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Abdullah M Alkahtani,1 Yasser Alraey,2 Gaffar Sarwar Zaman,2 Hajri Al‐Shehri,3 Ibrahim Saeed Alghamdi,3 Harish C Chandramoorthy,1,4 Ahmed M Al-Hakami,1,4 Ahmad M Alamri,2,5 Hassan Ali Alshehri3 1Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 3Central Laboratory, Assir Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 4Center for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 5Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Abdullah M Alkahtani, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, PO Box 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia, Email abdalqahtani@kku.edu.saObjective: The present investigation aims on the clinical attributes and haematological parameters between symptomatic (COVID– 19 ICU) and asymptomatic (COVID– 19 homes isolation) patients as predisposing sign for COVID-19 related mortality.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort research was conducted of admitted patients to ICU, who were suffering from severe COVID-19 in Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from July 2020 until September 2020. The study included individuals with COVID − 19 and ICU admission as symptomatic group and others who are COVID– 19 positives with quarantine as asymptomatic group. Epidemiological, clinical and haematological laboratory data were retrospectively collected, analysed with control subjects.Results: Of the 38 ICU patients studied, the most common symptoms were fever and respiratory distress (100%), cough (86.8%). Majority were of Saudi origin (78.9%). Eighteen (47.4%) COVID-19 ICU patients showed leukocytosis, 6 (15.8%) had severe thrombocytopenia (with most having thrombocytopenia), 18 (47.4%) were anaemic. A significant correlation was observed between the WBC, RBC, Hb, platelets, neutrophil and lymphocyte count between ICU inmates compared with quarantine (p < 0.001) and RBC, Hb, neutrophil and lymphocyte count with control groups (p < 0.001).Conclusion: From the observations it is evident that, the blood tests have potential clinical value in predicting COVID-19 progression. Further, patient characteristics including age, leukocyte count, RBC, platelets and differential leukocyte counts may be significant predictors for monitoring the progression of the critical illness observed in SARS-COV-2 patients. Also, treatment procedures can be re-defined further to reduce COVID– 19 mortalities in more critically ill COVID-19 individuals.Keywords: COVID-19, blood test, ICU, quarantine, leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, platelet count

Inhibition of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) has been successful at the preclinical level in controlling myeloid leukemia. However, poor clinical trials warrant the search for new potent DHODH inhibitors. Herein we present a novel DHODH inhibitor SBL-105 effective against myeloid leukemia. Chemical characteristics were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Virtual docking and molecular dynamic simulation analysis were performed using the automated protocol with AutoDock-VINA, GROMACS program. Human-recombinant (rh) DHODH was used for enzyme inhibition study. THP-1, TF-1, HL-60, and SKM-1 cell lines were used. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability. Flow cytometry was employed for cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation analysis. Chemical analysis identified the compound to be 3-benzylidene-6,7-benz-chroman-4-one (SBL-105). The compound showed high binding efficacy toward DHODH with a Gbinding score of 10.9 kcal/mol. Trajectory analysis indicated conserved interactions of SBL-105DHODH to be stable throughout the 200-ns simulation. SBL-105 inhibited rh DHODH with an IC50 value of 48.48 nM. The GI50 values of SBL-105 in controlling THP-1, TF-1, HL-60, and SKM-1 cell proliferations were 60.66, 45.33, 73.98, and 86.01 nM, respectively. A dose-dependent increase in S-phase cell cycle arrest and total apoptosis was observed by SBL-105 treatment in both cell types, which were reversed in the presence of uridine. The compound also increased the differentiation marker CD11b-positive populations in both THP-1 and TF-1 cells, which were decreased under uridine influence. SBL-105, a novel DHODH inhibitor, identified using computational and in vitro analysis, was effective in controlling AML cells and needs attention for further preclinical developments.

Due to drug addiction and the emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, the disease load and medication intake have risen worldwide. The alternative treatment for drug-resistant infections is Nano formulation-based antimicrobial agents. The plant extract of Conocarpus Lancifolius fruits was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles in the current study, and it was further employed as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Nanoparticles have been characterized by UV–visible spectrometer revealed the notable peak of λmax = 410–442 nm, which confirms the reduction of silver ion to elemental silver nanoparticles, and the biological moieties in the synthesis were further confirmed by FTIR analysis. The stability and crystalline nature of materials were approved by XRD analysis and expected the size of the nanomaterials of 21 to 173 nm analyzed by a nanophox particle-size analyzer. In vitro, synthesized materials act as an antibacterial agent against Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zones of 18 and 24 mm have been estimated to be antibacterial activity against both bacteria. The potency of up to 100% of AgNPs for bacterial strains was incubated overnight at 60 μg/ml. Based on our results, biogenic AgNPs reveal significant activity against fungal pathogen Rhizopusus stolonifera and Aspergillus flavus that cause leading infectious diseases. Additionally, nanomaterials were biocompatible and demonstrated the potential anticancer activities against MDA MB-231 cells after 24-hour exposure.

Significance 3-benzylidene chroman-4-ones share close homology with naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Objectives This study evaluated the antifungal, antioxidant and anticancer activities of novel 3-benzylidene chromanone analogues with respect to their structure-activity relationships. Methods Compounds 45e-64e were synthesized inhouse. Aspergillus niger (MTCC 1344) Aspergillus flavus and Botrytis cinareae were the fungal strains tested. Computational docking analysis were carried out for Vanin-1, estrogen receptor and Akt proteins using Auto-dock vina. Free radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. MCF-7(breast cancer) cell line was used for anticancer assays. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle and apoptosis. Results Out of the twenty compounds screened, compounds 47e,50e,52e,57e and 61e that possessed either methoxy and ethoxy/methyl/isopropyl group exhibited very good activity against all fungi. Compounds possessing methoxy group alone showed moderate activity and compounds devoid of methoxy, and ethoxy groups did not show any activity. When computationally analyzed against target proteins for antioxidant properties, the compounds exhibited excellent binging efficacy to Vanin-1 and estrogen receptors. These predictions were translated in the in vitro free-radical scavenging and antioxidant assays. The compounds exhibited anti-proliferative efficacy in breast cancer cell line, increased the sub-G0/G1 cell cycle populations and total apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Additionally, the compounds also depicted excelling binging energy when computationally analyzed for Akt enzyme binding. Conclusion In summary, our study identified potential analogues of 3-benzylidene chroman-4-one molecules with excellent anti-fungal, anti-oxidant and anticancer activities which demands further research for drug developments.

Mohamed Adam,1 Moawia Gameraddin,2 Magbool Alelyani,1 Gaffar Sarwar Zaman,3 Alamin Musa,1 Irshad Ahmad,4 Mohammad Y Alshahrani,3 Kamal Alsultan,2 Awadia Gareeballah2 1Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Diagnostic Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mohamed AdamDepartment of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaTel: +966 71248220Email o_maurie2006@yahoo.comBackground and Objective: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has exerted great efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This research aims to scrutinize the outlook, awareness, and customs of Saudi undergraduate students regarding COVID-19.Methods: The current cross-sectional study comprises 178 undergraduate students in the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences. The data were collected from online Google form questionnaires. The differences were picked out of the questionnaires, and the mean scores of the differences were duly assessed. The variables associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 were evaluated; moreover, a comparative study was conducted on these variables in different faculty departments. ANOVA, Student’s t-test, and binary logistic regression analysis were used to assess the data on knowledge, attitude, and practice.Results: Most of the undergraduate students were well acquainted with COVID-19. We obtained the mean knowledge score for COVID-19 to be 3.08 ± .82 (range: 1– 5), indicating good knowledge. The attitude means the score was 3.02 ± .61 (range: 0– 4), implying good positive attitudes. On assessing the mean score of practices, it was found 5 ± .47 (range: 0– 7), pointing towards perfect practices. There were no significant differences between males and females regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward COVID-19 (p-value < 0.05).Conclusion: Students of Applied Medical Sciences are knowledgeable about COVID-19. Health education programs should be focused on protection and safety from COVID-19 for Applied Medical Sciences students, especially Medical Rehabilitation Sciences and Radiology. Hand hygiene awareness programs must be conducted for undergraduate students. Infection control should be part of the undergraduate applied for medical sciences curriculum program.Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, COVID-19, students

Objectives: To explore the antibacterial activity of thymoquinone (TQ), a quinone extracted from Nigella sativa. Methods: This study was conducted from May 2019 to March 2020 at the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. The antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of TQ were determined using an agar well diffusion method and broth microdilution assays, and the synergistic effect was evaluated using antibiotics in parallel. The disruptive effect of TQ on bacterial cell membranes was determined using scanning electron microscopy. The antivirulence properties of TQ, which include adherence and biofilm formation, were also investigated using adherence and biofilm formation assays, respectively. Results: Thymoquinone demonstrated bactericidal efficacy against 4/14 bacterial strains, with MIC range of 1.04-8.3 µg/mL and and MBC range of 10.41–66.66 µg/mL. Thymoquinone showed synergism against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis (American Type Culture Collection 12228), Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis in combination with the tested antibiotics. Thymoquinone inhibited bacterial adhesion by 39%-54%, 48%-68%, and 61%-81% at 0.5 × MIC, 1 × MIC, and 2 × MIC, respectively. The tested bacterial strains significantly inhibited biofilm formation after treatment with various concentrations of TQ for 24 and 48 hours. Conclusion: The combinatory effect of TQ with antimicrobials should be considered when developing new antimicrobial therapy regimens to overcome multidrug-resistant.

Fluoroquinolones, a class of compound, actviainhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes.

Background: The continued absorption of occupational radiation encounter by radiologic technologists and the potential resulting adverse effects have been a concern to the field for decades. This study investigates the risk factors of developing liver dysfunction among a selected group of radiologic technologists (RTs) to evaluates the correlation between cumulative radiation doses and liver injury. Methods: Only RTs who have been working in the radiology department for more than 10 years were selected for the study. The RTs and control groups were chosen based on several factors: adults, nonalcoholic, non-smoker, and have no history of hypertension or diabetes. A retrospective analysis was performed on the effective cumulative radiation dose for a selected RTs from 2009 to 2019. Fully automated biochemical analyzer was used to evaluate liver function tests. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (BiL), direct BiL, indirect BiL, albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and glucose (GLUH) were measured. Results: The result showed that the difference in the medians of liver biomarker GGT between control and RTs groups was statistically significant. The median of GGT in RTs group was higher than that of the control group. Conclusions: GGT test is a hallmark of liver function and alteration in GGT level may indicate a hepatic defect. Thus, further investigation in a large cohort to study the association between GGT elevation and chronic radiation exposure is required.

This article investigated the effect of age and body mass index of male humans on the carotid arteries intima media thickness (IMT) and the blood concentration of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol.Thirty seven normal male human subjects participated in this study. The participants were classified to three groups depending on their age; 20-29 (11), 30-39 (14) and 40-49 (12). Also, the study subjects were divided to three groups according to their body mass index; normal (13), overweight (13) and obese (11). The Anova test was used for the statistical analysis of the obtained results.The body mass index significantly affected the blood glucose concentration while its effect on all the other parameters was insignificant. The age significantly affected all the studied parameters except the blood glucose, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. The total cholesterol/HDL ratio was significantly affected by the age and insignificantly by the body mass index.The age was more effective on the studied parameters than the body mass index. Worsening of the lipid profile was seen in the overweight participants rather than the obese ones.

Nepeta deflersiana [ND] is widely used in the traditional medicine for its medicinal values. In this study, we report the anticancer and antimicrobial effects of ethanol extract fraction [NDE] obtained from the areal parts of ND and the active phytochemicals of NDE identified by gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy [GC-MS]. GC-MS analysis showed NDE to contain 47 bio-active phytochemicals. MTT assay revealed NDE to inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer [LC] NCI-H460, A549 cells with GI50 value of 354.1 μg/mL and 252.6 μg/mL respectively. NDE increased the sub G0/G1 phase of the cell cycles with increasing concentrations and showed a dose dependent inhibition of scratch healing and tumor cell migration of LC cells. A dose responsive increase of early and late phase apoptosis was observed in these cancer cells. While apparent increase in the levels of Bax and Caspase 3 levels were noted, NDE decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 levels in both cell lines. NDE had significant antimicrobial activity against gram-negative microorganisms. The MIC and MBC varied between 15.6–250 and 125–2000 μg/mL respectively. Synergy study explained the significant bacteriostatic effect on P. aureginosa [ATCC 27853], clinical strain of P. aureginosa, K. pneumonae and Shigella. Our data indicate that NDE possessed excellent bio-activities against cancer cells and pathogenic microbes, which drive attention for further research to explore the active components from NDE responsible for biological efficacies.

This study investigated the effect of oral melatonin as a premedication before cataract surgery on pain score, anxiety, surgical conditions, and intraocular pressure (IOP) during cataract surgery with phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia.This randomized, double-blind prospective study was conducted among 120 patients aged 50 to 80.Patients were randomly assigned to receive either sublingual melatonin 3 mg or placebo 60 min before surgery. Verbal anxiety and pain scores, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, intraocular pressure, and quality of surgical conditions were recorded. The results were analyzed using SPSS 23 software, and statistical analysis consisted of χThere was a significant difference between the two groups regarding pain after the surgery before being discharged from the recovery room. The mean pain score in the melatonin group was lower than the placebo group in T4 (in the postoperative ward) (P.05). The anxiety score of patients was lower in the melatonin group in T3 and T4 (during surgery and in the postoperative ward, respectively) (P.05). IOP was significantly lower in the case group at the end of the surgery after receiving premedication (P = .021).This study showed that 3 mg Sublingual melatonin premedication for patients undergoing cataract surgery under topical anesthesia reduced patients' anxiety scores, pain score, and IOP.

Gaffar Sarwar Zaman,1 Safar Abadi Saeed Al-Saleem Alshahrani,2 Nasrin Banu Laskar,3 Ibrahim Hadadi,4 Magbool Alelyani,4 Mohamed Adam,4 Mohammed Babiker,5 Mustafa Jafar Musa,6 Pranab Barua,7 Mohammed Elimam Ahamed Mohammed8 1Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 2Family & Community Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Community Medicine, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim, India; 4Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Radiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jeddah University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Statistics, J.B. College, Jorhat, Assam, India; 8Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Gaffar Sarwar ZamanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied,Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box: 960, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 509228143, Email drgszaman@gmail.comPurpose: This research examined the association of cigarette smoking and altitude with the blood levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D, testosterone and carotid artery thickness.Patients and methods: This comparative cross-sectional study involved 37 non-smokers and 24 smokers from a high-altitude area (≥ 2245 m above sea level) and 40 smokers and 40 non-smokers from a low-altitude area (39– 283 m above sea level). The blood testosterone level was determined spectrophotometrically, and the 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration was measured by ELISA. The IMT of the right and left carotid arteries was determined using ultrasound imaging.Results: Smoking notably elevated the thickness of the intima media of the right and left carotid arteries at both high and low altitudes (p ≤ 0.001). Smoking at high altitude was associated with a significant increase in the concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and testosterone, while at low altitude it was associated with a significant decrease in both parameters (p ≤ 0.046).Conclusion: These contrasting results suggest that future studies should focus on finding out if other biochemical parameters show any significant differences in smokers or/and non-smokers when they are tested at elevated height and sea-level. This indicates that dose modifications of medicines (related to alterations in vitamin D and testosterone levels) should be kept in mind while treating smokers and non-smokers at elevated height above sea level.Keywords: altitude, smoking, aging, body mass index, intima media thickness

During the previous few decades, it has been seen that there is a rapid emergence of pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics. This has now become a global crisis. Some unexplored or less explored plants also provide some antibacterial, bactericidal and antioxidant properties. The antibacterial, bactericidal effects of extracted essential oils (EEOs) of Thunbergia coccinea, Acacia polyacantha, Polygonum micrpcephallum, Abies spectabilis and Clerodendrum colebrookianum was tested in comparison with standard antibiotics. The methods chosen were disc diffusion and deduction of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microbroth dilution assays of the EEOs against the bacterial strains.The antioxidant activity was found out utilizing DPPH free radical scavenging assay, MDA, Hydrogen peroxide radical inhibition assay and Superoxide radical inhibition assay (O 2 -). Some commonly used standard antibiotics (metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, rifampicin, clindamycin and oxacillin,) were utilized to compare the EEO antibacterial action. Clerodendrum colebrookianum (85.17 ± 3.06 µg MDA/g extract) had a reasonable MDA. Acacia polyacantha in MIC had values of 3.86 ± 0.25 to 6.20 ± 0.16. Polygonum micrpcephallum had excessive H2O2 (48.27 ± 2.4 5%). The antibacterial actions determined by the paper disc‑diffusion technique of the EEO extracted from these plants showed that most had some antibacterial actions. Also, it was seen that the bactericidal action of the EEO extracted from E. alba was most potent against S. pyogenes (4.06 ± 0.15). The extract of the plant at varying concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and100 mg/mL) demonstrated noteworthy (P< 0.001) anthelmintic action in an effective change when the dose was adjusted. In conclusion, most of the tested plants contain a medicinal value, which can be utilized in the future to supplement artificial medicines and cure emerging diseases that create havoc for mankind.

Assessment of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) has become widely accepted and reported in the literature. The objectives of this study are to (1) recognize and describe the topmost 50 cited scientific articles in WMSDs using the RULA and NMQ and (2) explore the factors that contribute to making an article influential. In this bibliometric study, we used the Web of Science and MEDLINE databases to identify the top 50 cited articles published from 1993 to 2022. The data collected were the title of the journal, number of citations, year of publication, type of the study, institution where the work was conducted, level of evidence, contribution of primary authors, and country of origin of the work. Our results showed that the top 50 cited articles were published between 1980 and 2010. The 2000s was the most valuable decade. Regarding journals, the Work journal had the highest number of articles concerning the use of RULA and NMQ in healthcare professionals. The maximum number of citations regarding RULA occurred in the Journal of Robotic Surgery (n = 50) and the maximum for NMQ occurred in the Journal of Safety Research (n = 106). Most articles originated from the United States, followed by England and the Netherlands. Eight authors had two publications published in the top 50 list. The majority of the topmost cited research articles were cross-sectional studies. Most of these studies were level III evidence. The bibliometric analysis from this study provides insights to researchers to choose the most appropriate and influential journal for submitting work on WMSDs.

Depression is the common and early symptoms associated with early onset of SLE, 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) levels were found to be significantly higher in serum and urine in patients with SLE. This study was carried out in order to know whether depression and its related parameters in the SLE patients enhanced the production of autoantibodies against 16α-OHE1-albumin (A) complexes. The autoantibodies in the serum of 100 SLE [including 65 depressed SLE (DSLE)] patients and 37 control subjects were detected by using direct binding, inhibition ELISA and quantitative precipitin titration. Autoantibodies from DSLE patients (and also the patients who were taken anti-depressant and with neurological symptoms) showed high binding to 16α-OHE1-A in contrast to SLE (p < 0.05) and control subjects (p < 0.001). Although, SLE sera showed high recognition to 16α-OHE1-A in comparison to A (p < 0.05) or 16α-OHE1 (p < 0.001). The affinity of autoantibodies for 16α-OHE1-A was found to be high for DSLE (1.16 × 10-7 M) and SLE (1.24 × 10-7 M) patients as detected by Langmuir plot. The concentration of 16α-OHE1 (p < 0.05) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, p < 0.05 and IL-17, p < 0.001) in the serum of SLE patients was found to be significantly higher than controls. Depression and its related parameters in SLE enhanced the production of autoantibodies against 16α-OHE1-A through the generation of inflammatory conditions. Depression in SLE patients increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-17) that in turn generating more autoantibodies and showed strong recognition to 16α-OHE1-A.

The coronavirus pandemic, known as COVID-19, is an evolving pandemic caused by a coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2. The virus was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) notified this upsurge as an international emergency concerning public health. It was declared a pandemic later in March 2020. By May 12, 2021, 160,363,284 cases had been registered, and 3,332,762 deaths have been reported, caused by COVID-19, characterized as a horrific pandemic in the history of humankind. Scientists have reached a consensus about the origin of COVID-19, a zoonotic virus arising from bats or other animals in a natural habitat. The economic impact of this outbreak has left far-reaching repercussions on world business transactions, along with bond, commodity, and stock markets. One of the crucial incidents that popped up was the oil price war among OPEC countries. It caused plummeting oil prices and the collapse of stock markets globally in March 2020, as the OPEC agreement failed. However, COVID-19 plays a crucial role in the economic recession. The monetary deficit impact on the travel and trade industries is likely to be huge, in billions of pounds, increasing daily. Other sectors have also suffered significantly.

A derivative of 4-Thiazolidinone derivative endowing cyclopropyl ring substituted at 3-nitrogen positioned was synthesized that was further evaluated against cancerous cell lines MCF-7. The structure of synthesized compound (6) was well characterized by different spectral techniques such as FT-IR, UV-Visible, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrophotometer. X-ray single crystal structure and Computational study (DFT) study revealed that compound (6) adopted (2Z, 5Z)-configuration. Preliminary In vitro study suggested that compound (6) displayed moderate activity bearing IC50(161.0 μM). The DNA binding studies (Ct-DNA) with compound (6) was performed. The study suggested that bound with DNA exhibiting binding constant Kb = 3.3 x 104 LMol-1). Furthermore, the binding study was complemented by Molecular docking possessingDNA binding studies (Ct-DNA) were performed. Final compound (6) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity effect (IC50 = 161.0 μM) and DNA binding ability (Kb = 3.3 x 104 LMol-1). The experimental findings were completed by molecular docking study.

Background. Obesity causes different diseases, eventually. In our study, the results of resistance exercises were examined on selected biochemical markers in Abha City, Saudi Arabia, which is at the height of 2,270 meters above sea level. Methods. A randomized controlled research was conducted with 60 participants equally divided into three groups, 20 subjects in each group: group 1 was composed of obese people who received resistance training exercise, group 2 was composed of the obese control group who did not receive resistance training exercise, and group 3 was composed of normal individuals who received resistance exercise training. The resistance exercises were done in the 6th and 12th weeks. Biochemical blood tests were done. Results. Comparing to the control group, glucose decreased very little with insulin also showing little difference. It has been seen that TC, TG, and LDL reduced to a reasonable extent after resistance exercise, while HDL was increased ( p ≤ 0.01 ). Plasma urea and creatinine showed no differences. Interleukin-6 and leptin decreased significantly ( p ≤ 0.01 ), while there was a significant elevation in adiponectin and testosterone ( p ≤ 0.01 ) once comparing group 1 with group 2 and group 3. Conclusion. We have seen that resistance exercise helps in reducing lipid profile which will result in a decrease of the cardiac and related risk factors when conducted in obese patients in high-altitude regions. Also, alterations of the levels of interleukin-6, leptin, adiponectin, and testosterone showed that resistance exercise is of benefit and favourable in obese persons in high-altitude regions, which can also pave the way for added development of drugs related to the above parameters.

Breast cancer is the most common carcinoma in women worldwide. The present case-control study was aimed to examine the association of BCL-2 (-938C> A), BAX (-248G > A), and HER2 (I655V i.e. A > G) polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in Indian population. This study enrolled 117 breast cancer cases and 104 controls. BCL-2 (-938C > A), BAX (-248G > A), and HER2 Ile655Val polymorphisms were screened by PCR-RFLP method. There was no significance difference in the allelic and genotype frequency of the BCL-2 (-938C > A) and BAX (-248G > A) polymorphisms between cases and controls. In relation to HER2 Ile655Val polymorphism, the statistical analysis of observed genotypic frequencies showed significant association ( p -0.0059). Compared to Ile/Ile (A/A) genotype, frequency of Ile/Val (A/G) genotype was significantly higher among cases than in control group and observed to increase the breast cancer risk (OR, 2.43; 95%CI, 1.32–4.46; p -0.004). The frequency of Val (G) allele was significantly higher in cases as compared to controls (6.83% vs 2.88%, resp.). Compared to Ile (A) allele, significant increase in the risk of breast cancer was observed with Val (G) allele (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.35–3.63; p -0.0016). We observed significant association between HER2 Ile655Val polymorphism and breast cancer risk under the dominant (OR = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.41–4.51; p -0.001) and codominant (OR, 2.24; 95% CI: 1.23–4.09; p-0.008) model. In our study, BCL-2 (-938C > A) and BAX (-248G > A) polymorphism were not found to be associated with breast cancer risk. This present study for the first time shows significant association of HER2 Ile655Val polymorphism with risk of breast cancer in Indian population. Therefore, we suggest that each population need to evaluate its own genetic profile for breast cancer risk that may be helpful for better understanding the racial and geographic differences reported for breast cancer incidence and mortality.

Background: The red-complex bacteria are one of the most significant complexes found simultaneously in subgingival plaque next to the periodontal pocket. The current antibacterial treatment is not adequate, and multidrug resistance to it is developing. Henceforth, the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of Nepeta deflersiana was put to test against red-complex bacteria in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Well diffusion and micro broth dilution procedure by Alamar blue were applied to assess the zone of inhibition (ZOI), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Anti-virulence efficacies of the plant extract that comprise of adherence and formation of biofilms were examined by the process of adherence and biofilm production assay. Results: The crude extract of Nepeta deflersiana exhibited significant inhibitory outcome against periodontopathic bacteria with noteworthy MIC (0.78–3.12 mg/mL), inhibitory zone (12–20 mm), as well as MBC (3.12–12.50 mg/mL). The N. deflersiana extract inhibited bacterial adhesion ranging from 41% to 52%, 53% to 66%, and 60% to 79% at the given MIC × 0.5, MIC × 1, and MIC × 2 in succession. Substantial suppression was also developed in the biofilm production of the investigated periodontopathic strains following exposure to numerous concentrations of N. deflersianan extract for a period of 24 and 48 h. Conclusion: These outcomes divulge a new concept that N. deflersiana extract can be utilized to manufacture valuable antibacterial compounds to treat chronic and acute periodontitis. This identifies N. deflersiana as an essential natural source for future drug development.

Introduction: Chronic radiation exposure, particularly among technicians using medical imaging instruments, may contribute to chronic disease, including renal dysfunction. Investigating the potential association of this exposure with biochemical changes may assist disease detection and prevention. Objectives: The study explores the risk of renal dysfunction among radiologic technologists (RTs) with ten years or more of diagnostic imaging experience to evaluate the association of accumulated radiation doses and possible renal injury. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the effective accumulative radiation dose from 2009 to 2019 among RTs of radiological department at a general hospital in southern Saudi Arabia. Blood samples were collected, and key biomarkers analyzed using a fully automated biochemical analyzer. Serum levels of the following were measured; sodium, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), chloride, creatine kinase (CK), calcium, albumin, urea, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein and potassium. In statistical analysis, PResults: Even with exposure to only low-level radiation sources, RTs were statistically predisposed to variation in biochemical profiles. RTs exhibited GGT and CK levels higher than that of controls, while serum chloride was significantly low. Conclusion: The current study found a significant change in renal biochemical profiles among RTs who had worked in a radiological department for more than ten years. The association between GGT, CK with Kidney diseases was reported in several reports. Chronic exposure to radiation may contribute to a rise in GGT and CK levels and reduction of chloride and thus could develop the risk of renal diseases.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of oxidative stress, status of protective antioxidants enzymes, inflammatory biomarkers, and some metabolic health variables in the blood and to compare the results between those of the normal controls and obese patients submitted to sleeve gastrectomy-induced weight loss over a 1-year follow-up period. A prospective study was conducted in Aseer Central Hospital and Abha Private Hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from January 2012 to January 2013 on 50 normal (BMI = 22–25 kg/m2) control subjects and 50 obese (BMI = 45–50 kg/m2) patients. A subset of 20 men and 80 women patients, aged 20–45 years, was included. The systemic blood cell counts were determined by Beckman Coulter UniCel analyzer. The occurrence of oxidative stress, the status of antioxidant enzyme system in the blood, levels of serum hepatic enzymes, cardiovascular risk factors, and serum sodium, potassium, copper, and zinc levels were determined by spectrophotometric procedures. The concentration of TSH and T4 were analyzed by Siemens Immunoassay System. Group 1 (Obese: preoperative) This group compared with the normal controls exhibited significant (p

Background: In the last decades, due to the rapid emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens, the antibiotic-resistance phenomenon has become a global health crisis. Therefore, there is a need to find new remedies against pathogenic microbes. Objectives: The main intention of this research was to appraise the antibacterial potency of extracted essential oils (EEOs) from various plant species versus human disease-causing bacterial strains. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial and bactericidal activity of EEOs was tested on human disease-causing strains which included Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria. Antibacterial analysis for various extracts of the different plants was performed by utilizing the method of disc diffusion and deduction of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microbroth dilution assays of the EEOs against the bacterial strains. Standard antibiotics (amoxicillin, metronidazole, rifampicin, clarithromycin, oxacillin, and clindamycin) were used to compare with EEO antibacterial activity. Results: Eclipta alba EEO was most effective against Streptococcus Pyogenes (2.06 ± 0.15), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1.50 ± 0.20), Streptococcus aureus (0.05 ± 0.02), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.56 ± 0.25). Leucas linifolia EEO was most effective against E. coli (3.13 ± 0.25) and Klebsiella Pneumoniae (4.33 ± 0.23). Bactericidal activity EEO from E. alba with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.11 ± 0.03 to 10.60 ± 0.55; Atriplex hortensis (8.73 ± 2.62–12.07 ± 0.65); Hedyotis scandens (9.13 ± 0.50–15.30 ± 0.43); L. linifolia (0.94 ± 0.05–10.73 ± 0.20); Murraya koenigii (9.0 ± 0.55–12.90 ± 0.18); and Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus (5.96 ± 1.15–13.0 ± 0.52). Bactericidal activity E. alba EEO was highest against S. Pyogenes (4.06 ± 0.15), N. gonorrhoeae (3.06 ± 0.40), and S. aureus (0.11 ± 0.03). L. linifolia EEO was most effective against P. aeruginosa (0.94 ± 0.05) and K. Pneumoniae (8.73 ± 0.41). Against E. coli (5.96 ± 1.15), the bactericidal activity of P. thyrsiflorus EEO was most effective. Conclusions: Comparison to the antibacterial activity of EEOs from six different plant species used in the study was more effective than the tested antibiotics. MIC and MBC values show that E. alba EEO plant species was the most effective against the tested human pathogenic bacterial strains.

Background: We hypothesised that nonobese postmenopausal women (NoPoW) and diabetic NoPoW (DNoPoW) may be independently associated with postprandial endotoxemia. Materials and Methods: NoPoW and DNoPoW were evaluated for weight, eating habits, physical activity, body circumferences, fasting plasma glucose level, postprandial plasma glucose level, and insulin level. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and circulating LPS-binding protein (LBP) were determined in serum at fasting, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h after meal intake and their levels were co-related in 80 NoPoW and 80 DNoPoW. Results: Both DNoPoW group and NoPoW group showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in LPS levels and circulating LBP in plasma after the meal intake, interestingly the increase was higher in the DNoPoW group. Conclusions: Elevated LPS and circulating LBP were associated significantly with DNoPoW group and NoPoW, especially after a meal intake. These findings suggested a role of LPS and LBP in postprandial systemic inflammation in DNoPoW group. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

Increased concentrations of 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) have been observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the underlying mechanism of this remains elusive. Here we aimed to identify the role played by 16α-OHE1 in RA. In 40 RA patients, the specificities of antibodies from the sera of these patients were checked by direct binding, inhibition ELISA, and quantitative precipitation titration. Competition ELISA was also used for the estimation of 16α-OHE1 in the serum of different RA patients. RA IgG from a patient’s sera showed strong recognition to 16α-OHE1-H1 (histone 1) adduct in comparison to control subjects (p

Lupus is an autoimmune disease, which means that the immune system erroneously acts against its own healthy tissues. It usually follows a chronic course and hence can also be termed as a chronic disease. It may involve only a single organ, but in its due course, it usually involves multiple organs of the body. There are various types of rashes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the butterfly‐like rash being the most famous. Up to now, many classifications of lupus have been given, but the classification of the discoid lupus and the disseminated lupus is being most widely accepted. From the time of Hippocrates, it was assumed to be present, and after many research studies, it is still a dreaded disease. Females are more affected than males by this disease. In the past, the survival rate of SLE was very poor. Now the survival rate has increased, thanks to the newer drugs and other strategies taken against this disease. The main causes of death from SLE were renal disease, neoplasm, CVD, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and infection. It has been found that various genes cause the disease. In a small fraction of patients, the disease may be attributed to a single gene. But the majority of the patients with this disease have multiple genes. Keywords: chronic disease, autoimmune, autoantibodies, immune system, multiple organs

Aim: Need for novel agents that fight oral squamous cancer is on constant demand. The current study aims in the identification of active phytochemical ingredients from Salvia officinalis leaf extract (SOLE) and evaluation for anticancer properties in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Materials and Methods: Soxhlet method was used for SOLE extraction. Phytochemical tests and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were performed for active compounds identification. Oral squamous cancer cells (SSC-15 and SSC-25) were used to assess anticancer efficacy. MTT analysis was utilized for the viability of cells. The utilization of flow cytometry was done to assess the changes in cell cycle and apoptosis induction. Western Blotting method was used to analyze the expressions of apoptotic protein. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, flavonoids, and tannins. TLC study revealed the presence of rutin in SOLE. The extract inhibited cell proliferation of SSC-15 and SSC-25 cells with GI50values of 340.7 μg/ml and 287.7 μg/ml, respectively. SOLE inhibited the migration of these cells across the endothelial membrane and induced nuclear fragmentation in cancer cells. Analysis of the cell cycle revealed SOLE to increase the sub G0/G1population in SSC-15 and SSC-25 cells. SOLE increased both early and late phase apoptosis in both oral squamous cancer cell lines. Apoptotic markers such as caspase-3, Bax and P-53 were found to be dose-dependently increased with SOLE treatment in both the tested cell lines, while the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was decreased. Conclusion: In summary, SOLE demonstrated excellent anticancer and anti-migration efficacy in oral squamous cancer cells through caspase-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. More than one compound might be responsible for the activity, which deserves further research.

BACKGROUNDS: HIV/AIDS has become the most challenging as well as dreaded phenomenon in the global epidemiological transition and has become truly universal threat to civilization. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of Information, Education & Communication (IEC) on Knowledge, Attitude & Practice (KAP) on HIV/AIDS among the slum dwellers of Dibrugarh using the standard IEC package for urban slums formulated by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO). METHODS: A total of 246 slum dwellers aged 15-49 years were selected from all the slums of Dibrugarh by stratified systematic random sampling method. The study was conducted in three stages. First a baseline KAP survey on HIV/AIDS was done followed by health education intervention (IEC). Just after the intervention and after three months period, the evaluation of the intervention was conducted. RESULTS: 87% of the respondents were found to have heard of HIV/AIDS. Baseline Knowledge regarding prevention of transmission of HIV/AIDS by having one faithful sex partner was there among 65% of the respondents which increased amongst 82.2% of the respondents just after the intervention & amongst 68.5% of the respondents after three months period; similarly knowledge of prevention by using condom, increased from 70.7% to 80.3% & 76.3% of the respondents; using safe blood, increased from 57.7% to 75.4% & 62.9% of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: From the above findings it was evident that, intervention programs were useful in enhancing the awareness regarding HIV/AIDS among the underprivileged population.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis affects the economically productive age group and has emerged as a significant cause of socio economic global burden. OBJECTIVE: To find out epidemiological factors responsible for Tuberculosis and the clinico-social correlates influencing their compliance. METHODS: This study was carried out among all the New Smear Positive Tuberculosis (NSP-TB) patients registered in Dhubri District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC- TU) during 2007 in Assam by interview technique using a pre-tested questionnaire. RESULTS: Overall 90.76 percent of the participants were in the age group of 15 to 55 years. Majority of them were unskilled workers and were the sole earning member of their family. 83.33% of the patients had symptoms of cough for more than three weeks. Almost all of the patient's houses (98.15%) were found to be overcrowded. More than half of the patients had X-ray examination as their initial approach to diagnosis. There were more males (59.18%) than females (40.82%) who had reported to the health institution within first 6 weeks after the onset of symptom & among them altogether 91.84 % were declared cured after completion of therapy. On the contrary, only 40% of the patients initiating treatment after 6 weeks of the onset of symptoms were declared cured after completion of therapy. Long distance to the treatment centre, unpleasant effect of the drug and personal inconvenience were cited as cause of irregular treatment and defaulting. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of NSP TB cases was more among the illiterate and underprivileged population who needs counseling & motivation for early

Background and Aim: There is substantial evidence that oxidative stress plays a major role in hypertension and subsequently the atherosclerotic process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of oxidative stress in hypertension. Materials and Methods: The study included 46 hypertensive and 48 control subjects. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde level were measured in serum samples of the participants along with fasting lipid levels. Statistical Analysis Used: All data was entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using standard statistical software like Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Chi square test was used for categorical variables. Results: Serum malondialdehyde level was significantly raised in the study group as compared to control group (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity, whole blood glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in all the subgroups of study group as compared to control group (p < 0.05). Cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and triglycerides showed significant rise, whereas high density lipoprotein was decreased as compared to normal. Conclusions: The higher malondialdehyde level and lower activity levels of other antioxidant molecules measured in this study could have resulted from increased free radical generation, which may confirm the presence of oxidative stress in hypertension. However, further elaborate clinical studies are required to evaluate the role of such antioxidant enzymes.

Background and Objective: In this review, we have mainly examined the effect of age, smoking and hypertension on post prandial triglycerides, since an exaggerated postprandial accumulation of triglyceride promotes the development of atherosclerosis. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that smoking and hypertension are independently associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and indirectly associated with atherosclerosis. Materials and methods: Lipid profiles were studied in 52 hypertensives, 48 smokers and 52 age, sex and body mass index matched healthy controls. Four age groups were made between 31-70 years. Fasting and postprandial triglyceridemia were determined sequentially at fasting and at 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr and 6 hr post load in the blood sample. Results: The repeated-measures analysis of triglyceride levels showed a distinct behavior of the age groups throughout the 6 hours in both controls and cases. The differences in behavior were significant (p

Background: Malnutrition and wasting are associated with TB and HIV infection. Malnutrition and tuberculosis are both problems of considerable magnitude in most of the underdeveloped regions of the world. Nutritional status is significantly lower in patients with active tuberculosis compared with healthy controls. Both, protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrients deficiencies increase the risk of tuberculosis.Objectives: To investigate the concentration of serum albumin, total protein, glutamate oxalo acetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and zinc in Sudanese tuberculosis patients (TB), attending the Tropical Diseases Teaching Hospital, Khartoum State.Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 60 tuberculosis patients, compared with 40 healthy individual age and sex matched used as control group .The study period was from April to August 2011. Serum albumin, total protein, GOT and GPT levels were determined by using clinical chemistry analyzer while zinc level was analyzed by atomic absorption spectro-photometers.Results: Among TB patients the mean ±SD of plasma albumin, total protein, GOT, GPT and zinc respectively were 3.29±0.91, 7.55±1.59, 21.24±8.33, 9.12±6.34 and 0.47±0.17. The mean ±SD of plasma albumin, total protein, GOT, GPT and zinc for control group respectively were 4.19±0.93, 8.0±0.98, 26.0±9.08, 13.3±8.15, and 0.55±0.14. Statistically significant association was observed in all parameters between the patients and control group (P

Measurement of antioxidant activity using in vitro assays is paramount in the evaluation of various food products and nutraceuticals for determining antioxidant benefits. This relates to the fact that increased antioxidant levels can protect the human body from free radical damage. The objective of this study was to quantify the antioxidant activity of selected food products and nutraceuticals using a spectrophotometric assay. Using Efferdent tablets and isotonic saline diluent, antioxidant levels could be determined by the amount of FD & C Blue No. 2 remaining after incubation at 37°C for 25 minutes. The antioxidant activity of a 500 mg quantity of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) was used as standard. The results obtained indicated that agave nectar syrup and xylitol sweetener (in descending order) exhibited higher antioxidant properties than all the other commercial sweeteners tested. Grapefruit was found to have the highest antioxidant activity of those common citrus fruits tested. Popular contemporary antioxidant beverages, such as strawberry-kiwi blend tend to have very high antioxidant activity since they contain d-alpha tocopheryl acetate (a form of vitamin E). Among the herbal nutraceuticals tested, spirulina and red yeast rice exhibited abundant antioxidant activities, whereas graviola was found to have absolutely no antioxidant properties. Thieves’ oil was observed to have high antioxidant properties due to the synergism of the five oils in the preparation. Test results indicated a variable degree of antioxidant activity in foods and nutraceuticals compared to a standard antioxidant of 500 mg of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Citrus fruits occupy the highest level of antioxidant activity overall, followed by antioxidant containing beverages and selected herbal products.

Cancer chemotherapy using carbamate insecticides has been published by the first author. This study was to evaluate their effects on other cell types because; pesticides and insecticides can affect the health of living organisms through different mechanisms such as membrane denaturation. The evaluation of the deleterious effects of chemical agents on biological membranes can be performed through the analysis of the stability of erythrocytes against a concentration gradient of certain chemical agent in physiologic saline solution. In the present study, technical grade carbamate insecticides viz., propoxur, carbaryl and carbofuran were tested for their toxicity on erythrocytes in vitro. Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in different concentrations of saline, following exposure to technical grade carbamates was studied in order to indirectly assess the degree of anaemia and hypoxia, resulting upon exposure to carbamates. The percent hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes without carbamates (control), initiated at 0.45 percent NaCl solution, which reached 50% at 0.40 percent NaCl concentration. Complete hemolysis was seen at 0.35 percent NaCl.Baygon treated erythrocytes showed initial, 50% and complete hemolysis at 0.55, 0.45 and 0.35% NaCl respectively i.e. a little earlier as compared to the control. Carbaryl treated erythrocytes showed initial 50% and complete hemolysis at 0.65% NaCl, 0.55% and 0.45% concentration of NaCl respectively. Carbofuran exhibited less toxic effects on the fragility of erythrocytes as compared to baygon and carbaryl, where in the initial, 50% and complete haemolysis was seen at 0.50, 0.45 and 0.40 percent NaCl respectively. Though carbamate insecticides affected the integrity of the erythrocytes, the effect is transient and reversible and hence they can safely be used as chemotherapeutic agents for cancer.

Background and Objective: The increased risk for coronary artery disease observed in postmenopausal (PoW) women is partly explained by a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Moreover, natural menopause has been associated with an altered postprandial lipid profile. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that young premenopausal (PrW) and PoW may be independently associated with postprandial lipemia and indirectly associated with atherosclerosis. Patients and Methods: A total of 46 healthy PrW and 44 healthy PoW participated in a 5-h intervention study. Blood samples were taken at the baseline and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after eating. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, fasting, and postprandial triglycerides (PPTG) were determined sequentially in blood samples. Results: PPTG presented significant higher values in PoW compared to PrW (P < 0.05), but other lipids did not significantly differ between groups. PPTG concentrations in PoW were significantly higher than in PrW (P < 0.05). There was a significant time influence (P < 0.05) in TG in PrW and PoW, while time to peak and peak concentration were significantly higher in PoW than PrW. Other lipids were also decreased more in PrW than PoW, but not significantly so. Cholesterol concentrations showed a significant reduction after 2 h, to reach values similar to the baseline after 4 h in PrW but not in PoW. HDL-cholesterol concentration was decreased more in PoW compared to PrW but it was not significant. Conclusions: Lipid postprandial response indicates a higher cardiovascular risk pattern in PoW compared to PrW.