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Chiral materials display a property called optical activity, which is the capability to interact differentially with left and right circularly polarised light. This leads to the ability to manipulate the polarisation state of light, which has a broad range of applications spanning from energy efficient displays to quantum technologies. Both synthesised and engineered chiral nanomaterials are exploited in such devices. The design strategy for optimising the optical activity of a chiral material is typically based on maximising a single parameter, the electric dipole magnetic dipole response. Here we demonstrate an alternative approach of controlling optical activity by manipulating both the dipole and multipolar response of a nanomaterial. This provides an additional parameter for material design, affording greater flexibility. The exemplar systems used to illustrate the strategy are nanofabricated chiral silicon structures. The multipolar response of the structures, and hence their optical activity, can be controlled simply by varying their height. This phenomenon allows optical activity and the creation of so called superchiral fields, with enhanced asymmetries, to be controlled over a broader wavelength range, than is achievable with just the electric dipole magnetic dipole response. This work adds to the material design toolbox providing a route to novel nanomaterials for optoelectronics and sensing applications.

Biologically important molecules span a size range from very large biomacromolecules, such as proteins to small metabolite molecules. Consequently, spectroscopic techniques which can detect and characterize the structure of inherently chiral biomolecules over this range of scale at the femtomole level are necessary to develop novel biosensing and diagnostic technologies. Nanophotonic platforms uniquely enable chirally sensitive structural characterisation of biomacromolecules at this ultrasensitive level. However, they are less successful at achieving the same level of sensitivity for small chiral molecules, with less than nanomole typical. This poorer performance can be attributed to the optical response of the platform being sensitive to a much larger volume of the near field than is occupied by the small molecule. Here we show that by combining chiral plasmonic metasurfaces with Raman reporters, which can detect changes in electromagnetic environment at molecular dimensions, chiral discrimination can be achieved for attomole quantities of a small molecule, the amino acid cysteine. The signal-to-noise, and hence ultimate sensitivity, of the measurement can be further improved by combining the metasurfaces with gold achiral nanoparticles. This indirect enantiomeric detection is 9 orders of magnitude more sensitive than strategies relying on monitoring the Raman response of target chiral molecules directly. Given the generic nature of the phenomenon,this study provides a framework for developing novel technologies for detecting a broad spectrum of small biomolecules, which would be useful tools in the field of metabolomics.

Chiral excited electronic states of molecules have an intrinsic sense of handedness, or twist, and are the active component in energy efficient display technologies and in new photosynthetic routes to produce pharmaceuticals. Creating chiral states is achieved by manipulating the twistiness of the geometric molecular structure. This is a demanding problem adding complexity due to the need to precisely control molecular geometry. Here we demonstrate a novel concept for creating chiral excited states which does not rely on molecular structure. Instead, it depends on hybridising a non chiral molecule with a chiral electromagnetic field, producing a hybrid light matter chiral polariton state. This is achieved by a symmetry controlled strong chiral-light matter interaction between an electromagnetic mode of a chiral nanocavity and an achiral molecule, a concept referred to as the electromagnetic enantiomer. This electromagnetic mechanism simplifies the creation of chiral electronic states since it is far less demanding in terms of materials design. We have illustrated the concept using an exemplar system relevant to organic optoelectronic technology, producing efficient circularly polarised emission from a non-chiral emitter molecule.

Chiral nanophotonic platforms provide a means of creating near fields with both enhanced asymmetric properties and intensities. They can be exploited for optical measurements that allow enantiomeric discrimination at detection levels greater than 6 orders of magnitude than is achieved with conventional chirally sensitive spectroscopic methods based on circularly polarized light. The optimal approach for exploiting nanophotonic platforms for chiral detection would be to use spectroscopic methods that provide a local probe of changes in the near field environment induced by the presence of chiral species. Here we show that surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is such a local probe of the near field environment. We have used it to achieve enantiomeric discrimination of chiral helicoid nanoparticles deposited on left and right-handed enantiomorphs of a chiral metafilm. Hotter electromagnetic hotspots are created for matched combinations of helicoid and metafilms (left-left and right-right), while mismatched combinations leads to significantly cooler electromagnetic hotspots. This large enantiomeric dependency on hotspot intensity is readily detected using SERS with the aid of an achiral Raman reporter molecule. In effect we have used SERS to distinguish between the different EM environments of the plasmonic diastereomers produced by mixing chiral nanoparticles and metafilms. The work demonstrates that by combining chiral nanophotonic platforms with established SERS strategies new avenues in ultrasensitive chiral detection can be opened.

Our growing ability to tailor healthcare to the needs of individuals has the potential to transform clinical treatment. However, the measurement of multiple biomarkers to inform clinical decisions requires rapid, effective, and affordable diagnostics. Chronic diseases and rapidly evolving pathogens in a larger population have also escalated the need for improved diagnostic capabilities. Current chemical diagnostics are often performed in centralised facilities and are still dependent on multiple steps, molecular labelling, and detailed analysis causing the result turnaround time to be over hours and days. Rapid diagnostic kits based on lateral flow devices can return results quickly but are only capable of detecting a handful of pathogens or markers. Herein we present the use of disposable plasmonics as a platform for low-cost label-free optical biosensing with multiplexing capabilities, eliminating the need for flow systems often required in current optical biosensors. We demonstrate the biosensing capabilities of a system that uses chiroptical measurements as well as plasmonic enhanced fluorescence from metafilms with shuriken shaped nanoindentations. We also perform the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in complex solutions as an early developmental milestone towards high-throughput, single-step, diagnostic kits for differential diagnosis of multiple respiratory viruses and any other emerging diagnostic needs. Diagnostics based on this platform which we term Disposable Plasmonics Assays, would be suitable for low-cost screening of multiple pathogens or biomarkers in a near point of care setting., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figs

Detection of enantiomers is a challenging problem in drug development as well as environmental and food quality monitoring where traditional optical detection methods suffer from low signals and sensitivity. Application of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for enantiomeric discrimination is a powerful approach for the analysis of optically active small organic or large biomolecules. In this work, for enantio-selective sensing we proposed the coupling of disposable chiral plasmonic shurikens supporting the chiral near-field distribution with SERS active silver nanoclusters. As a result of the plasmonic coupling significant difference in SERS response of optically active analytes is observed. This is hypothesized and confirmed by numerical simulations to be a consequence of the silver particles being excited by superchiral fields generated at the surface or the probe molecules achieving additional polarization. The plasmon coupling phenomena was found to be extremely sensitive to slight variations in shuriken geometry, silver nanostructured layer parameters, and SERS excitation wavelength(s). Designed structures were able to discriminate cysteine enantiomers at concentrations in the nanomolar range and probe biomolecular chirality, using a common Raman spectrometer within several minutes. The combination of disposable plasmonic substrates with specific near-field polarization can make the SERS enantiomer discrimination a commonly available technique using standard Raman spectrometers.

Contact mechanics-based models for the friction of nominally flat rough surfaces have not been able to adequately capture certain key experimentally observed phenomenona, such as the transition from a static friction peak to a lower level of sliding friction and the shear-induced contact area reduction that has been observed in the pre-sliding regime especially for soft materials. Here, we propose a statistical model based on physically-rooted contact mechanics laws describing the micromechanics of individual junctions. The model considers the quasi-static tangential loading, up to full sliding, of the contact between a smooth rigid flat surface and a nominally flat linear elastic rough surface comprising random independent spherical asperities, and accounts for the coupling between adhesion and friction at the micro-junction level. The model qualitatively reproduces both the macroscopic shear-induced contact area reduction and, remarkably, the static friction peak without the need to explicitly introduce two different friction levels. It also demonstrates how the static friction peak and contact area evolution depend on the normal load and certain key microscale interface properties such as surface energy, mode mixity and frictional shear strength. "Tougher" interfaces (i.e. with larger surface energy and smaller mode mixity parameter) are shown to result in a larger real contact area and a more pronounced static friction peak. Overall, this work provides important insights about how key microscale properties operating at the asperity level can combine with the surface statistics to reproduce important macroscopic responses observed in rough frictionalsoft contact experiments.

Nanophotonic platforms in theory uniquely enable < femtomoles of chiral biological and pharmaceutical molecules to be detected, through the highly localised changes in the chiral asymmetries of the near-fields that they induce. However, current chiral nanophotonic based strategies are intrinsically limited because they rely on far-field optical measurements that are sensitive to a much larger near-field volume, than that influenced by the chiral molecules. Consequently, they depend on detecting small changes in far-field optical response restricting detection sensitivities. Here we exploit an intriguing phenomenon, plasmonic circularly polarised luminescence (PCPL), which is an incisive local probe of near-field chirality. This allows chiral detection of monolayer quantities of a de novo designed peptide, which is not achieved with a far-field response. Our work demonstrates that by leveraging the capabilities of nanophotonic platforms with the near-field sensitivity of PCPL, optimal biomolecular detection performance can be achieved, opening new avenues for nanometrology.