other was equipped with a flat panel detector (Experiment 2). Holes that were above the threshold gray value (ΔG), calculated using just-noticeable difference (JND), were extracted. The number of extracted holes was used as the index of the image quality, and was compared with the Az values calculated by ROC analysis to detect the MC. RESULTS: The number of extracted holes reflected the influence of different scanning conditions, and showed a strong correlation with the Az values calculated by ROC analysis. Indices of the number of extracted holes corresponding to high Az values for detecting the MC were obtained in both experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Our image quality evaluation method applying JND to images of a standardized phantom is a quantitative method that could be useful for evaluating the detectability of the MC in CBCT images.

Published
2018
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24. The Taxonomic Designation of Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii (Polygonaceae) is Supported by AFLP and cpDNA analyses

Author

Ellis, M. W., Roper, J. M., Gainer, R., Der, J. P., and Wolf, Paul G.

Subjects
food and beverages, Biology
Abstract

We examined populations of perennial, shrubby buckwheats in the Eriogonum corymbosum complex and related Eriogonum species in the subgenus Eucycla, to assess genetic affiliations of the recently named E. corymbosum var. nilesii. The known populations of this varietyare all located in Clark County, Nevada, U. S. A. We compared AFLP profiles and chloroplast DNA sequences of plants sampled from populations of E. corymbosum var. nilesii with those of plants representing other E. corymbosum varieties and related Eriogonum species from Colorado,Utah, northern Arizona, and northern New Mexico. We found evidence of genetic cohesion among the Clark County populations as well astheir genetic divergence from populations of other E. corymbosum varieties and species. The genetic component uncovered in this study sup-ports the morphological findings upon which the nomenclatural change was based, attesting to the taxonomic distinctness of this biologicalentity.

Published
2009

28. Reply to Goenaga Sanchez et al

Author

Tice, Alan D., Rehm, Susan J., Dalovisio, Joseph, Bradley, John S., Martinelli, Lawrence P., Graham, Donald R., Gainer, R. Brooks, Kunkel, Mark J., Yancey, Robert W., and Williams, David N.

Subjects
Health, Health care industry
Published
2004

29. Practice Guidelines for Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy

Author

Tice, Alan D., primary, Rehm, Susan J., additional, Dalovisio, Joseph R., additional, Bradley, John S., additional, Martinelli, Lawrence P., additional, Graham, Donald R., additional, Gainer, R. Brooks, additional, Kunkel, Mark J., additional, Yancey, Robert W., additional, and Williams, David N., additional

Published
2004
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33. Buccal-lingual localization of the mandibular canal in relationship with the third molar using the lateral oblique technique

Author

Gainer Raul Jasa, Mariana Boessio Vizzotto, Priscila Fernanda da Silveira, Heloisa Emilia Dias da Silveira, Heraldo Luis Dias da Silveira, Leticia Ruhland Correa, and Tabare Raveca

Subjects
Computerized tomography, lateral oblique radiography, mandibular canal, Dentistry, RK1-715, Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of lateral oblique radiography (LOR) at two different incidence angles for the bucco-lingual topographic localization of the mandibular canal with respect to the lower third molars. Materials And Method: A total of 24 dry jaws bearing at least one third molar were subject to LOR at vertical incidence angles of 0° and -30°. A trained and calibrated examiner measured the distance between the top of the mandibular canal to the most apical point of the third molar, using a digital calliper and individual light box for the radiographs. Based on the analysis of the two measurements (incidence angles of 0° and -30°) and considering the buccal object rule, the observer estimated the location of the mandibular canal, which was classified as lingual, central or buccal to the corresponding third molar. Results were compared with the computerized tomography images (gold standard). Results: The statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity and accuracy tests. These results showed that LOR (0° e -30°) could be used to determine the bucco-lingual location of the mandibular canal with respect to the third molar. Conclusion: In spite of the magnification, LOR images demonstrated that the technique could be used for this study proposal.

Published
2014
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37. About the Guidelines for Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy.

Author

Sanchez, Miguel A. Goenaga, Sampedro, Manuel Millet, Orbáiz, Carmen Garde, Macazaga, José A. Carrera, Aramendi, Edurne Arzellus, Tice, Alan D., Rehm, Susan J., Dalovisio, Joseph, Bradley, John S., Martinelli, Lawrence P., Graham, Donald R., Gainer, R. Brooks, Kunkel, Mark J., Yancey, Robert W., and Williams, David N.

Subjects
LETTERS to the editor, ANTI-infective agents, OUTPATIENT medical care, TECHNICAL specifications, GUIDELINES, THERAPEUTICS
Abstract

Presents letters to the editor. Focus on the guidelines for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy; Overview of the medication for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy.

Published
2004

41. Structural valve deterioration of bioprosthesis in the aortic position: A single-center experience.

Author

Hodgson DMD, Elkhateeb O, Gainer R, Hirsch G, Koilpillai C, and Aliter H

Subjects
Humans, Retrospective Studies, Prosthesis Design, Aortic Valve diagnostic imaging, Aortic Valve surgery, Hemodynamics, Treatment Outcome, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Bioprosthesis, Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation, Heart Valve Prosthesis, Aortic Valve Stenosis diagnostic imaging, Aortic Valve Stenosis surgery
Abstract

Background: Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is one of the most common open-heart surgical procedures. The durability of the tissue valve in the aortic position is crucial in AVR and transcatheter AVR. We reviewed structural valve deterioration using echocardiographic follow-up in three types of surgical aortic tissue valves., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted where hemodynamic deterioration was evaluated and compared using transthoracic echocardiography, including pressure gradients and effective orifice area. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to summarize the time to failure., Results: The study included 133 Trifecta, 156 Epic, and 321 Magna Ease valves. Seventy-six percent (1941/2551) of patients had to be excluded due to insufficient echo data. Through univariate analysis, 34% (216/610) of valves met deterioration criteria after 24 months. Unadjusted survival curves showed a significant difference between valves (p ≤ .001), with a longer mean time to deterioration for the Magna Ease versus Trifecta and Epic of 68.9 versus 50.1 and 38.2 months, respectively. A Cox proportional hazard analysis found worse hazard ratios of 1.69 (p ≤ .04) and 2.4 (p ≤ .01) for Trifecta versus Magna and Epic versus Trifecta, respectively., Conclusion: All three valve types demonstrated structural valve deterioration on echocardiographic follow-up with significant differences in rate. The Magna Ease appeared to have the highest durability, and the Epic the lowest. Further investigation is warranted to confirm the results in a larger multicenter study., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Published
2022
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42. Impact of Clopidogrel Stop Interval on Major Adverse Bleeding Events in Cardiac Surgery.

Author

Huo B, Hirsch GM, Doucette S, Herman CR, Gainer R, and Mokhtar AT

Abstract

Background: Major societal guidelines recommend a 5-day stop interval before cardiac surgery for patients with acute coronary syndrome receiving clopidogrel. Yet, many such patients present with high acuity, generating surgeon inclination toward use of shorter stop intervals. Thus, this study aimed to determine the impact of the duration and timing of the interval of clopidogrel cessation on adverse bleeding events., Methods: Patients who underwent cardiac surgery between 2009 and 2016 at a tertiary-care centre were included in this retrospective cohort study. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for clopidogrel stop interval, age, urgency of procedure, and procedure type were used to quantify the effect of clinically relevant baseline demographic characteristics on incidence of massive transfusion as well as hemorrhagic complication outcomes., Results: A total of 5748 patients underwent cardiac surgery. In this cohort, 1743 patients (30.3%) received clopidogrel preoperatively, and 884 (50.7%) of these patients discontinued clopidogrel 5 days before presenting to the operating room. The administration of clopidogrel 1-2 days before surgery (odds ratio 1.97; 95% confidence interval: 1.18 to 3.29) was an independent predictor for massive transfusions and hemorrhagic complications (odds ratio 1.85; 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 3.37). The 3-4 day group did not have an increased risk of major bleeding complications. The risk for both massive transfusions and hemorrhagic complications also increased with the urgency and complexity of surgery., Conclusion: A clopidogrel stop interval of 3-4 days preoperatively was not associated with an increased risk for major bleeding complications., (Crown Copyright © 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society.)

Published
2021
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43. The Role of Response-Shift in Studies Assessing Quality of Life Outcomes Among Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.

Author

Ilie G, Bradfield J, Moodie L, Lawen T, Ilie A, Lawen Z, Blackman C, Gainer R, and Rutledge RDH

Abstract

Objective: Response-shift has been cited as an important measurement consideration when assessing patient reported quality of life (QoL) outcomes over time among patients with severe chronic conditions. Here we report the results of a systematic review of response shift in studies assessing QoL among cancer patients. Methods: A systematic review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO along with a manual search of the cited references of the articles selected, was conducted. A quality review was performed using STROBE criteria and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: A systematic review of 1,487 records published between 1,887 and December 2018 revealed 104 potentially eligible studies, and 35 studies met inclusion criteria for content and quality. The most common cancer patient populations investigated in these studies were breast (18 studies), lung (14 studies), prostate (eight studies), and colorectal (eight studies). Response shift was identified among 34 of the 35 studies reviewed. Effect sizes were reported in 17 studies assessing QoL outcomes among cancer patients; 12 of which had negligible to small effect sizes, four reported medium effect sizes which were related to physical, global QoL, pain, and social (role) functioning and one reported a large effect size (fatigue). The most prevalent method for assessing response shift was the then-test , which is prone to recall bias, followed by the pre-test and post-test method. Given the heterogeneity among the characteristics of the samples and designs reviewed, as well as the overall small to negligible effect sizes for the effects reported, conclusions stating that changes due to internal cognitive shifts in perceived QoL should account for changes observed in cancer patients' QoL outcomes should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: Further work is needed in this area of research. Future studies should control for patient characteristics, time elapsed between diagnosis and baseline assessment and evaluate their contribution to the presence of response shift. Time between assessments should include short and longer periods between assessments and evaluate whether the presence of response shift holds over time. Possible avenues for inquiry for future investigation are discussed.

Published
2019
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44. Effects of exposure parameters and slice thickness on detecting clear and unclear mandibular canals using cone beam CT.

Author

Jasa GR, Shimizu M, Okamura K, Tokumori K, Takeshita Y, Weerawanich W, and Yoshiura K

Subjects
Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Uruguay, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography methods, Mandible diagnostic imaging, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted methods
Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of exposure parameters and image-processing methods when using CBCT to detect clear and unclear mandibular canals (MCs)., Methods: 24 dry half mandibles were divided into 2 groups with clear and unclear MCs based on a previous CBCT study. Mandibles were scanned using a CBCT system with varying exposure parameters (tube voltages 60 kV, 70 kV and 90 kV; and tube currents 2 mA, 5 mA, 10 mA and 15 mA) to obtain a total of 144 scans. The images were processed with different slice thicknesses using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Five radiologists evaluated the cross-sectional images of the first molar region to detect the MCs. The diagnostic accuracy of varying exposure parameters and image-processing conditions was compared with the area under the curve (Az) in receiver-operating characteristic analysis., Results: The Az values for clear MCs were higher than those for unclear MCs (p < 0.0001). With increasing exposure voltages and currents, Az values increased, but no significant differences were found with high voltages and currents in clear MCs (p = 1.0000 and p = 0.9340). The Az values of serial images were higher than those of overlaid images (p < 0.0001), and those for thicker slices were higher than those for thinner slices (p < 0.0001)., Conclusions: Our findings indicate that detection of unclear MCs requires either higher exposure parameters or processing of the images with thicker slices. To detect clear MCs, lower exposure parameters can be used.

Published
2017
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45. A new method to evaluate image quality of CBCT images quantitatively without observers.

Author

Takeshita Y, Shimizu M, Okamura K, Yoshida S, Weerawanich W, Tokumori K, Jasa GR, and Yoshiura K

Subjects
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography statistics & numerical data, Phantoms, Imaging, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography standards
Abstract

Objectives: To develop an observer-free method for quantitatively evaluating the image quality of CBCT images by applying just-noticeable difference (JND)., Methods: We used two test objects: (1) a Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) plate phantom attached to a dry human mandible; and (2) a block phantom consisting of a Teflon step phantom and an aluminium step phantom. These phantoms had holes with different depths. They were immersed in water and scanned with a CB MercuRay (Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at tube voltages of 120 kV, 100 kV, 80 kV and 60 kV. Superimposed images of the phantoms with holes were used for evaluation. The number of detectable holes was used as an index of image quality. In detecting holes quantitatively, the threshold grey value (ΔG), which differentiated holes from the background, was calculated using a specific threshold (the JND), and we extracted the holes with grey values above ΔG. The indices obtained by this quantitative method (the extracted hole values) were compared with the observer evaluations (the observed hole values). In addition, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the shallowest detectable holes and the deepest undetectable holes were measured to evaluate the contribution of CNR to detectability., Results: The results of this evaluation method corresponded almost exactly with the evaluations made by observers. The extracted hole values reflected the influence of different tube voltages. All extracted holes had an area with a CNR of ≥1.5., Conclusions: This quantitative method of evaluating CBCT image quality may be more useful and less time-consuming than evaluation by observation.

Published
2017
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46. Yamal and anthrax.

Author

Gainer R

Subjects
Animal Husbandry, Animals, Anthrax epidemiology, Cattle, Female, Horses, Male, Siberia epidemiology, Anthrax veterinary, Reindeer
Published
2016

47. Second-hand eating? Maternal perception of the food environment affects reproductive investment in mice.

Author

Schwartz TS, Gainer R, Dohm ED, Johnson MS, Wyss JM, and Allison DB

Subjects
Animals, Body Composition physiology, Body Weight physiology, Female, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Models, Animal, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy, Animal physiology, Weight Gain physiology, Behavior, Animal physiology, Environment, Feeding Behavior physiology, Food Preferences physiology, Maternal Behavior physiology, Perception physiology, Reproduction physiology
Abstract

Objective: Little information exists on how perception of the food (or "energetic") environment affects body composition and reproductive investment. The hypothesis was tested that female mice, who are themselves consuming standard chow diets but who are exposed to conspecifics eating a rich "cafeteria diet," will exhibit altered weight gain and reproductive investment., Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice were raised on a cafeteria diet. At maturity, subjects were switched to a standard chow diet, and their cage-mates were assigned to consume either a cafeteria diet (treatment, n = 20) or standard chow (control, n = 20). Subjects were mated and pups raised to weaning. Subjects and pups were analyzed for body composition., Results: Treatment had no discernable effect on dam body weight or composition but caused pups to have lower body weight (P = 0.036) and less fat mass (P = 0.041). A nearly significant treatment effect on "time to successful reproduction" (avg. 55 versus 44 days), likely due to increased failed first pregnancies, (14/19 versus 8/19, P = 0.099) was found., Conclusions: These data indicate that perceived food environment (independent of the diet actually consumed) can produce small pups with less body fat and possibly induce difficulties in pregnancy for dams. Replication and mechanistic studies should follow., (© 2015 The Obesity Society.)

Published
2015
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48. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduces symptoms of depression in people with a traumatic brain injury: results from a randomized controlled trial.

Author

Bédard M, Felteau M, Marshall S, Cullen N, Gibbons C, Dubois S, Maxwell H, Mazmanian D, Weaver B, Rees L, Gainer R, Klein R, and Moustgaard A

Subjects
Adult, Brain Injuries rehabilitation, Cross-Over Studies, Depressive Disorder etiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Brain Injuries psychology, Depressive Disorder therapy, Mindfulness, Watchful Waiting
Abstract

Objective: We sought to determine if we could reduce symptoms of depression in individuals with a traumatic brain injury using mindfulness-based cognitive therapy., Setting: The study was conducted in a community setting., Participants: We enrolled adults with symptoms of depression after a traumatic brain injury., Design: We conducted a randomized controlled trial; participants were randomized to the 10-week mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention arm or to the wait-list control arm., Main Measures: The primary outcome measure was symptoms of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory-II., Results: The parallel group analysis revealed a greater reduction in Beck Depression Inventory-II scores for the intervention group (6.63, n = 38,) than the control group (2.13, n = 38, P = .029). A medium effect size was observed (Cohen d = 0.56). The improvement in Beck Depression Inventory-II scores was maintained at the 3-month follow-up., Conclusion: These results are consistent with those of other researchers that use mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to reduce symptoms of depression and suggest that further work to replicate these findings and improve upon the efficacy of the intervention is warranted.

Published
2014
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49. Anthrax and the taiga.

Author

Gainer R and Oksanen A

Subjects
Animals, Anthrax microbiology, Models, Biological, Severity of Illness Index, Anthrax veterinary, Bacillus anthracis pathogenicity, Colony Count, Microbial veterinary
Published
2012

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