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12. Investigating associations of cannabis and cigarette use with mental health outcomes

Author

Gage, Suzanne H.

Subjects
362.29
Abstract

There is a substantial body of evidence showing that substance use is associated with mental health problems, but establishing whether associations are causal and whether specific substances have independent effects is more challenging. The studies in this thesis aimed to investigate whether cannabis and cigarette use are associated with psychotic experiences, depression and anxiety, and examine the extent to which associations might be due to confounding, bias and reverse causation. Data used were from ALSPAC, a large longitudinal birth cohort. For most analyses exposure measures were assessed when participants were aged 16 years, and outcome measures at 18 years. Regression models were used to assess associations before and after adjustment for a large variety of potential confounders. Multiple imputation was used to try and account for potential attrition bias. A Mendelian randomisation approach was used to assess whether associations between smoking and psychotic experiences are likely to be causal, using SNP rsl051730 as an instrumental variable. Cannabis and cigarette use were associated with all mental health outcomes in unadjusted analyses. Adjustment for pre-birth and childhood confounding made little difference to most analyses. Adjustment for other substance use led to substantial attenuation in many of the analyses investigated. Although there appeared to be some divergence between the effects of different substances on specific outcomes, and differences in the specific effects of substances between outcomes, this was not supported by statistical evidence. There was no evidence to support reverse causation. The Mendelian randomisation analysis did not provide evidence of a causal association between smoking and psychotic experiences, but was underpowered. The findings are consistent with previous literature from longitudinal studies that show associations between both cannabis and cigarette use with incident mental health outcomes, but also indicate that unmeasured confounding likely affects most studies to date. At present there is not enough evidence to be confident that associations between substance use and mental health are causal. Future research should utilise novel methods to approach these questions from multiple angles in order to progress the field.

Published
2014

14. Understanding alcohol use and changes in drinking habits among people with a severe mental illness : a qualitative framework analysis study

Author

Puddephatt, Jo-Anne, Makin, Harriet, Gage, Suzanne H., Jones, Andrew, Goodwin, Laura, Puddephatt, Jo-Anne, Makin, Harriet, Gage, Suzanne H., Jones, Andrew, and Goodwin, Laura

Abstract

Introduction: Individuals with a severe mental illness (SMI) are more likely to drink at harmful levels or abstain. While it is known that drinking patterns change over time, the reasons for this among those with a SMI are unclear. This study aimed to (i) explore the experiences with alcohol, particularly in relation to mental health symptoms, and (ii) how drinking patterns have changed over time, among individuals who have a SMI diagnosis, who either currently drink alcohol or no longer drink. Methods: One-to-one semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted to address the study aims. Current drinkers’ alcohol use was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. A framework analysis was used to address the study aims with a specific focus on the differences in the experiences with alcohol use between current and former drinkers. Results: 16 participants were interviewed, and five themes were developed. The analysis highlighted how alcohol was increasingly used to cope with (i) trauma, (ii) SMI-related symptoms, or (iii) stress. Among those with a SMI, non-drinking was facilitated through declines in SMI-related symptoms, previous negative consequences due to alcohol and changing the social environment. Current drinking habits were facilitated through changes in the reasons for drinking and adopting different alcohol moderation techniques. Discussion: Among those with a SMI diagnosis and who either currently drink alcohol or no longer drink, our findings support the self-medication hypothesis and drinking motives model. However, our findings indicate the need for further development of drinking to cope with a focus on symptoms of a SMI and trauma. Our findings also have implications on specialist alcohol and mental health services, the need to improve individuals’ understanding of SMI, and the need to identify reasons for drinking among those with a recent diagnosis of a SMI.

Published
2023

15. ‘It’s a crutch’ : A qualitative exploration of UK police employees’ experiences of at-risk alcohol consumption or abstinence

Author

Irizar, Patricia, Jackson, Leanne, Gage, Suzanne H, Bell, Sean, Piper, Richard, Fallon, Victoria, Goodwin, Laura, Irizar, Patricia, Jackson, Leanne, Gage, Suzanne H, Bell, Sean, Piper, Richard, Fallon, Victoria, and Goodwin, Laura

Abstract

One-third of UK police employees drink to at-risk levels, with both at-risk drinking and abstinence being associated with poor mental health. This research aimed to qualitatively explore police employees’ experiences of at-risk alcohol use or abstinence, their motivations for drinking/abstaining, and the organizational culture of drinking. Semi-structured telephone interviews with 16 UK serving police employees (12 at-risk drinkers, four abstainers) were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Five themes were identified. Participants described the ‘organizational culture of drinking and changes over time’, outlining a cultural shift. Motivations for drinking were reflected across two themes, ‘alcohol as a coping mechanism’ and ‘alcohol and socializing’, with an additional theme representing ‘motivations for abstinence/cutting down’. The final theme highlighted the ‘contrasting perceptions of available support’. Though the drinking culture is no longer as prominent, using alcohol socially and to cope, is normalized. The implications and recommendations for practice are outlined.

Published
2023

21. The iCannTookit: a consensus‐based, flexible framework for measuring contemporary cannabis use

Author

Lorenzetti, Valentina, primary, Hindocha, Chandni, additional, Petrilli, Kat, additional, Griffiths, Paul, additional, Brown, Jamie, additional, Castillo‐Carniglia, Álvaro, additional, Caulkins, Jonathan P., additional, Englund, Amir, additional, El Sohly, Mahmoud A., additional, Gage, Suzanne H., additional, Groshkova, Teodora, additional, Gual, Antoni, additional, Hammond, David, additional, Lawn, Will, additional, López‐Pelayo, Hugo, additional, Manthey, Jakob, additional, Mokrysz, Claire, additional, Liccardo Pacula, Rosalie, additional, van Laar, Margriet, additional, Vandrey, Ryan, additional, Wadsworth, Elle, additional, Winstock, Adam, additional, Hall, Wayne, additional, Curran, H. Valerie, additional, and Freeman, Tom P., additional

Published
2022
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23. ‘It’s a crutch’:A qualitative exploration of UK police employees’ experiences of at-risk alcohol consumption or abstinence

Author

Irizar, Patricia, Jackson, Leanne, Gage, Suzanne H, Bell, Sean, Piper, Richard, Fallon, Victoria, Goodwin, Laura, Irizar, Patricia, Jackson, Leanne, Gage, Suzanne H, Bell, Sean, Piper, Richard, Fallon, Victoria, and Goodwin, Laura

Abstract

One-third of UK police employees drink to at-risk levels, with both at-risk drinking and abstinence being associated with poor mental health. This research aimed to qualitatively explore police employees’ experiences of at-risk alcohol use or abstinence, their motivations for drinking/abstaining, and the organizational culture of drinking. Semi-structured telephone interviews with 16 UK serving police employees (12 at-risk drinkers, four abstainers) were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Five themes were identified. Participants described the ‘organizational culture of drinking and changes over time’, outlining a cultural shift. Motivations for drinking were reflected across two themes, ‘alcohol as a coping mechanism’ and ‘alcohol and socializing’, with an additional theme representing ‘motivations for abstinence/cutting down’. The final theme highlighted the ‘contrasting perceptions of available support’. Though the drinking culture is no longer as prominent, using alcohol socially and to cope, is normalized. The implications and recommendations for practice are outlined.

Published
2022

25. The iCannToolkit: a tool to embrace measurement of medicinal and non‐medicinal cannabis use across licit, illicit and cross‐cultural settings

Author

Lorenzetti, Valentina, primary, Hindocha, Chandni, additional, Petrilli, Kat, additional, Griffiths, Paul, additional, Brown, Jamie, additional, Castillo‐Carniglia, Álvaro, additional, Caulkins, Jonathan P., additional, Englund, Amir, additional, ElSohly, Mahmoud A., additional, Gage, Suzanne H., additional, Groshkova, Teodora, additional, Gual, Antoni, additional, Hammond, David, additional, Lawn, Will, additional, López‐Pelayo, Hugo, additional, Manthey, Jakob, additional, Mokrysz, Claire, additional, Liccardo Pacula, Rosalie, additional, Laar, Margriet, additional, Vandrey, Ryan, additional, Wadsworth, Elle, additional, Winstock, Adam, additional, Hall, Wayne, additional, Curran, H. Valerie, additional, and Freeman, Tom P., additional

Published
2022
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27. Additional file 1 of A latent class analysis of health risk behaviours in the UK Police Service and their associations with mental health and job strain

Author

Irizar, Patricia, Gage, Suzanne H., Fallon, Victoria, and Goodwin, Laura

Abstract

Additional file 1: Table S1. Descriptive statistics for the sociodemographic and occupational variables (N = 40,986). Table S2. Multinomial logistic regressions exploring the sociodemographic and occupational associations with the identified classes of health (risk) behaviours for men (N = 25,788). Percentages are weighted with conditional probability weights. Unadjusted multinomial odds ratios (MOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are shown. Table S3. Multinomial logistic regressions exploring the sociodemographic and occupational associations with the identified classes of health (risk) behaviours for women (N = 15,198). Percentages are weighted with conditional probability weights. Unadjusted multinomial odds ratios (MOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are shown. Fig S1. Plot showing AIC, BIC, and SSABIC model fit criteria for each additional class.

Published
2022
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31. The International Cannabis Toolkit (iCannToolkit): a multidisciplinary expert consensus on minimum standards for measuring cannabis use

Author

Lorenzetti, Valentina, primary, Hindocha, Chandni, additional, Petrilli, Kat, additional, Griffiths, Paul, additional, Brown, Jamie, additional, Castillo‐Carniglia, Álvaro, additional, Caulkins, Jonathan P., additional, Englund, Amir, additional, ElSohly, Mahmoud A., additional, Gage, Suzanne H., additional, Groshkova, Teodora, additional, Gual, Antoni, additional, Hammond, David, additional, Lawn, Will, additional, López‐Pelayo, Hugo, additional, Manthey, Jakob, additional, Mokrysz, Claire, additional, Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo, additional, Laar, Margriet, additional, Vandrey, Ryan, additional, Wadsworth, Elle, additional, Winstock, Adam, additional, Hall, Wayne, additional, Curran, H. Valerie, additional, and Freeman, Tom P., additional

Published
2021
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33. Moral disengagement and the harms of cocaine use.

Author

Sumnall, Harry R., Montgomery, Catharine, Atkinson, Amanda M., Gage, Suzanne H., and Boardley, Ian D.

Subjects
ETHICS, EMPATHY, PSYCHOLOGY of drug abusers, CROSS-sectional method, GUILT (Psychology), DRUG laws, SURVEYS, COCAINE, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, PSYCHOLOGICAL disengagement
Abstract

There has been recent UK media attention on the global impact of the cocaine trade and the morality of personal use of cocaine powder. In this study we investigated whether people who use cocaine engage in moral disengagement (MD) strategies to reduce anticipated guilt associated with use. Participants read text describing the impact of the global cocaine market on others and completed a range of measures including assessments of substance use, MD, anticipated guilt, internalised moral identity, and empathy. We hypothesised that cocaine-related MD would positively predict cocaine use, and this would be partly mediated by anticipated guilt. Complete data were obtained from 254 participants through an anonymous cross-sectional survey (59.8% Female; mean age 30.8 ± 12.6 years). Our hypotheses were supported; (i) MD predicted cocaine use positively and anticipated guilt negatively; (ii) anticipated guilt negatively predicted cocaine use; anticipated guilt partially mediated the relationship between MD and cocaine use. People who use powder cocaine may use MD to reduce the anticipated guilt associated with knowledge of the harms associated with the drugs trade. Campaigns that focus on the morality of cocaine use or ethical choices may therefore have limited impact unless MD is challenged as part of these campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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35. Probable post-traumatic stress disorder and harmful alcohol use among male members of the British Police Forces and the British Armed Forces:a comparative study

Author

Irizar, Patricia, Stevelink, Sharon A.M., Pernet, David, Gage, Suzanne H., Greenberg, Neil, Wessely, Simon, Goodwin, Laura, Fear, Nicola T., Irizar, Patricia, Stevelink, Sharon A.M., Pernet, David, Gage, Suzanne H., Greenberg, Neil, Wessely, Simon, Goodwin, Laura, and Fear, Nicola T.

Abstract

Background: British Armed Forces’ and Police Forces’ personnel are trained to operate in potentially traumatic conditions. Consequently, they may experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is often comorbid with harmful alcohol use. Objective: We aimed to assess the proportions, and associations, of probable PTSD and harmful alcohol use among a covariate-balanced sample of male military personnel and police employees. Methods: Proportions of probable PTSD, harmful alcohol use, and daily binge drinking, were explored using data from the police Airwave Health Monitoring Study (2007–2015) (N = 23,826) and the military Health and Wellbeing Cohort Study (phase 2: 2007–2009, phase 3: 2014–2016) (N = 7,399). Entropy balancing weights were applied to the larger police sample to make them comparable to the military sample on a range of pre-specified variables (i.e. year of data collection, age and education attainment). Multinomial and logistic regression analyses determined sample differences in outcome variables, and associated factors (stratified by sample). Results: Proportions of probable PTSD were similar in military personnel and police employees (3.67% vs 3.95%), although the large sample size made these borderline significant (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 0.84; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.72 to 0.99). Clear differences were found in harmful alcohol use among military personnel, compared to police employees (9.59% vs 2.87%; AOR: 2.79; 95% CI: 2.42 to 3.21). Current smoking, which was more prevalent in military personnel, was associated with harmful drinking and binge drinking in both samples but was associated with PTSD in military personnel only. Conclusions: It is generally assumed that both groups have high rates of PTSD from traumatic exposures, however, low proportions of PTSD were observed in both samples, possibly reflecting protective effects of unit cohesion or resilience. The higher level of harmful drinking in military personnel may relate

Published
2021

36. Probable post-traumatic stress disorder and harmful alcohol use among male members of the British Police Forces and the British Armed Forces : a comparative study

Author

Irizar, Patricia, Stevelink, Sharon A.M., Pernet, David, Gage, Suzanne H., Greenberg, Neil, Wessely, Simon, Goodwin, Laura, Fear, Nicola T., Irizar, Patricia, Stevelink, Sharon A.M., Pernet, David, Gage, Suzanne H., Greenberg, Neil, Wessely, Simon, Goodwin, Laura, and Fear, Nicola T.

Abstract

Background: British Armed Forces’ and Police Forces’ personnel are trained to operate in potentially traumatic conditions. Consequently, they may experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is often comorbid with harmful alcohol use. Objective: We aimed to assess the proportions, and associations, of probable PTSD and harmful alcohol use among a covariate-balanced sample of male military personnel and police employees. Methods: Proportions of probable PTSD, harmful alcohol use, and daily binge drinking, were explored using data from the police Airwave Health Monitoring Study (2007–2015) (N = 23,826) and the military Health and Wellbeing Cohort Study (phase 2: 2007–2009, phase 3: 2014–2016) (N = 7,399). Entropy balancing weights were applied to the larger police sample to make them comparable to the military sample on a range of pre-specified variables (i.e. year of data collection, age and education attainment). Multinomial and logistic regression analyses determined sample differences in outcome variables, and associated factors (stratified by sample). Results: Proportions of probable PTSD were similar in military personnel and police employees (3.67% vs 3.95%), although the large sample size made these borderline significant (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 0.84; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.72 to 0.99). Clear differences were found in harmful alcohol use among military personnel, compared to police employees (9.59% vs 2.87%; AOR: 2.79; 95% CI: 2.42 to 3.21). Current smoking, which was more prevalent in military personnel, was associated with harmful drinking and binge drinking in both samples but was associated with PTSD in military personnel only. Conclusions: It is generally assumed that both groups have high rates of PTSD from traumatic exposures, however, low proportions of PTSD were observed in both samples, possibly reflecting protective effects of unit cohesion or resilience. The higher level of harmful drinking in military personnel may relate

Published
2021

37. Does smoking cause lower educational attainment and general cognitive ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs.

Author

Gage, Suzanne H., Sallis, Hannah M., Lassi, Glenda, Wootton, Robyn E., Mokrysz, Claire, Davey Smith, George, and Munafò, Marcus R.

Subjects
*ACADEMIC achievement evaluation, *COGNITION disorder risk factors, *SCIENTIFIC observation, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *AGE distribution, *RISK assessment, *INTELLECT, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *SMOKING, *EDUCATIONAL attainment, *EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research, *ADOLESCENCE
Abstract

Background: Observational studies have found associations between smoking and both poorer cognitive ability and lower educational attainment; however, evaluating causality is challenging. We used two complementary methods to explore this. Methods: We conducted observational analyses of up to 12 004 participants in a cohort study (Study One) and Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses using summary and cohort data (Study Two). Outcome measures were cognitive ability at age 15 and educational attainment at age 16 (Study One), and educational attainment and fluid intelligence (Study Two). Results: Study One: heaviness of smoking at age 15 was associated with lower cognitive ability at age 15 and lower educational attainment at age 16. Adjustment for potential confounders partially attenuated findings (e.g. fully adjusted cognitive ability β −0.736, 95% CI −1.238 to −0.233, p = 0.004; fully adjusted educational attainment β −1.254, 95% CI −1.597 to −0.911, p < 0.001). Study Two: MR indicated that both smoking initiation and lifetime smoking predict lower educational attainment (e.g. smoking initiation to educational attainment inverse-variance weighted MR β −0.197, 95% CI −0.223 to −0.171, p = 1.78 × 10−49). Educational attainment results were robust to sensitivity analyses, while analyses of general cognitive ability were less so. Conclusion: We find some evidence of a causal effect of smoking on lower educational attainment, but not cognitive ability. Triangulation of evidence across observational and MR methods is a strength, but the genetic variants associated with smoking initiation may be pleiotropic, suggesting caution in interpreting these results. The nature of this pleiotropy warrants further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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38. Associations of common mental disorder with alcohol use in the adult general population: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Author

Puddephatt, Jo‐Anne, Irizar, Patricia, Jones, Andrew, Gage, Suzanne H., and Goodwin, Laura

Subjects
MENTAL illness, ALCOHOL-induced disorders, ANXIETY disorders, COMORBIDITY, DISEASE risk factors
Abstract

Background and Aims: Research has shown that alcohol use and common mental disorders (CMDs) co‐occur; however, little is known about how the global prevalence of alcohol use compares across different CMDs. We aimed to (i) report global associations of alcohol use (alcohol use disorder (AUD), binge drinking and consumption) comparing those with and without a CMD, (ii) examine how this differed among those with and without specific types of CMDs and (iii) examine how results may differ by study characteristics. Methods: We used a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Cross‐sectional, cohort, prospective, longitudinal and case–control studies reporting the prevalence of alcohol use among those with and without a CMD in the general population were identified using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PsyARTICLES, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science until March 2020. Depression, anxiety and phobia were included as a CMD. Studies were included if they used a standardized measure of alcohol use. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted to generate pooled prevalence and associations of AUD with CMD with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A narrative review is provided for binge drinking and alcohol consumption Results: A total of 512 full‐texts were reviewed, 51 included in our final review and 17 in our meta‐analyses (n = 382 201). Individuals with a CMD had a twofold increase in the odds of reporting an AUD [odds ratio (OR) = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.72–2.36]. The odds of having an AUD were similar when stratified by the type of CMD (mood disorder: OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.62–2.47; anxiety/phobic disorder: OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.35–2.78). An analysis of study characteristics did not reveal any clear explanations for between‐study heterogeneity (I2 > 80%). There were no clear patterns for associations between having a CMD and binge drinking or alcohol consumption, respectively. Conclusions: People with common mental disorders (depression, anxiety, phobia) are twice as likely to report an alcohol use disorder than people without common mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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39. The International Cannabis Toolkit (iCannToolkit): a multidisciplinary expert consensus on minimum standards for measuring cannabis use.

Author

Lorenzetti, Valentina, Hindocha, Chandni, Petrilli, Kat, Griffiths, Paul, Brown, Jamie, Castillo‐Carniglia, Álvaro, Caulkins, Jonathan P., Englund, Amir, ElSohly, Mahmoud A., Gage, Suzanne H., Groshkova, Teodora, Gual, Antoni, Hammond, David, Lawn, Will, López‐Pelayo, Hugo, Manthey, Jakob, Mokrysz, Claire, Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo, van Laar, Margriet, and Vandrey, Ryan

Subjects
CANNABIS (Genus), CONSENSUS (Social sciences), DRUG utilization statistics, SELF-evaluation, DRUG utilization
Abstract

Background: The lack of an agreed international minimum approach to measuring cannabis use hinders the integration of multidisciplinary evidence on the psychosocial, neurocognitive, clinical and public health consequences of cannabis use. Methods: A group of 25 international expert cannabis researchers convened to discuss a multidisciplinary framework for minimum standards to measure cannabis use globally in diverse settings. Results: The expert‐based consensus agreed upon a three‐layered hierarchical framework. Each layer—universal measures, detailed self‐report and biological measures—reflected different research priorities and minimum standards, costs and ease of implementation. Additional work is needed to develop valid and precise assessments. Conclusions: Consistent use of the proposed framework across research, public health, clinical practice and medical settings would facilitate harmonisation of international evidence on cannabis consumption, related harms and approaches to their mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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43. High-Potency Cannabis, Mental Health and Substance Use in Adolescence:Results from a UK General Population Sample

Author

Hines, Lindsey A, Freeman, Tom P, Gage, Suzanne H, Zammit, Stanley, Hickman, Matt, Cannon, Mary, Munafo, Marcus R, Macleod, John A A, and Heron, Jon E

Subjects
Tobacco and Alcohol, Physical and Mental Health
Abstract

Importance Cannabis use is consistently linked to poorer mental health outcomes, and there is evidence that use of higher-potency cannabis increases these risks. To date, no studies have described the association between cannabis potency and concurrent mental health in a general population sample or addressed confounding using longitudinal data.Objective To explore the association between cannabis potency and substance use and mental health outcomes, accounting for preceding mental health and frequency of cannabis use.Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK birth cohort of participants born between April 1, 1991, and December 31, 1992. Present data on outcomes and exposures were collected between June 2015 and October 2017 from 1087 participants at 24 years of age who reported recent cannabis use.Exposures Self-reported type of cannabis most commonly used in the past year, coded to a binary exposure of use of high-potency cannabis or lower-potency cannabis.Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes were reported frequency of cannabis use, reported cannabis use problems, recent use of other illicit drugs, tobacco dependence, alcohol use disorder, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and psychotic-like experiences. The study used secondary data; consequently, the hypotheses were formulated after data collection.Results Past-year cannabis use was reported by 1087 participants (580 women; mean [SD] age at onset of cannabis use, 16.7 [3.0] years). Of these, 141 participants (13.0%) reported the use of high-potency cannabis. Use of high-potency cannabis was associated with increased frequency of cannabis use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.38; 95% CI, 2.89-6.63), cannabis problems (AOR, 4.08; 95% CI, 1.41-11.81), and increased likelihood of anxiety disorder (AOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.11-3.32). Adjustment for frequency of cannabis use attenuated the association with psychotic experiences (AOR 1.29; 95% CI, 0.67-2.50), tobacco dependence (AOR, 1.42; 95% CI, 0.89-2.27), and other illicit drug use (AOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.77-2.17). There was no evidence of association between the use of high-potency cannabis and alcohol use disorder or depression.Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this study provides the first general population evidence suggesting that the use of high-potency cannabis is associated with mental health and addiction. Limiting the availability of high-potency cannabis may be associated with a reduction in the number of individuals who develop cannabis use disorders, the prevention of cannabis use from escalating to a regular behavior, and a reduction in the risk of mental health disorders.

Published
2020

44. Have associations between mental health and health related behaviours changed between 2005 and 2015? A population based cross-cohort study

Author

Gage, Suzanne H and Patalay, Praveetha

Abstract

Background: Poor adolescent mental health is a growing concern over recent decades with evidence of increasing internalising mental health problems corresponding with decrease in anti-social, smoking and alcohol behaviours. However, understanding whether and how the associations between mental health and health-related behaviours such as substance use, anti-social behaviour and obesity have changed over time is less well-understood. Objectives: We investigate whether the associations between different health-related outcomes in adolescence are stable or changing over time in two recent cohorts of adolescents born ten years apart. Method: Data from two UK birth cohort studies, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, born 1991-92, N=5627, 50.7% female) and Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, born 2000-1, N=11318, 50.6% female) at age 14 sweeps are used. The health outcomes of focus are depressive symptom score, substance use (alcohol, smoking, cannabis and other drugs), antisocial behaviours (assault, graffiti, vandalism, shoplifting and rowdy behaviour), weight (BMI), weight perception (perceive self as overweight) and sexual activity (had sexual intercourse). Results: Our results suggest although directions of associations between mental-health and health-related behaviours (eg smoking) are similar over time, their strength across the distribution has changed. While smoking and alcohol use behaviours are decreasing in adolescents, those that endorse these behaviours in 2015 are more likely to have co-occurring mental-health and other problems than those born in 2005. Similarly, higher body mass index is more strongly associated with depressive symptoms in 2015. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that associations between these factors has changed over time, which has implications for public health and our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their observed associations in the population.

Published
2020
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45. Supplementary_analysis – Supplemental material for Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use

Author

Roberts, Carl A, Osborne-Miller, Isaac, Cole, Jon, Gage, Suzanne H, and Christiansen, Paul

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, FOS: Clinical medicine, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy), 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified, 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
Abstract

Supplemental material, Supplementary_analysis for Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use by Carl A Roberts, Isaac Osborne-Miller, Jon Cole, Suzanne H Gage and Paul Christiansen in Journal of Psychopharmacology

Published
2020
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46. Investigating the DNA methylation profile of e-cigarette use

Author

Richmond, Rebecca C, primary, Rejon, Carlos Sillero, additional, Khouja, Jasmine N, additional, Prince, Claire, additional, Board, Alexander, additional, Sharp, Gemma, additional, Suderman, Matthew, additional, Relton, Caroline L, additional, Munafò, Marcus, additional, and Gage, Suzanne H, additional

Published
2021
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