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Gas hydrates can be formed when light gases, such as the components of natural gas, come into contact with water under particular conditions of temperature and pressure. These solid compounds give rise to problems in natural gas and oil industry because they can plug pipelines and process equipment. To prevent hydrate formation methanol and glycols are commonly and extensively used as inhibitors. Today, the thermodynamic equilibria of hydrate formation are well known, but the kinetics of gas hydrate formation and growth has to be studied in order to find means of controlling these processes and to explore the mechanisms for hydrate formation that follows non equilibrium laws. The present work deals with the kinetics of methane hydrate formation studied in a laboratory loop where the liquid blend saturated with methane is circulated up to a pressure of 75 bar. Pressure is maintained at a constant value during experimental runs by means of methane gas make-up. First the effects of pressure (35-75 bar), liquid velocity (0. 5-3 m/s), liquid cooling temperature ramp (2-15°C/h), and liquid hydrocarbon amount (0-96%), on hydrate formation kinetics are investigated. Then a new method is proposed to predict firstly the thermodynamic conditions (pressure and temperature) at the maximum values of the growth rate of methane hydrate and secondly the methane hydrate growth rate. A good agreement is found between calculated and experimental data. Finally the evaluation of the efficiency of some kinetic additives and some surfactants developed to avoid either nucleation or crystal growth and agglomeration of methane hydrates is tested based on the proposed experimental procedure. Les hydrates de gaz des composés légers du gaz naturel se forment lorsque ceux-ci entrent en contact avec l'eau dans certaines conditions de température et de pression. Ces composés solides sont nuisibles pour les industries gazière et pétrolière car des bouchons solides peuvent obstruer les lignes de transport et les installations de traitement d'effluents pétroliers. Pour contrôler ces dépôts d'hydrates, on utilise fréquemment, comme inhibiteurs, le méthanol ou les glycols. Aujourd'hui, les équilibres thermodynamiques des hydrates de gaz sont bien connus ; par contre, les cinétiques de formation et de croissance doivent être étudiées afin de mettre en évidence de nouveaux moyens de contrôle grâce à l'étude des mécanismes de formation des hydrates hors équilibre. Le présent travail propose une étude de la cinétique de formation de l'hydrate de méthane dans une boucle de recirculation de laboratoire dans laquelle le mélange liquide, saturé de méthane, circule à une pression maximum de 75 bar. La pression constante au cours des expériences est maintenue par ajout de gaz frais. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les effets de la pression (35-75 bar), de la vitesse d'écoulement du liquide (0,5-3 m/s), de la rampe de refroidissement (2-15°C/h) et de la quantité d'hydrocarbure présent dans la charge (0-96 %) sur les cinétiques de formation de l'hydrate. Nous proposons ensuite une nouvelle méthode de prédiction, en premier lieu, des conditions thermodynamiques (pression et température) correspondant aux valeurs de vitesse de croissance maximum de l'hydrate, puis de ces vitesses de croissance maximum. Nous avons obtenu un bon accord entre valeurs expérimentales et calculées. Enfin, nous avons évalué, en utilisant la procédure expérimentale décrite précédemment, l'efficacité de quelques inhibiteurs cinétiques et tensioactifs mis au point pour éviter, soit la nucléation, soit la croissance des cristaux et l'agglomératon de particules d'hydrates de méthane.

We present new insights into the study of the UO2+x/U4O9 equilibrium in UO2 as a function of the hyper-stoichiometry (x) by coupling HERFD-XANES at the uranium M4-edge with micro-Raman spectroscopy mapping. XANES allowed the measurement of uranium speciation in the samples, while Raman spectroscopy was used to individually characterize the composition and localization of the different oxide phases. UO2 pellets were oxidized under dry conditions at temperatures above the UO2+x/U4O9 phase transition to reach hyper-stoichiometries in the range of 0.01 = x = 0.1. Combining both techniques, we could determine the proportions of U4O9 and UO2+x. We show that at a low O/U ratio, U4O9 is present as small clusters inside UO2 grains. As the O/U increases, we found evidence of the formation of a network of U4O9 crystallized inside the UO2+x grains. The variation of the UO2+x phase hyperstoichiometry (x) was evaluated as a function of the sample oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of managing cows for extended lactations rather than lactations of the traditional length of 1 yr primarily arose from observations of increasing problems with infertility and cows being dried off with high milk yields. However, it is vital for the success of extended lactation practices that cows are able to maintain milk yield per feeding day when the length of the calving interval (CInt) is increased. Milk yield per feeding day is defined as the cumulated lactation milk yield divided by the sum of days between 2 consecutive calvings. The main objective of this study was to investigate the milk production of cows managed for lactations of different lengths, and the primary aim was to investigate the relationship between CInt, parity, and milk yield. Five measurements of milk yield were used: energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield per feeding day, ECM yield per lactating day, cumulative ECM yield during the first 305 d of lactation, as well as ECM yield per day during early and late lactation. The analyses were based on a total of 1,379 completed lactations from cows calving between January 2007 and May 2013 in 4 Danish commercial dairy herds managed for extended lactation for several years. Herd-average CInt length ranged from 414 to 521 d. The herds had Holstein, Jersey, or crosses between Holstein, Jersey, and Red Danish cows with average milk yields ranging from 7,644 to 11,286 kg of ECM per cow per year. A significant effect of the CInt was noted on all 5 measurements of milk yield, and this effect interacted with parity for ECM per feeding day, ECM per lactating day and ECM per day during late lactation. The results showed that cows were at least able to produce equivalent ECM per feeding day with increasing CInt, and that first- and second-parity cows maintained ECM per lactating day. Cows with a CInt between 17 and 19 mo produced 476 kg of ECM more during the first 305 d compared with cows with a CInt of less than 13 mo. Furthermore, early-lactation ECM yield was greater for all cows and late-lactation ECM yield was less for second-parity and older cows when undergoing an extended compared with a shorter lactation. Increasing CInt increased the dry period length with 3 to 5d. In conclusion, the group of cows with longer CInt were able to produce at least equivalent amounts of ECM per feeding day when the CInt was up to 17 to 19 mo on these 4 commercial dairy farms.

Purpose: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults and is often resistant to conventional therapies. The MYC oncogene is commonly overexpressed in AML but has remained an elusive target. We aimed to examine the consequences of targeting MYC both directly and indirectly in AML overexpressing MYC/Myc due to trisomy 8/15 (human/mouse), FLT3-ITD mutation, or gene amplification. Methods: We performed in vivo knockdown of Myc (shRNAs) and both in vitro and in vivo experiments using four drugs with indirect anti-MYC activity: VX-680, GDC-0941, artemisinin, and JQ1. Results: shRNA knockdown of Myc in mice prolonged survival, regardless of the mechanism underlying MYC overexpression. VX-680, an aurora kinase inhibitor, demonstrated in vitro efficacy against human MYC-overexpressing AMLs regardless of the mechanism of MYC overexpression, but was weakest against a MYC-amplified cell line. GDC-0941, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, demonstrated efficacy against several MYC-overexpressing AMLs, although only in vitro. Artemisinin, an antimalarial, did not demonstrate consistent efficacy against any of the human AMLs tested. JQ1, a bromodomain and extra-terminal bromodomain inhibitor, demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo efficacy against several MYC-overexpressing AMLs. We also confirmed a decrease in MYC levels at growth inhibitory doses for JQ1, and importantly, sensitivity of AML cell lines to JQ1 appeared independent of the mechanism of MYC overexpression. Conclusions: Our data support growing evidence that JQ1 and related compounds may have clinical efficacy in AML treatment regardless of the genetic abnormalities underlying MYC deregulation.

© 2015 The Author(s) Purpose: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults and is often resistant to conventional therapies. The MYC oncogene is commonly overexpressed in AML but has remained an elusive target. We aimed to exami

Experimental investigations and atomistic simulations are combined to study the cesium diffusion processes at high temperature in UO2. After 133Cs implantation in UO2 samples, diffusion coefficients are determined using the depth profile evolution after annealing as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. An activation energy of 1.8 ± 0.2 eV is subsequently deduced in the 1300–1600 °C temperature range. Experimental results are compared to nudged elastic band simulations performed for different atomic paths including several types of uranium vacancy defects. Activation energies ranging from 0.49 up to 2.34 eV are derived, showing the influence of the defect (both in terms of type and concentration) on the Cs diffusion process. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations are performed, allowing the identification of preferential Cs trajectories that corroborate experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]